1、一、宾语从句的概念一、宾语从句的概念 宾语从句即句子作宾语，而不再是一宾语从句即句子作宾语，而不再是一个词或短语作宾语。个词或短语作宾语。I like my teacher.（名词作宾语（名词作宾语)I know him.（代词作宾语）（代词作宾语）I know Mr Li teaches English.(句子作宾句子作宾语）语）包含宾语从句的句子结构：主句+连接词（引导词）+宾语从句二、宾语从句三要素二、宾语从句三要素连连 接接 词词时时 态态语语 序序If 与whether 的区别I dont know _ he will come or not.I dont care of _ he
2、is handsome.He wondered _ to stay here the next week._ he will come is not decided.与与or not 连用只能用连用只能用whether介词后只能用介词后只能用whether与与to do 不定式连用只能用不定式连用只能用whether作主语只能用作主语只能用whether由连接代词由连接代词what,whom,whose,which,what及连接及连接副词副词 when,where,how,why引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句when well have a meetingwhere he ishow I ca
3、n get to the stationwhy the train is latewho could answer the question1.He asked _.(谁能回答这个问题谁能回答这个问题）2.Do you know_.（他们在等谁他们在等谁）3.Please tell me _.（我们什么时候开会我们什么时候开会）4.Can you tell me _.（他在哪儿他在哪儿）5.Could you tell me _.（我该怎么去车站我该怎么去车站）6.Would you tell me _（为什么火车迟到了为什么火车迟到了）whom they are waiting for（二）
4、语序：陈述句语序（二）语序：陈述句语序 即：即：陈述句结构陈述句结构（主（主+谓谓+其他成分）其他成分）将下列句子换成陈述句语序 1.Is there a bank near here?2.Are they doing homework?（三）三）时态时态(时态一致性）时态一致性）1.如果主句的时态是如果主句的时态是一般现在时一般现在时，宾语从，宾语从 句的时态根据具体情况来确定，可以是句的时态根据具体情况来确定，可以是_时态时态。I dont think(that)you are right.Please tell us where well go fishing tomorrow.Do y
5、ou know when Mr.Smith moved here?任任 何何 2.如果主句的时态是如果主句的时态是一般过去时一般过去时，宾语从句只能用，宾语从句只能用相应的相应的_时态时态（一般过去时，（一般过去时，过去进行过去进行时，时，过去将来时，过去完成时）。例如：过去将来时，过去完成时）。例如：He told me that he was born in Beijing in 1992.He said that he would go back to the U.S.soon.过去过去 3.如果宾语从句所陈述的是如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理客观真理，即使，即使主句用了主句用了过去时过
6、去时，从句仍用，从句仍用 _ 时态时态。例如：例如：The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.一般现在一般现在三、宾语从句与简单句的转换（一）当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语相同，且主句的谓语动词是hope,wish,decide,agree,choose 等时，从句可简化为不定式结构。eg:(1)I hope that I can receive your e-mail.I hopeto receive your e-mail_.(二）当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语相同，且主句的谓语动词是know,remember,forget,le
7、arn 等时，从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。eg:(2)She doesnt know what she should do next.She doesnt know_.(三）当主句的谓语动词是ask,tell,show,teach 等时，从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。eg:(3)Will you please show me how I can work it out?Will you please show me _.(四）当直接引语为祈使句，变为间接引语时，用ask/tell/orderSb.(not)to do sth 结构。eg:(4)A:Please be quiet.
8、B:What did Bill say?A:He asked us to be quiet.what to do nexthow to work it out四、否定转移 在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中，当主句的主语为第一人称，谓语动词是think，believe,guess,suppose等时，要将从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，宾语从句的谓语动词用肯定式。eg:(5)I dont think he will come with you.注意：这种句子在其后接附加问句时，要特别小心。eg:(6)I dont believe he has finished the work,
9、_?(7)He knew why Jim wasnt at school,_?解析：例6，当主句的主语为第一人称时，附加问句的主语由宾 语从句的主语充当。例7，如果主句的主语非第一人称时，则附加问句的主语 由主句的主语充当。has hedidnt heDo you know _?A.where does she live B.she lives whereC.where she lives D.where she live2.His parents wanted to know what he _at that time.A.is doing B.was doing C.has done D.
10、will doCB巩固练习：巩固练习：I从下列从下列A、B、C、D中选择一个正确选项填空。中选择一个正确选项填空。4Lilys mother looked for her for half an hour,but could not find _?what Lily was B.what was LilyC.where Lily was D.where was LilyC3.We dont know _.-It is said that he was born in Canada.what he is B.when he was born C.where he comes from D.if
11、he lives here C5 The girls asked if they _ some food and drink with them.A.took B.take C.takes D.will take 6 Linda said the moon_ round the earth.A.travelled B.has travelled C.travels D.had travelled AC 7.Could you please tell me _ he will come here tomorrow?A.if B.weather C.what D.which A8.Could yo
12、u tell me _?A.when will they leave BeijingB.when would they leave BeijingC.when they will leave Beijing D.when did they leave Beijing CII.改错：1.Miss Zhang asked me why was I late for school._Miss Zhang asked me why I was late for school.2.Father told me the sun always rose in the east._Father told me
13、 the sun always rises in the east.3.He doesnt know that when she can come back._He doesnt know when she can come back.The radio says it _ cloudy tomorrow.(be)The headmaster hopes everything _ well.(go)Tom says that they _(play)basketball at six oclock yesterday evening.I hear he _(return)it already.
14、He said that they _ members of the Party since 1948.(be)He asked what they _ at eight last night.(do)The teacher told his class that light _ faster than sound.(travel)I think you _ about the relay race now.(talk)I didnt know whom the letters _ from.(be)will be goes were playing has returned had been
15、 travels are talking were were doing10.I didnt know what time he _ the letter.(write)11.Miss Wang told me that the earth _(move)round the earth.12.Could you tell me who _ away the book already?(take)13.Ling Feng told me he _ to several times.(be)14.Our teacher told us in class the sun _ in the east.
16、(rise)15.Can you tell me what they _ yesterday?(do)wrote moves has taken has been risesdid将下列句子合并为一句将下列句子合并为一句:1.Where do they stop on the way?I asked.2.What will you say at the meeting?Could you tell me?3.Do they like to make friends with us?He asked.4.“I am doing my homework.”He said.5.“I will com
17、e back.”Tom said.I asked where they stopped on the way.Could you tell me what you will sayat the meeting?He asked if they liked to make friends with them.He said that he was doing his homework.Tom said that he would come back.6.“Is he doing his homework?”Jim asked.7.“When will he come back?”Tom aske
18、d.8.“How can I get to the station?”Could you tell me?9.“Why is the train late?”Would you tell me?10.“Where is Tom?”They asked.Tom asked when he would come back.Could you tell me how I can get to the station?Would you tell me why the train is late?They asked where Tom was.Jim asked if he was doing hi
19、s homework.宾宾 语语 从从 句句 小小 结结一一.结构结构1.当陈述句作宾语从句时当陈述句作宾语从句时,结构结构:主句主句+that+主语主语+谓语部分谓语部分2.当一般疑问句作宾语从句时当一般疑问句作宾语从句时,结构结构:主句主句+if(whether)+主语主语+谓语部分谓语部分3.当当 特殊疑问句作宾语从句时特殊疑问句作宾语从句时,结构结构:主句主句+特殊疑问词特殊疑问词+主语主语+谓语部分谓语部分二主从时态关系二主从时态关系 主句主句 从句从句一般现在时一般现在时 一般过去时一般过去时 3.(特殊特殊):任何时态任何时态 (客观、自然现象客观、自然现象)三三.语序：陈述语序
20、语序：陈述语序时态不变时态不变时态相应变化时态相应变化 一般现在时一般现在时非抗生素预防痔病术后术口感染 砚山县中医医院肛肠科 谢德正尊敬的领导、专家、同行:大家好！非常荣幸的站在这里，与大家共同探讨痔病术后感染的非抗生素预防，请大家多多指导。砚山县中医院肛肠科简介 1994年开始开展对肛肠病的诊疗；2011年发展成为独立的肛肠病专科；2014年被批准为云南省级重点专科建设科室；经过20年的发展，目前肛肠科拥有32张病床及13名医务人员，能开展各种痔，高、低位肛瘘，高、低位肛周脓肿，肛裂，肛乳头瘤，直肠脱垂等肛肠科常见病手术。研究背景：根据WHO资料显示，我国抗生素使用率中，门诊感冒患者75%
21、、外科手术高达95%、住院患者80%,远高于国际上规定的抗生素使用率不超过30%的标准。而且我国每年有8万多人直接或间接死于滥用抗生素，由此造成的机体损伤及病原菌耐药性更是无法估量。拒绝滥用抗生素，已经成为很多有识之士的共识。也引起了国家层面的高度重视，采取了各种措施，并制定了中国抗生素应用指南2005。作为临床医务工作者，遏制抗生素的滥用，责无旁贷。我科根据肛肠病的特点提出了非抗生素预防痔病术后术口感染的临床研究项目.课题理论基础：痔病（这里的痔病取广义痔病，包括痔、肛裂、肛乳头肥大，肛乳头纤维瘤、脱肛等）手术属于沾染的二类手术。对属于沾染的二类手术切口，目前仍主张使用抗生素预防术后感染。但
22、我科基于以下观点提出了上述研究项目：（1）、肠道免疫功能。肠粘膜表面广泛地被覆着免疫球蛋白，直肠粘膜内有免疫活性物质，两者组成了体液免疫和细胞免疫体系。肠道分泌物中的免疫球蛋白，是直肠粘膜局部抗感染的重要物质，特别是肛管周围组织具有对抗肠内细菌的特殊免疫机构，即肛管自移行上皮至复层扁平上皮内，有散在的梭形分泌细胞（IgA），发炎时IgA分泌亢进，故肛门手术一般不会发炎。课题理论基础：（2）、痔病手术属于浅表组织手术，可以随时观察患者局部术口的变化情况，即使发生感染，也可以随时处理，不至于出现严重事件；（3）、肛肠病手术病人治疗的关键在于保持术口的清洁干燥及引流通畅，而我科采用中医治疗替代抗生素
23、，予患者术口每天中药纱条换药及坐浴、熏洗、红外线、微波及辨证口服中药等治疗，可以有效保持术口的清洁干燥、引流通畅及预防术后并发症。（4）、痔病手术在抗生素未发明之前已经大量开展，但并没有大量感染的相关病例记载，而中医在治疗痔病上存在明显优势。基本资料：我科自2013年01月01日起至2013年08月31日止，针对属于痔病151例手术患者采用单纯中医综合治疗预防术后感染的情况进行临床疗效观察，并与2012年同期的147例在中医综合治疗基础上使用抗生素的患者进行了回顾性对比。现报告如下：病例纳入标准：同时具备以下三条：1.临床诊断为痔病、肛裂、肛乳头纤维瘤等非感染因素引起的广义痔病。注意：肛周脓肿
24、及肛瘘不在观察范围之内。2.患者无糖尿病、高血压、贫血、肺结核等严重的内科疾病，年龄小于60岁。3.患者同意进入临床观察实验。基本资料：临床资料：治疗组：151例，其中单纯混合痔120例，混合痔并肛裂20例，混合痔并肛乳头纤维瘤9例。其中男性患者80例，女性患者71例。年龄最大的60岁，最小的16岁，平均年龄31.5岁。对照组：147例，其中单纯混合痔112例，混合痔并肛裂20例，混合痔并肛乳头纤维瘤10例。混合痔并肛裂、肛乳头纤维瘤10例。男性患者82例，女性患者65例。年龄最大的60岁，最小的15岁，平均年龄33.5岁。诊断标准：切口感染的诊断标准：凡切口上局部红、肿、热、痛，筋膜组织以上
25、有脓性分泌物，或拆线后局部有脓液渗出，无论有无细菌学证据，均属于切口感染。结果：治疗结果：-组别 总病例 切口感染 发热 疗程 痊愈 治愈率 中断观察 （例）（例）（例）（天）（例）（%）（例）治疗组 151 0 5 17 145 96.0%6对照组 147 0 4 17.5 141 95.9%6结果分析:结果分析：治疗组与对照组术口感染率均为0例，治愈率接近96%。两者在统计学上无显著性差异，P0.05。术后治疗组有5例患者出现发热，对照组有4例出现发热，但9例患者术口均无局部红肿热痛的感染迹象，体温波动在37.5-38.5之间，其中有5例患者伴有恶寒、头痛等症状，考虑为外感引起的发热，经口
26、服感冒药后发热消失。有4例患者无明显其他全身症状，考虑吸收热，持续两天后发热自动消失。两者在治疗组与对照组在住院天数上也无明显区别。也没有显著性差异。治疗组与对照组各有6例患者因术后自动出院，中断了观察。术后1月后随访，患者并未出现感染情况结论：属于二类手术切口的痔病围手术期不用抗生素是可行的。我科从2013年08月年到2014年08月又持续观察了200多例患者也没有出现明显的术口感染情况。我们认为：单纯采用中医综合治疗痔病，不采用抗生素进行术口预防是可行的。该项目的实施：我科抗生素的使用率由过去的100%，将低到了目前的37%。即降低了抗生素的使用率，也带来了一定的社会效益及经济效率。特别是当前抗生素滥用的背景下开展该科题的研究有明显的社会意义。致谢谢 谢！
