1、2022 考研英语（二）Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A. B.C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Harlan Coben believes that if you re a writer, you ll find the time; and that if you cant find the time, then writing isnt a
2、priority and you re not a writer. For him writing is a (1) joba job like any other. He has (2) it with plumbing, pointing out that a plumber doesnt wake up and say that he cant work with pipes today.(3) . like most writers these days, you re holding down a job to pay the bills. its not (4) to find t
3、he time to write But its not impossible It requires determination and single-mindedness.(5) that most bestselling authors began writing when they were doing other things to earn a living And today, even writers who are fairly (6) often have to do other work to (7) their writing income.As Harlan Cobe
4、n has suggested its a (8) of priorities. To make writing a priority, you ll have to (9) some of your day-to-day-activities and some things you really enjoy Depending on your (10) and your life style, that might mean spending less time watching television or listening to music. though some people can
5、 write (11) they listen to music. You might have to (12) the amount of exercise or sport you do. You ll have to make social media an (13) activity rather than a daily time-consuming (14) There ll probably have to be less socializing with your friends an less time with your family Its a (15) learning
6、 curve. and it wont always make you popular.Theres just one thing you should try to keep at least some time for, (16) your writing-and thats reading. And writer needs to read as much and as widely as they can: its the one (17) supporter-something you cant do without.Time is finite. The older you get
7、, the(18)it seems to go. We need to use it as carefully and as(19)as we can, that means prioritising out activities so that we spend most time on the things we really want to do. Ifyou re a writer, that means (20)writing1.A.difficult B.normal C.steady D.pleasant 2.A.combined B.compared C.confused D.
8、confronted 3.A.ifB.Through C.Once D.Unless4.A.enough B.strange C.wrong D.easy5.A.Accpect B.Explain C.Remember D.Suppose6.A.well-known B.well-advised C.well-informed D.well-chosen 7.A.donate B.generate C.supplement D.calculate8.A.cause B.purpose C.question D.condition 9.A.highlight B.sacrifice C.cont
9、inue D.explore 10.A.relations B.interests C. memories D.skills 11.A.until B.because C.while D.before12.A.put up with B.make up of C.hang on to D.cut down on 13.A.intelligent B.occasional C.intensive D.emotional 14.A.habit B.test C.decision D.plan15.A.tough B.gentle C.rapid D.funny16.A.in place of B.
10、in charge of C.in response to D.in addition to17.A.indispensable B.innovative C.invisible D.instant18.A. duller B.harder C.quieter D.quicker 19.A.peacefully B.generously C.productively D.gratefully 20.A.at most B.in tum C.on average D.above allSection II Reading ComprehensionPartADirections: Read th
11、e following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A. B. C. or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1On a recent sunny day13.000 chickens roam over Larry Browns 40 windswept acres in Shiner Texas. Some rest in the shade of a parked car Others drink water with
12、the cows. This all seems random. but its by design, part of what the $6.1 billion US. egg industry bets will be its next big thing: climate-friendly eggs.These eggs. which are making their debut now on shelves for as much asS8adozen. are still labeled organic and animal -friendly. but they re also f
13、rom birds that live on farms using regenerative agriculture -special techniques to cultivate rich soils that can trap green house gases. Such eggs could be marketed as helping to fight climate change.Im excited about our progresssays Brown, who is adding more cover crops that draw worms. and cricket
14、s for the chickens to eat. The birds waste then fertilizes fields. Such improvements allow our hens to forage for higher -quality natural feed that willbe good for the land, the hens, and the eggs that we supply to our customers.The egg industrys push is the first major test of whether animal produc
15、ts from regenerative farms can become the next premium offering. in barely more than a decade, organic eggs went from being dismissed as a niche product in natural foods stores to being sold at Walmart. More recently there were similar doubts about probiotics and plant-based meats. but both have exp
16、loded into major supermarket categories. If the sustainable-egg roll out is successful. it could open the floodgates for regenerative beef. broccoli, and beyondRegenerative products could be a hard sell because the concept is tough to define quickly. says Julie Stanton, associate professor of agricu
17、ltural economics at Pennsylvania State University Brandy wine. Such farming also brings minimal, if any. improvement to the food products (though some producers say their eggs have more protein).The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes such as free-range. no
18、n-GMO. and pasture-raised eggs will embrace sustainability. Surveys show that younger generations are more concerned about climate change. and some of the success of plant-based meat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect environment. Young adults really care about t
19、he pla says John Brunnquell, president of Eggs Innovationsare absolutely altering the food chain beyond what It hink even they understand what they re doing. The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes such as free-ra non-GMO, and pasture-raised eggs will embsu
20、stainability. Surveys show that younger generations more concerned about climate change. and some ot success of plant-based meat can be chalked u shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect environment. Young adults really care about the plasays John Brumnquell. president of Egg Innovationsar
21、e absolutely altering the food chain beyond what It think even they understand what they re doing.21. the climate - friendly eggs are producted.A at a considerably low costB at the demand of regular shoppersC as a replacement for organic eggsD on specially designed farms22. larry Brown is excited ab
22、out his progress in.A reducting the damage ofB accelaratiny the disposal of uestC. Creatinya sustainable systemD Attratiny customers to his products23. the example of organic eggs is used in the paragragh if to suggest.A the doubts to over natural feedsB the set breaks in the eggs industryC the pote
23、ntial of regenerative productsD the promotional success of super markets24. It can be learned from paragraph that young people.A are reluctant to change their dietB are likely to buy climate fiendly eggsC are curious about new foodD are amazed at agruculoure advorces25 John Brungvel would disagree w
24、ith Julie Stanton overegenerative products.A A markets prospectsB standard definitionC market prospectD moricl implicationText 2More Americans are opting to work well into retirement, a growing trend that threatens to upend the old workforce model.One in three Americans who are at least 40 have or p
25、lan to have a job in retirement to prepare for a longer life, according toa survey conducted by Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade. Even more surprising is that more than half of unretirees-those who plan to work in retirement or wentback to work after retiring -said they would be employed in their later
26、 years even if they had enough money to settle down. the survey showed.Financial needs arent the only culprit for the unretirementtrend. Other reasons, according to the study. include personal fulfillment such as staying mentally fit, preventing boredom or avoiding depression. About 72% of unretiree
27、respondents said that they would return to work once retired to keep mentally fit while 59% said it would be tied to making ends meet.The concept of retirement is evolving.said Christine Russell, senior manager of retirement at TD Ameritrade. Its not just about finances. The value of work is alsodri
28、ving folks to continue working past retirement.One reason for the change in retirement patterns: Americans are living longer. Older Americans are also the fastest-growing segment of the U.S. workforce, and boomers are expected to live longer than previous generations. The percentage of retirement-ag
29、e people in the labor force has doubled over the past three decades. About 20% of people 65 and older were in the workforce in February, up from an al-ltime low of 10% in January 1985, according to money manager United Income.Because of longer life spans. Americans are also boosting their savings to
30、 preserve their nest eggs, the TD Ameritrade study showed, which surveved 2,000 adults between 40 to 79. Six in 10 unretireesare increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life. according to the survey. Among the most popular ways they are doing this, the company said, is by reducing their
31、 overall expenses, securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.Unfortunately, many people who are opting to work in retirement are preparing to do so because they are worried about making ends meet in their later years, said Brent Weiss, a co-founder at Baltimore
32、-based financial-planning firm Facet Wealth. He suggested that preretirees should speak with a financial adviser to set long-term financial goals.The most challenging moments in life are getting married, starting a family and ultimately retiring.Weiss said. Its not just a financial decision, but an
33、emotional one. Many people believe they cant retire.26. The survey conducted by Haris Poll indicates that.A. over half of the retirees are physically fit for workB. the old workforce is as active as the younger one doseC. one in three Americans enjoy earlier retirementD. more Americans are willing t
34、o work in retirement27. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Americans tend to think that.A. retirement may cause problems for themB. boredom can be relieved after retirementC. the mental health of retirees is overlookedD. unretirement contributes to the economy28. Retirement patterns are changi
35、ng partly due to.A. labor shortageB. population growthC. longer life expectancyD. rising living costs29. Many retirees are increasingly swines by.A. investing more in stocksB. taking up odd jobsC. getting well-paid workD. spending less30. With regard to retirement, Bent Weiss thinks that many people
36、 are.A. unpreparedB. unafraidC. DisappointedD. EnthusiasticText 3We have all encountered them, in both our personal and professional lives. Think about the times you felt tricked o frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless sign -up process but was later difficult to cancel. Some
37、thing that should be simple and transparent can be complicated, intentionally or unintentionally. in ways that impair consumer choice. These are example of patterns.First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brig null, dark patternsis a catch-all tern for practices that manipulate user int
38、erfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users. Brig null identifies 12 types of common dark patters. ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to roach motel.where a user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start. but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.In a 2019 study
39、 of 53.000 product pages and11000 websites. researchers found that about one in 10 employs these design practices. Though widely prevalent, the concept of dark patterns is still not well understood. Business and nonprofit leaders should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areas they
40、engenderWhere is the line between ethical, persuasive design and dark patterns? Businesses should engage in conversations with IT. compliance, risk, and legal teams to review their privacy policy. and include in the discussion the customer/user experience designers and coders responsible for the com
41、panys user interface, as well as the marketers and advertisers responsible for sign-ups. checkout baskets, pricing, and promotions. Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoidingdigitaldeception.Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around dark pattern
42、s. most recently at the state level. In March, the California Attorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) that ensure that consumers will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights. The regulatio
43、ns aim to ban dark patterns-this means prohibiting companies from usingconfusing language or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to click through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldnt opt out.As more states consider promulgating additional requlatons, there is a need for greater
44、 accountability form within the business community. Dark patterns also be addressed on a self-regulatory basis, but only if organizations hold themselves accountable, not just to legal requirements, but also to industry best practices and standards.31. It can be learned from the first two paragrphs
45、that dark patterns. A.improve user experienceB. leak user information for profit C.undermine users decision-making D.remind users of hiddeb costs32. The 2019 study on dark pattern is mentioned to show. A.their major flawsB. their complex designsC. their severe damageD. their strong presence33. To ha
46、ndle digital deception business should. A.listen to customer feedbackB. talk with relevant teamsC. turn to independent agenciesD. relyon professional traning34. The additional regulations under the CCPA are ntended to.A. guide user though opt-out processesB. protect consumers from being trickedC. gr
47、ant companies data privacy rightD. restrict access to problematic content35. According to the last paragraph a key to coping with dark patterms is.A. new legal requirementsB. business self-disciplineC. strict regulatory standardsD. consumers safety awareneText4Although ethics classes are common arou
48、nd the world, scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior; evidence either way is weak, relying on contrived laboratory tests on sometimes unreliable self-reports. But a new study published in Cognition found that, in at least one real -world situation, a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.The researchers investigated one class sessions impact on eating meat. They chose this particular behavior for three reasons, according to study co-author Eric Schw
