1、InternetNew words and phrases 1 sponsor vt.发起,主办,倡仪2 fund vt.资助,为提供基(资)金3 segment vt.分割，分裂4 fragment vt.分段，分裂5 reassemble vt.重编,调整6 collectively adv.共同地,集体地,总起来说7 retransmit vt.转播,转发8 subdivision n.细（再）分;细分分成的部分9 taxpayer n 纳税人10 specification n.详述,规格,说明书,规范11 royalty n.专利权使用费,(技术)使用费 12 tokenring 令
2、牌环,标志环13 Macintoshn.(Mac)麦金托什机(Apple公司于1984年推出的一种系列微机)14 mainframe n.主机，大型机Internet15 actuality n.事实；现实（性）；现状16 ping n.声脉冲信号17 Ethernet n.以太网18 nonprofit adj.非营利的nonprofit association非营利机构19 geographical adj.地理学的,地理的20 turn n.时间的转换点at the turn of the century世纪之交21 millennium n.一千年22 subscriber n.用户2
3、3 dialup 拨号(上网)24 migrate vi.移动,移往,移植25 workstation n.工作站26 bill vt.给开账单27 employee n.职工,雇员28 bidirectional adj.双向的;双向作用的bidirectional bus双向总线Internet29 navigate vt.航行30 render vt.致使；造成31 obsolete adj.陈旧的,废弃的,过时的32 advent n.到来，出现，来临33 browser n.浏览器34 client n.客户35 tag n.标记,接头36 layout n.布局,线路图37 ret
4、rieval n.检索38 cache n.超高速缓冲存储器39 interpreter n.解释程序；解释器 40 anchor v.固定,粘连（接）上41 Web n.环球网42 cursor n.指针Internet43 radical adj.基本的,根本的,主要的44 periodical adj.周期的;定时的45 subscribe vt.订购(阅),预订46 controversial adj.有争议的,可疑的47 analogous adj.类似的,相似的48 colon n.冒号49 slash n.斜线号50 virtually adv.实际上；事实上51 proprie
5、tary adj.专有的,所有的,52 symbolic adj.象征的；用符号的53 registry n.登记,注册54 hierarchical adj.分层的55 descendent adj.派生的56 subdomain n.子域Internet1 Department of Defense (美)国防部2 DARPA(the Defense Advanced ResearchProjects Agency)(美)国防部高级研究计划局3 ARPANETARPA 计算机网，阿帕网4 ISO（International Standards Organization）国际标准化组织5 r
6、eference model 参考模型6 refer to sb.(sth)as 称某人(物)为7 status information 状态信息8 other than 不同于,除了9 in addition to 除外,又10 be attributed to 归因于11 FDDI（Fiber Distributed Data Interface）光纤分布式数据接口12 UDP（User Datagram Protocol）用户数据报协议13 FTP（File Transfer Protocol）文件传送协议14 HTTP（Hypertext Transfer Protocol）超文本传送
7、协议Internet15 ICMP（Internet Control Message Protocol）网际控制报文协议16 WWW（World Wide Web）环球网，万维网（简称3W）17 SNMP（Simple Network Management Protocol）简单网络管理协议18 plain text 纯文本19 search engine 搜索引擎20 cumulative basis 累积纳税基数21 home page 主页22 ISP（Internet Service Provider）因特网服务提供者23 leased line 专线，租用线24 HTML(Hyper
8、text Markup Language)超文本标记语言25 URL（Universal Resource Locator)统一资源定位符26 DNS（Domain Name System）域名系统27 DSL（Digital Subscriber Line）数字用户线28 PSTN（Public Switched Telephone Network）公共交换电话网InternetEvolution of the Internet During the 1960s,the United States Department of Defense sponsored research that r
9、esulted in the development of a communications network to interconnect research laboratories and data centers.Funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency(DARPA),this network was known as ARPANET.It represented one of the first layered communications networks,preceding the development of
10、the sevenlayer International Standards Organization(ISO)reference model by approximately a decade.The work involved in establishing ARPANET resulted in the development of two specific protocols for the transmission of information:the Transmission Control Protocol(TCP)and the Internet Protocol(IP),co
11、mmonly referred to collectively as TCP/IP.TCP represents a transportlayer protocol that provides endtoend reliable transmission.To do so,TCP includes such functions as flow control,error control,and the Internetexchange of status information.Application Services Various application services have bee
12、n developed for transport by the TCP/IP protocol suite.The more well known applications include the following:File Transfer Protocol(FTP),used to transfer single and multiple files between computers.Telnet,an interactive remote terminal access protocol that enables a terminalto be connected to a rem
13、ote host as if it were directly connected to the computer.Simple Mail Transport Protocol(SMTP),which provides a standard method for exchanging electronic mail.Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP),which enables the transportation of World Wide Web(WWW)pages from Web servers to browsers operating on clie
14、nt computers.InternetInternet Access Providers Through the late 1980s when the Internet was primarily used to communicate among colleges,universities,and government agencies,most Internet access provider represented nonprofit associations of schools located within a geographical area.Thus,a leasedli
15、ne connection facilitates bidirectional access to and from the Internet.Fig.15.2 illustrates the two most common methods of Internet access.Exercises.Please translate the following words and phrases into Chinese.1.ISO2.FDDI 3.Internet access provider 4.UDP 5.HTTP 6.anonymous FTP 7.HTML 8.Web index s
16、ervice 9.push technology 10.URL11.SNMP12.ICMP国际标准化组织国际标准化组织(International Standards Organization)光纤分布式数据接口光纤分布式数据接口(Fiber Distributed Data Interface)互联网接入商互联网接入商用户数据报协议用户数据报协议(User Datagram Protocol)超文本传送协议超文本传送协议(Hypertext Transfer Protocol)匿名文件传送协议（匿名文件传送协议（anonymous File Transfer Protocol)超文本标记语言
17、超文本标记语言(Hypertext Markup Language)Web索引服务索引服务推送技术推送技术统一资源定位符统一资源定位符(Universal Resource Locator)简单网络管理协议简单网络管理协议(Simple Network Management Protocol)网际控制报文协议网际控制报文协议(Internet Control Message Protocol)Exercises.Please translate the following words and phrases into English.1.文件传输协议2.远程登录3.域名系统4.Internet
18、服务提供者5.拨号(上网)6.状态信息7.简单邮件传输协议8.主页9.数字用户线10.下载11.浏览器12.搜索引擎File Transfer Protocol(FTP)TelnetThe Domain Name System(DNS)ISP(Internet service provider)dial upstatus informationSMTP(Simple Message Transfer Protocol)home pageDigital Subscriber Linesdownloadbrowsersearch engineExercises.Fill in the blanks
19、 with the missing word(s).1.TCP includes such functions as flow control,error control,and the exchange of status information.2.Status information includes determining that the destination is both operational and available to receive data,a process referred to as a connectionoriented process.3.One of
20、 the key reasons for the dramatic growth of the Internet can be traced to the development and structure of the TCP/IP protocol suite.4.The growth of the Internet can be attributed to the structure of TCP/IP,which makes it suitable for both LAN and WAN operations.5.The rapid growth in the use of the
21、Internet by both individuals and businesses enabled many nonprofit associations to become commercialized,selling Internet access to both individuals and businesses.Exercises6.The client software provides the communications protocol to interface with the various host computers on the network.7.The We
22、b servers would push the Web pages to the user,instead of having to pull them.8.Domain names are made up of subdomains,which are nodes leading to a particular node.9.By the turn of the millennium,there were more than 2000 Internet access providers in the United States,ranging in size from small prov
23、iders with hundreds of subscribers to national providers with hundreds of thousands to millions of subscribers.10.The most common tool used (used,using,is used)for navigating the Web is called a search engine.Exercises.Answer the following questions according to the text.1.What functions does the TC
24、P/IP include?TCP includes such functions as flow control,error control,and the exchange of status information.IP includes the capability to segment or fragment and reassemble messages that must be routed between networks that support packet sizes other than the size supported by the source or destin
25、ation network.Exercises2.Why is UDP more suitable than TCP for transmitting digitized voice?Because packets containing digitized voice cannot be delayed,there is no need to retransmit packets received in error.Instead,packets are dropped,and small intervalsof noise replace the dropped packets at the
26、 receiver.This technique,which is referred to as Voice over IP(VoIP),does not require the use of a connection oriented protocol,so UDP is more suitable than TCP for transmitting digitized voice.3.What wellknown applications are included in TCP/IP protocol suite?The more wellknown applications includ
27、e the following:File TransferProtocol(FTP),Telnet,Simple Mail Transport Protocol(SMTP),Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP),Simple Network Management Protocol(SNMP).Exercises4.According to the text,what is the one of the key reasons for the dramatic growth of the Internet?One of the key reasons for the
28、 dramatic growth of the Internet can be traced to the development and structure of the TCP/IP protocol suite,which makes it suitable for both LAN and WAN operations5.What are the most commonly used ICMP messages?Two of the most commonly used ICMP messages are echo request and echo reply,which are us
29、ed together to form a ping operation6.What is the function of a Web browser?A Web browser handles most of the details of document access and display and permits the user to navigate the Web by accessing Web documents that have been coded in a language called HTML.Exercises7.Could the cookies contain
30、 viruses?No,it could not.Because they are text files,not programs that could contain viruses.8.Please describe the function of every part of the URL.The first part of the URL specifies the protocol Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP).It is the Webs main protocol for transporting HTML documents between clients and servers.The colon and two slashes follow the protocol.The“www”and remainder of the URL indicate you are accessing a Web server in search of a particular file and also its path,which is specified after any single slashes.
