1、动词动词-三单形式三单形式动词第三人称单数动词第三人称单数 在一般现在时中,当主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式,即常在动词原形后加-s或-es 动词第三人称单数变化有以下形式:动词第三人称单数变化有以下形式:1.一般动词在词尾直接加-s,-s在清辅音之后读/s/,在浊辅音或元音后读/z/,ds读/dz/,ts读/ts/。如:help-helps/helps/,get-gets/gets/,read-reads/ri:dz/2.以字母x、s、ch、sh或少数以o结尾的词加-es,es读/iz/。如:teach-teaches/ti:t iz/,wash-washes/wiz/3
2、.以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,变y为i加es,-ies读/iz/。如:carry-carries/kriz/,fly-flies/flaiz/注注:在play-plays/pleiz/,say-says/sez/中,字母y前为元音字母,第三人称单数直接在y后加s即可。4.以不发音e结尾的,直接加s,如果尾音是/s/或/z/,加s后字母“e”与“s”一起读作/iz/5.特殊词例外。如:be-is/iz/,have-has/hz/动词-现在分词-ing形式动词现在分词形式变化规则动词现在分词形式变化规则 1.一般情况在动词原形后直接加-ing。如:go-going,stand-standing 2.
3、以不发音e结尾的动词,去掉e再加-ing。如:dance-dancing,ride-riding 3.以重读闭音节结尾的,末尾只有一个辅音字母的词,双写最后一个辅音字母再加-ing。如:swim-swimming,run-running,get-getting 4.少数几个以ie结尾的词,须将ie变为y再加ing。如:die-dying,lie-lying 动词-过去式动词过去式的变化规则 1.一般情况下,动词词尾加-ed,如:worked,played,wanted,acted 2.以不发音的e结尾的动词,动词词尾加-d,如:lived,moved,decided,declined,hope
4、d,judged 3.以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,把y变为i再加ed,如:studied,tried,copied,cried,carried 4.以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,双写词尾辅音字母,再加-ed,如:stopped,begged,dropped,planned 5.不规则动词的过去式变化规律性不强,须多加记忆。go-went,make-made,get-got,buy-bought,come-came,fly-flew,is/am-was,are-were,see-saw,bring-brought,do-did,teach-taught,think-thought,say-s
5、aid,sit-sat,read-read,spend-spent,eat-ate,give-gave,sit-sat,tell-told,write-wrote,feel-felt,find-found,hear-heard,know-knew,put-put,grow-grew,take-took,catch-caught,come-came,become-became,swim-swam,sweep-swept,sing-sang,draw-drew 不规则动词的过去式大体上归纳有以下六条记忆法:不规则动词的过去式大体上归纳有以下六条记忆法:以t结尾的词,过去式与原形相同。如:putpu
6、t,letlet,cutcut,beatbeat 以d结尾的词,把d变成t。如:buildbuilt,lendlent,sendsent,spendspent 以n结尾的词,在词后加t。如:meanmeant,burnburnt,learnlearnt 以ow/aw结尾的词,把ow/aw变成ew。如:blowblew,drawdrew,knowknew,growgrew 含有双写字母的词,将双写改为单写,在词尾加t。如:keepkept,sleepslept,feelfelt,smellsmelt 含有元音字母o/i的词,将o/i变成a。如:singsang,givegave,sitsat,d
7、rinkdrank 1.冠词有:冠词有:a、an 、the 定冠词:定冠词:the2.冠词分为:冠词分为:不定冠词:不定冠词:a、an 冠词的用法:冠词的用法:a/an 都表示一个都表示一个 an 用在单词发音中用在单词发音中元音音素元音音素开头的单词开头的单词 a 用在单词发音中用在单词发音中辅音音素辅音音素开头的单词开头的单词 a/an 第一次第一次提到,提到,the 再次再次提到提到 如:如:an orangean apple定冠词定冠词 the 的用法的用法(5种种):1.特指某些人或物特指某些人或物 The book on the desk is mine.2.双方都知道的人或事物双
8、方都知道的人或事物 Open the door,please.3.指上文提到的人或事物指上文提到的人或事物 He lives on a farm,the farm is not big.4.世界上独一无二的事物前世界上独一无二的事物前 The sun is bigger than the moon.5.形容词最高级前形容词最高级前The island is the biggest of the three.不用不用冠词的情况冠词的情况:on Monday 在星期一在星期一in June 在六月在六月in spring 在春天在春天at Christmas 在圣诞节在圣诞节in Shenyang
9、 在沈阳在沈阳Mr.Wang 王先生王先生1.星期、月份、季节、节日等名词前星期、月份、季节、节日等名词前2.国家(国家(the UK,theUSA除外)、人名、城市前除外)、人名、城市前3.职位、称呼、头衔前职位、称呼、头衔前4.表示吃一日三餐、进行球类或棋类运动时表示吃一日三餐、进行球类或棋类运动时5.泛指一类人或事物的复数名词前泛指一类人或事物的复数名词前6.名词前已有物主代词、指示代词时名词前已有物主代词、指示代词时7.一些固定搭配中一些固定搭配中例题:例题:1.I have _ book.2._ cat can catch insects.3.Lucy spends _ hour d
10、oing her homework everyday.4.Bobs father is _ engineer.5.John is _ honest boy.6._ apple _ day keeps the doctor away.7.Lets have _ rest for _ while.8.Mother bought me _ uniform yesterday.9.I have _ pencil _ pencils is red.10._ sun is shining brightly in _ sky.11._ dictionary on _ desk is mine.12.Is _
11、 Mary _ youngest girl in our class.13.Can you play _ violin?14.We go to school by _ bike in_ morning every day.根据所学知识用根据所学知识用a,an,the,/a,an,the,/填空填空My name is _ Mike.Im in _ grade three this term.My mother is _ doctor and my father is _ actor.Today is _ Saturday.Now,my father is talking on _ phone.
12、My mother is having _ breakfast.My grand-mother is watering _ flowers in _ garden and Im watching _ TV.Look!This is my room.There is _ beautiful umbrella in my bedroom.I like _ umbrella very much because I bought it in _ Paris.These are all my presents.介词介词时间介词:at、in、on、before、after、from方位介词:on、in、b
13、ehind、over、above、under、below动向介词:to、into、up、down、through、along、out of方式介词:by、in、with原因介词:for、because ofThe Farmer and the Snake It was a cold winter day.A farmer found a snake on the ground.It was nearly dead by cold.The farmer was a kind man.He picked up the snake carefully and put it under the coa
14、t.Soon the snake began to move and it raised its month and bit the farmer.“Oh,my god!”said the farmer,“I save your life,but you thank me in that way.You must die.”Then he killed the snake with a stick.At last he died,too.in1.常与上午、下午、晚上等词连用 in the morning in the afternoon in the evening2.in+时间短语 He w
15、ill return in three days.他将在三天后回来。3.在里面(表地点)in the box in Beijing in the south of China4.表示用某种语言 in Chinese5.表示穿着,戴着 in red 穿红衣服的 in a blue hat 戴着一顶蓝色的帽子on1.常与星期连用 on Monday on Sunday2.表示具体某一天 on June 1st on May 3rd3.表示在某天的上午、下午或晚上 on Saturday morning on a winter evening4.表示与另一区域范围相邻 Canada lies on
16、the north of America.加拿大位于美国的北部。like1.像一样 She looks like her mother.她看上去像她妈妈。Do it like this。像这样做from1.自,从 We go to school from Monday to Friday.我们从周一到周五上课。2.从来,来自于 She is from America.她来自于美国。with1.和一起 He came here with his father.他和他爸爸一起来的。2.用 I write a letter with this pen.我用这支笔写的信。3.表示伴随状态 the gi
17、rl with glasses 戴眼镜的女孩about1.关于 The book is about the history of China.这本书是关于中国的历史。2.大约 Its about five oclock now.现在大约7点钟。after1.在以后 I always have a walk after supper.我总是晚饭后散步。Read after me.跟我读before1.在之前 You should get everything well before leaving.你应该在出发之前把东西准备好。by1.在旁边 There is a cat by the tree
18、.树边有一只猫。2.到为止 By the end of this month,Ill have read all those books.到这个月底,我将读完那些书。3.用(手段,方法)I often go to school by bus.我经常坐公交车去上学。She made a living by painting.她以画画为生。for1.表示一段时间 for two weeks 两周2.为了(表目的)I made a doll for my sister.我给我妹妹做了一个娃娃。3.因为,由于 Thank you for listening.谢谢倾听。4.往,向(表去向)They le
19、ft for Hong Kong last week.他们上周去香港了。at1.表示在某一时间、年龄 at five 在5点 at night 在晚上 at the age of 12 在12岁的时候2.表示在某一地点 She is waiting for me at the bus station.她在车站等我。时间名词前所用介词口诀时间名词前所用介词口诀年月日前要用in,日子前面却不行。遇到几号要用on,上午下午又是in。要说某日上下午,用on换in才能行。午夜黄昏须用at,黎明用它也不错。at也用时间前,说“差”可要用上to,说“过”只可使用past。多说多练牢牢记,莫让岁月空蹉跎。1.
20、It is time _ lunch.2.I come to China _ 2006.3.I was born _ June 1st,1996.4.We stay _ home _ Saturday afternoon.5.Im going to play football _ school.6.I can buy some flowers _ you.7.Lin Tao is _ duty today.8.I can see some tables _ the chairs.1.动词+介词listen to laugh at hear from get tolook at shout at
21、 look for ask forwait for get on put on turn ontake off take away learn from worry about2.形容词+介词afraid of full of angry with strict withbusy with good at late for ready forfamous for polite to far from 介词常见搭配介词常见搭配1.The little girl is looking _ her mother.2.Thank you _ your help.3.Dont read _ bed.4.
22、Tom comes _ the USA.5.English names are different _ Chinese names.6.We always have a class meeting _ Monday afternoon.7.The story took place _ a cold night.1.表示并列 and:Mike and I study in the same school.2.表示转折 but:I have a pen,but I have no pencil.3.表示选择 or:Hurry up,or you will be late.Do you want t
23、he red one or the yellow one?4.表示原因 because:I cant go to school today,because I am ill.5.表示因果 so:Im ill,so I cant go to school.连词连词名词的分类 名词分为可数名词和不可数名词 不可数名词没有复数形式,也不能在其前面加a或an 表示数量时应在其前加量词,如a bottle of water,two bags of rice,a piece of bread可数名词变复数规则可数名词变复数规则1.名词复数的规则变化及其读音 一般情况加-s,清辅音后读/s/,如:map-m
24、aps,cake-cakes;浊辅音和元音后读/z/,如:bag-bags,car-cars 以s,sh,ch,x,等结尾加-es,读/iz/,如:bus-buses,watch-watches,box-boxes以ce,se,ze,等结尾加-s读/iz/,如:license-licenses 以辅音字母加y结尾变y为i再加-es,读/z/,如:baby-babies 专有名词以y结尾或元音字母加y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数。例如:monkey-monkeys,holiday-holidays以o 结尾的名词,变复数时:a.加s,如:photo-photos,piano-pianos,
25、radio-radios,zoo-zoos b.加es,如:potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes c.上述a和b两种方法均可,如zero-zeros/zeroes 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时:a.加s,如:belief-beliefs,roof-roofsb.去f或fe加-ves,如:half-halves,knife-knives,leaf-leaves,wolf-wolves,wife-wives,life-live,thief-thievesc.上述a和b两种方法均可,如:handkerchief-handkerchiefs/handkerchieves 1
26、.child-children,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,mouse-mice,man-men,woman-women 注意:由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 men 和women,如:an Englishman-two Englishmen;但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。2.单复同形,如deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,yuan。但除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar-two dollars;a me
27、tre-two metres 名词复数的不规则变化名词复数的不规则变化3.集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。例如:people,police,cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle,the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用,如:The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。不同
28、国籍人的单复数不同国籍人的单复数 中国人 the Chinese 单数a Chinese 复数 two Chinese 瑞士人 the Swiss 单数a Swiss 复数 two Swiss 澳大利亚人the Australians 单数an Australian 复数two Australians 俄国人 the Russians 单数a Russian 复数two Russians 意大利人 the Italians 单数an Italian 复数two Italians 希腊人 the Greek 单数a Greek 复数two Greeks 法国人 the French 单数a Fr
29、enchman 复数two Frenchmen 日本人 the Japanese 单数a Japanese 复数two Japanese 美国人 the Americans 单数an American 复数two Americans 印度人 the Indians 单数an Indian 复数two Indians 加拿大人 the Canadians 单数a Canadian 复数two Canadians 德国人 the Germans 单数a Germans 复数two Germans 英国人 the English 单数an Englishman 复数two Englishmen 瑞典
30、人 the Swedish 单数a Swede 复数two Swedes4.以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:a.maths,politics,physics等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数。b.news 为不可数名词。c.the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。The United Nations was organized in 1945.联合国是1945年组建起来的。d.以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。例如:The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book.一千零一
31、夜是一本非常有趣的故事书。5.表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses(眼镜),trousers,clothes等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双);suit(套)名词的所有格,表示名词的所有关系,有两种形式:其一是由名词后加-s构成,多用来表示有生命的人或物;其二是由介词of加名词构成,多用来表示无生命的东西(包括植物)。名词所有格名词后加名词后加-s的所有格的构成方法的所有格的构成方法:1)单数名词后加-s,单数名词以s结尾的后面加-如:Toms dog(汤姆的狗),Thomas brother(托马斯的哥哥)2)复数名词以s结尾的后加-,不以s结尾的后加-s 如:the
32、 students reading room(学生阅览室),womens clothes(女装)。3)复合名词在最后一个名词后面加-s 如:the editor-in-chiefs office(主编办公室),my brother-in-laws friend(我妹夫的朋友)4)两个以上名词共同的所有格表示共同所有,或两个以上名词各自的所有格连用表示各自所有时在名词后加-s。如:John and Marys school(约翰和玛丽的学校)(同在一校)Johns and Marys schools(约翰的学校和玛丽的学校)(两所学校)注:1)名词后加-s用来表示有生命的人或物。如:Mr.Bro
33、wn is Lilys uncle.布朗先生是莉莉的叔叔。The dogs tail is short.这条狗的尾巴短。2)在表示时间、距离、重量、价格、国家、团体或城市时也用名词加-s来表示所有关系。如:a days work(一天的工作),two miles distance(两英里的距离),Japans industry(日本的工业)3)拟人化的非生物名词在表示所有关系时用名词后加-s来表示。如:worlds history(世界历史),fortunes favorite(幸运的宠儿)。4)名词在上文中已出现,被名词的所有格修饰的名词常省略时名词后加-s。如:The computer i
34、s not mine,but Mr.Lis.这台电脑不是我的,是李先生的。5)名词后加-s的形式用于被所有格修饰的名词为house,shop,home,store等建筑物时名词一般被省略。如:He stayed at his uncles(house).他待在他叔叔的家里。6)若所有格修饰的名词与后面出现的名词重复,则可以将前者省略,此时第一个名词后加-s。如:Peters(family)was a large family.彼得的(家庭)是个大家庭。凡不能加-s的名词,都可以与of构成短语,来表示所有关系。无生命名词的所有格也可以这么用。如:Does anyone know the titl
35、e of the novel?有谁知道这部小说的名字?但有特殊情况:如果名词后面有一个较长定语,尽管名词表示有生命的东西,也可以用这种所有格形式。如:This is a photo of my parents.1.基数词2.序数词3.数词的应用数词基数词(一)(一)112的基数词是独立的单词。的基数词是独立的单词。one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve(二)(二)1319的基数词以的基数词以-teen结尾。结尾。thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eight
36、een,nineteen(三)(三)2090的整十位均以的整十位均以-ty结尾。结尾。twenty,thirty,forty,fifty,sixty,seventy,eighty,ninety(四)十位数与个位数之间要加连字符号(四)十位数与个位数之间要加连字符号“-”。28 twenty-eight 96 ninety-six(五)百位和个位(若无十位则和个位)之间加(五)百位和个位(若无十位则和个位)之间加and。148 one hundred and forty-eight406 four hundred and six(六)六)hundred,thousand,million,bill
37、ion等前面即使有具等前面即使有具体的数词,也不能在它们后加体的数词,也不能在它们后加-s600 six hundred 八百万 eight million(七)(七)1000以上的数字,从后往前每三位加一个逗号以上的数字,从后往前每三位加一个逗号“,”,第,第一个逗号前为一个逗号前为thousand,第二个逗号前为,第二个逗号前为million,第三个逗,第三个逗号前为号前为billion。英文中无。英文中无“万万”这个词,我们可以用这个词,我们可以用“几十个千几十个千(thousand)”来表示来表示“几万几万”,“几百个千(几百个千(thousand)”来表来表示示“几十万几十万”。2,
38、510=two thousand five hundred and ten84,296=eighty-four thousand two hundred and ninety-six练习:274,350=88,065,909=(八)(八)hundred,thousand,million用复数形式修饰名词时要用复数形式修饰名词时要用用“of+复数名词复数名词”数以百计的年轻人 hundreds of young people数以千计的书 thousands of books注意:hundreds/thousands/millions of+复数名词,其前面不能加具体的数词,但可加several或
39、many(九)(九)“基数词基数词+单数名词单数名词+形容词形容词”构成合成形容词构成合成形容词一个五岁的男孩 a five-year-old boy 一座七层高的建筑 a 7-storey-high building(一)基数词变序数词口诀(一)基数词变序数词口诀一二三,特殊记,八去“t”,九去“e”,“ve”要用“f”替,见“y”变成“ie”,词尾加上“th”,若是遇到几十几,只变个位就可以first second thirdeight-eighth nine-ninth five-fifth twelve-twelfthtwenty-twentieth forty-fortieth tw
40、enty-fivetwenty-fifth(二)其余情况均在基数词后加(二)其余情况均在基数词后加“th”six-sixth nineteen-nineteenth hundred-hundredththousand-thousandth 序数词(一)钟点的表示:小时、分钟、秒钟要用(一)钟点的表示:小时、分钟、秒钟要用基数词基数词“几点钟”用基数词加oclock,通常oclock可省略。现在是5点钟Its five(oclock).“几点过几分,30分钟”用介词past。7:05five past seven 7:15fifteen(a quarter)past seven7:30half
41、past seven“差几分几点”用介词to。(整点加“1”,且用60减去目前的分钟数)7:40twenty to eight 7:45fifteen(a quarter)to eight日常生活中的时间读法常常简化,直接按基数词的顺序来读。7:05seven o five 7:15seven fifteen数词的应用(二)编号的表示(二)编号的表示编号可用基数词或序数词表示,但形式不同。Lesson Eight或the eighth lesson Row Five或the fifth row电话号码用基数词表示119one one nine(三)年月日的表示(三)年月日的表示年份用基数词,先
42、读前两位,再读后两位。1999nineteen ninety-nine 1900nineteen hundred2000two thousand 1905nineteen o five“年”用基数词,“日”用序数词1998年6月8日写作:June 8th,1998 读作:June the eighth,nineteen ninety-eight 或 the eighth of June,nineteen ninety-eight特殊用法(一)数词作主语,谓语动词用单数。(一)数词作主语,谓语动词用单数。Two months is quite a long time.Four and two i
43、s six.Whats two and three?(二)一个半小时(一年半,一个半月可类推)(二)一个半小时(一年半,一个半月可类推)one/a hour and a half一、形容词:形容词用来修饰物体的形状,大小,长度,属性,特点等,位于名词的前面。如:1.He is a hard-working student.(努力的特点)2.Our English teacher has long hair.(长的长度)3.The elephants are very big,and the mice are very small.(大的、小的大小)二、形容词、副词比较级和最高级的意义 英语中的
44、形容词和副词,在句子里表示“比较”、“最”时,要用特别的形式,即:比较级和最高级。原来的形式称为原级。如:long-longer-longest 原级-比较级-最高级 1.The black pen is very long.黑色的钢笔很长。2.The blue pen is longer than the black one.蓝色的钢笔比黑色的长。3.The red pen is the longest of the three.红色的钢笔是三支中最长的。三、形容词、副词比较级的用法表示两者间的比较用比较级。其常见句式有:1.“A+be+形容词比较级+than+B”意思为“A比B更”。如:T
45、his tree is taller than that one.这棵树比那棵树高。注:在含有连词than的比较级中,前后的比较对象必须是同一范畴,即同类事物之间的比较。在比较级前面使用much,表示程度程度“强得多”。如:A watermelon is much bigger than an apple.西瓜比苹果大得多。very,quite一般只能修饰原级,不能修饰比较级。2.“become+形容词比较级+and+形容词比较级”是“变得越来越”的意思,and连接同一个形容词的比较级。注:表示“越来越”时,若比较级是“原级+er”构成的,则常用“比较级+and+比较级”形式;若比较级是“mo
46、re+原级”构成的,需用“more and more+原级形式”。如:Our school is becoming more and more beautiful.我们的学校变得越来越美丽。3.在含有or的选择疑问句中,如果有两者供选择,前面的形容词要用比较级形式。如:Who is taller,Tim or Tom?谁更高,Tim还是Tom?四、形容词、副词的最高级用法 形容词、副词的最高级形式主要用来表示三者或三者以上的人或事物的比较,表示“最”的意思。句子中有表示范围的词或短语。如:of the three,in our class等等。如:He is the tallest in ou
47、r class.他在我们班里是最高的。五、形容词最高级前一定要有定冠词the,而副词最高级前则不需要。六、形容词、副词的比较级和最高级构成规则 1.一般情况下,比较级在后面加-er,最高级在后面加-est,如:smallsmallersmallest,shortshortershortest 2.在重读闭音节(即:辅音元音辅音)中,先双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-er或-est,如:bigbiggerbiggest,hothotterhottest 3.以不发音e结尾的单音节词,比较在原级后加-r,最高级在原级后加-st,如:largelargerlargest,nicenicernicest 4
48、.以“辅音字母y”结尾的双音节词,把y改为i,再加-er或-est,如:easyeasiereasiest,heavyheavierheaviest 5.多数多音节词,比较级在前面加more,最高级在前面加most,如:beautifulmore beautifulmost beautiful,differentmore differentmost different 6.有少数形容词、副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的,必须熟记。如:goodbetterbest,badworseworst,many/muchmoremost,littlelessleast,far further/farther furthest/farthestoursyoursWow!What a nice computer!My parents bought it for my sister and me.Its _.A.ours B.hers C.mine D.theirsA