1、 TED英语演讲稿：如何让选择更容易简介：面对商场里五花八门的商品，你的选择恐惧症又犯了吗? 美国哥伦比亚大学商学教授sheena iyengar研究如何让你在做选择时更容易。为了让你的选择省时省力，商家又会有哪些诀窍呢?do you know how many choices you make in a typical day? do you know how many choices you make in typical week? i recently did a survey with over 2,000 americans, and the average number of c
2、hoices that the typical american reports making is about 70 in a typical day. there was also recently a study done with ceos in which they followed ceos around for a whole week. and these scientists simply documented all the various tasks that these ceos engaged in and how much time they spent engag
3、ing in making decisions related to these tasks. and they found that the average ceo engaged in about 139 tasks in a week. each task was made up of many, many, many sub-choices of course. 50 percent of their decisions were made in nine minutes or less. only about 12 percent of the decisions did they
4、make an hour or more of their time. think about your own choices. do you know how many choices make it into your nine minute category versus your one hour category? how well do you think youre doing at managing those choices?today i want to talk about one of the biggest modern day choosing problems
5、that we have, which is the choice overload problem. i want to talk about the problem and some potential solutions. now as i talk about this problem, im going to have some questions for you and im going to want to know your answers. so when i ask you a question, since im blind, only raise your hand i
6、f you want to burn off some calories. (laughter) otherwise, when i ask you a question, and if your answer is yes, id like you to clap your hands. so for my first question for you today: are you guys ready to hear about the choice overload problem? (applause) thank you.so when i was a graduate studen
7、t at stanford university, i used to go to this very, very upscale grocery store; at least at that time it was truly upscale. it was a store called draegers. now this store, it was almost like going to an amusement park. they had 250 different kinds of mustards and vinegars and over 500 different kin
8、ds of fruits and vegetables and more than two dozen different kinds of bottled water - and this was during a time when we actually used to drink tap water. i used to love going to this store, but on one occasion i asked myself, well how come you never buy anything? heres their olive oil aisle. they
9、had over 75 different kinds of olive oil, including those that were in a locked case that came from thousand-year-old olive trees.so i one day decided to pay a visit to the manager, and i asked the manager, “is this model of offering people all this choice really working?” and he pointed to the busl
10、oads of tourists that would show up everyday, with cameras ready usually. we decided to do a little experiment, and we picked jam for our experiment. heres their jam aisle. they had 348 different kinds of jam. we set up a little tasting booth right near the entrance of the store. we there put out si
11、x different flavors of jam or 24 different flavors of jam, and we looked at two things: first, in which case were people more likely to stop, sample some jam? more people stopped when there were 24, about 60 percent, than when there were six, about 40 percent. the next thing we looked at is in which
12、 case were people more likely to buy a jar of jam. now we see the opposite effect. of the people who stopped when there were 24, only three percent of them actually bought a jar of jam. of the people who stopped when there were six, well now we saw that 30 percent of them actually bought a jar of ja
13、m. now if you do the math, people were at least six times more likely to buy a jar of jam if they encountered six than if they encountered 24.now choosing not to buy a jar of jam is probably good for us - at least its good for our waistlines - but it turns out that this choice overload problem affec
14、ts us even in very consequential decisions. we choose not to choose, even when it goes against our best self-interests. so now for the topic of today: financial savings. now im going to describe to you a study i did with gur huberman, emir kamenica, wei jang where we looked at the retirement savings
15、 decisions of nearly a million americans from about 650 plans all in the and what we looked at was whether the number of fund offerings available in a retirement savings plan, the 401(k) plan, does that affect peoples likelihood to save more for tomorrow. and what we found was that indeed there was
16、a correlation. so in these plans, we had about 657 plans that ranged from offering people anywhere from two to 59 different fund offerings. and what we found was that, the more funds offered, indeed, there was less participation rate.so if you look at the extremes, those plans that offered you two f
17、unds, participation rates were around in the mid-70s - still not as high as we want it to be. in those plans that offered nearly 60 funds, participation rates have now dropped to about the 60th percentile. now it turns out that even if you do choose to participate when there are more choices present
18、, even then, it has negative consequences. so for those people who did choose to participate, the more choices available, the more likely people were to completely avoid stocks or equity funds. the more choices available, the more likely they were to put all their money in pure money market accounts
19、. now neither of these extreme decisions are the kinds of decisions that any of us would recommend for people when youre considering their future financial well-being.well, over the past decade, we have observed three main negative consequences to offering people more and more choices. theyre more l
20、ikely to delay choosing - procrastinate even when it goes against their best self-interest. theyre more likely to make worse choices - worse financial choices, medical choices. theyre more likely to choose things that make them less satisfied, even when they do objectively better. the main reason fo
21、r this is because, we might enjoy gazing at those giant walls of mayonnaises, mustards, vinegars, jams, but we cant actually do the math of comparing and contrasting and actually picking from that stunning display. so what i want to propose to you today are four simple techniques - techniques that w
22、e have tested in one way or another in different research venues - that you can easily apply in your businesses.the first: cut. youve heard it said before, but its never been more true than today, that less is more. people are always upset when i say, “cut.” theyre always worried theyre going to los
23、e shelf space. but in fact, what were seeing more and more is that if you are willing to cut, get rid of those extraneous redundant options, well theres an increase in sales, theres a lowering of costs, there is an improvement of the choosing experience. when proctor & gamble went from 26 different
24、kinds of head & shoulders to 15, they saw an increase in sales by 10 percent. when the golden cat corporation got rid of their 10 worst-selling cat litter products, they saw an increase in profits by 87 percent - a function of both increase in sales and lowering of costs. you know, the average groce
25、ry store today offers you 45,000 products. the typical walmart today offers you 100,000 products. but the ninth largest retailer, the ninth biggest retailer in the world today is aldi, and it offers you only 1,400 products - one kind of canned tomato sauce.now in the financial savings world, i think
26、 one of the best examples that has recently come out on how to best manage the choice offerings has actually been something that david laibson was heavily involved in designing, which was the program that they have at harvard. every single harvard employee is now automatically enrolled in a lifecycl
27、e fund. for those people who actually want to choose, theyre given 20 funds, not 300 or more funds. you know, often, people say, “i dont know how to cut. theyre all important choices.” and the first thing i do is i ask the employees, “tell me how these choices are different from one another. and if
28、your employees cant tell them apart, neither can your consumers.”now before we started our session this afternoon, i had a chat with gary. and gary said that he would be willing to offer people in this audience an all-expenses-paid free vacation to the most beautiful road in the world. heres a descr
29、iption of the road. and id like you to read it. and now ill give you a few seconds to read it and then i want you to clap your hands if youre ready to take gary up on his offer. (light clapping) okay. anybody whos ready to take him up on his offer. is that all? all right, let me show you some more a
30、bout this. (laughter) you guys knew there was a trick, didnt you. (honk) now whos ready to go on this trip. (applause) (laughter) i think i might have actually heard more hands.all right. now in fact, you had objectively more information the first time around than the second time around, but i would
31、 venture to guess that you felt that it was more real the second time around. because the pictures made it feel more real to you. which brings me to the second technique for handling the choice overload problem, which is concretization. that in order for people to understand the differences between
32、the choices, they have to be able to understand the consequences associated with each choice, and that the consequences need to be felt in a vivid sort of way, in a very concrete way. why do people spend an average of 15 to 30 percent more when they use an atm card or a credit card as opposed to cas
33、h? because it doesnt feel like real money. and it turns out that making it feel more concrete can actually be a very positive tool to use in getting people to save more.so a study that i did with shlomo benartzi and alessandro previtero, we did a study with people at ing - employees that are all wor
34、king at ing - and now these people were all in a session where theyre doing enrollment for their 401(k) plan. and during that session, we kept the session exactly the way it used to be, but we added one little thing. the one little thing we added was we asked people to just think about all the posit
35、ive things that would happen in your life if you saved more. by doing that simple thing, there was an increase in enrollment by 20 percent and there was an increase in the amount of people willing to save or the amount that they were willing to put down into their savings account by four percent.the
36、 third technique: categorization. we can handle more categories than we can handle choices. so for example, heres a study we did in a magazine aisle. it turns out that in wegmans grocery stores up and down the northeast corridor, the magazine aisles range anywhere from 331 different kinds of magazin
37、es all the way up to 664. but you know what? if i show you 600 magazines and i divide them up into 10 categories, versus i show you 400 magazines and divide them up into 20 categories, you believe that i have given you more choice and a better choosing experience if i gave you the 400 than if i gave
38、 you the 600. because the categories tell me how to tell them apart.here are two different jewelry displays. one is called “jazz” and the other one is called “swing.” if you think the display on the left is swing and the display on the right is jazz, clap your hands. (light clapping) okay, theres so
39、me. if you think the one on the left is jazz and the one on the right is swing, clap your hands. okay, a bit more. now it turns out youre right. the one on the left is jazz and the one on the right is swing, but you know what? this is a highly useless categorization scheme. (laughter) the categories
40、 need to say something to the chooser, not the choice-maker. and you often see that problem when it comes down to those long lists of all these funds. who are they actually supposed to be informing?my fourth technique: condition for complexity. it turns out we can actually handle a lot more informat
41、ion than we think we can, weve just got to take it a little easier. we have to gradually increase the complexity. im going to show you one example of what im talking about. lets take a very, very complicated decision: buying a car. heres a german car manufacturer that gives you the opportunity to co
42、mpletely custom make your car. youve got to make 60 different decisions, completely make up your car. now these decisions vary in the number of choices that they offer per decision. car colors, exterior car colors - ive got 56 choices. engines, gearshift - four choices. so now what im going to do is
43、 im going to vary the order in which these decisions appear. so half of the customers are going to go from high choice, 56 car colors, to low choice, four gearshifts. the other half of the customers are going to go from low choice, four gearshifts, to 56 car colors, high choice.what am i going to lo
44、ok at? how engaged you are. if you keep hitting the default button per decision, that means youre getting overwhelmed, that means im losing you. what you find is the people who go from high choice to low choice, theyre hitting that default button over and over and over again. were losing them. they
45、go from low choice to high choice, theyre hanging in there. its the same information. its the same number of choices. the only thing that i have done is i have varied the order in which that information is presented. if i start you off easy, i learn how to choose. even though choosing gearshift does
46、nt tell me anything about my preferences for interior decor, it still prepares me for how to choose. it also gets me excited about this big product that im putting together, so im more willing to be motivated to be engaged.so let me recap. i have talked about four techniques for mitigating the probl
47、em of choice overload - cut - get rid of the extraneous alternatives; concretize - make it real; categorize - we can handle more categories, less choices; condition for complexity. all of these techniques that im describing to you today are designed to help you manage your choices - better for you,
48、you can use them on yourself, better for the people that you are serving. because i believe that the key to getting the most from choice is to be choosy about choosing. and the more were able to be choosy about choosing the better we will be able to practice the art of choosing.thank you very much.(applause)TED英语演讲稿：科技如何帮我阅读Ted英语演讲稿:Be an Opportunity Maker机会创造者TED英语演讲稿：四种影响我们的声音方式TED英语演讲稿：我们为什么快乐？Ted英语演讲稿：How I held my breath for 17 minutes如何憋气17TED英语演讲稿: 如何在社交网络溅起水花TED英语演讲稿：坠机让我学到的三件事TED英语演讲稿：解密爱情与出轨TED英语演讲稿：我们为什么要睡觉TED英语演讲稿：如何跟压力做朋友
