1、Love and logic:The story of a fallacyFOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING AND RESEARCH PRESS AIR FORCE ENGINEERING UNIVERTISYDoing the right thing is not the problem.Knowing what the right thing is,thats thechallenge.Lyndon B.Johnson(36th US president)It is one thing to be clever and another to be wise.George
2、R.R.Martin(American author)1UNIT 1UNITLove and logic:The story of a fallacyTo talk about love and logicTo further understand the textTo apply the phrases and patternsTo master the narrative essay writing skillASectionWarming-up Activities Text Study Language Application SummaryASectionWarming-up Act
3、ivities1.What do you know about logic?It is the use and study of valid reasoning;Most prominent in the subjects of philosophy,mathematics,and computer science;Established as a formal discipline by Aristotle;One of the classical trivium(三学科),the other two being grammar and rhetoric;Divided into three
4、 parts:inductive reasoning,abductive reasoning,and deductive reasoning.2.Do you think it is possible to deal with life in a completely rational and logical way?When it comes to making a choice,many people tend to use rational and logical reasoning;Males are more rational than females;Rational world
5、is not necessarily a wonderful one;Rational individuals can make choices that are bad news for others;It is ridiculous to deal with love in a logical way.The following are some statements to test your reasoning ability.Tell whether the conclusions after the word“Therefore”are true(T),false(F),or unc
6、ertain(U).Write your answer on the line before each statement.True or False 1.All odd numbers are integers(整数).All even numbers are integers.Therefore,all odd numbers are even numbers.2.There are no dancers that arent slim and no singers that arent dancers.Therefore,all singers are slim.3.A toothpic
7、k(牙签)is useful.Useful things are valuable.Therefore,a toothpick is valuable.4.Three pencils cost the same as two erasers.Four erasers cost the same as one ruler.Therefore,pencils are more expensive than rulers.5.Class A has a higher enrollment than Class B.Class C has a lower enrollment than Class B
8、.Therefore,Class A has a lower enrollment than Class C.True or FalseFTTFF 6.A fruit basket contains more apples than lemons.There are more lemons in the basket than oranges.Therefore,the basket contains more apples than oranges.7.Taking the train across town is quicker than taking the bus.Taking the
9、 bus across town is slower than driving a car.Therefore,taking the train across town is quicker than driving a car.8.All the tulips in Zoes garden are white.All the roses in Zoes garden are yellow.Therefore,all the flowers in Zoes garden are either white or yellow.True or FalseTUU Logic is the use a
10、nd study of valid .The study of logic features most prominently in the subjects of philosophy,and computer science.PhilosophicalreasoningTo be continuedmathematicsListen to a short passage on logic,and fill in the missing information.L o g i c w a s s t u d i e d i n s e v e r a l ancient ,including
11、 India,China,Persia and Greece.In the West,logic was established as a formal by Aristotle,who gave it a fundamental place in philosophy.The study of logic was part of the classical trivium(三学科),which also included and rhetoric.civilizationsdisciplineTo be continuedgrammarListen to a short passage on
12、 logic,and fill in the missing information.Logic was further by Al-Farabi who categorized it into two separate groups(idea and ).Later,Avicenna revived the study of logic and developed relationship between temporalis and the (时间与意义).In the East,logic was developed by Hindus,Buddhists and Jains(耆那教徒)
13、.extendedproofTo be continuedimplicationListen to a short passage on logic,and fill in the missing information.Logic is often divided into three parts:reasoning,abductive reasoning,and deductive reasoning.inductiveListen to a short passage on logic,andfill in the missing information.Questions Previe
14、wing1.What is a fallacy?And how is it used?2.How many types of fallacy do you know?Logic and Fallacy1.What is a fallacy?And how is it used?An error in reasoning that renders an argument logically invalid;By accident or design,logical fallacies are often used in debate or propaganda;To mislead people
15、;To distract people from the real issue for the purpose of winning an argument.Logic and Fallacy2.How many types of fallacy do you know?Red Herring(转移话题)Begging the Question(循环论证)Slippery Slope(滑坡谬误)Bandwagon(从众谬误)False Dilemma(伪两难谬误)False Cause(post hoc)(假因谬误)Ad Hominem(人身攻击)Appeal to Authority(诉诸权
16、威)Dicto Simpliciter(绝对判断)Hasty Generalization(草率结论)Ad Misericordiam(文不对题)False Analogy(错误类比)Logic and Fallacy Text StudyASectionWhat did the narrator do with his roommate Rob?(Para.1)They made a deal that the narrator gives Rob his leather jacket,and Rob,in exchange,gives the narrator his girlfriend
17、.Why did the narrator want to have Polly as his girl friend?(Paras.2-3)Pretty,well-off,radiant;The right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged,brilliant lawyer;Help the narrator in his competition with other applicants to some elite law firms.The author sets the scene of the story by providing
18、 information about the four“wh-”words:who,where,what,and why.“Who”refers to the narrator,his roommate Rob,and the beautiful girl Polly.“Where”refers to .“What”and“why”refer to what to do and why to do it:The narrator decides to make Polly“”because as a promisingly brilliant lawyer,he wants to have a
19、 girlfriend who is not only beautiful but also intelligent.Part I Paras.1_3a college campuswell-spoken After a day out with Polly,I drove her to a big old oak tree on a hill off the highway,where we could enjoy a perfect view of the .Then I was ready to talk with Polly about logic,the first thing un
20、der our discussion is the fallacy .bannerluminous cityDicto SimpliciterParas.4-8What is Dicto Simpliciter?Give an example.(Paras.9-11)An unqualified,too simple generalization;One example:Exercise is good,therefore,everybody should do exercise.What is Hasty Generalization?Give an example.(Paras.12-15
21、)An unqualified,too simple generalization;One example:Exercise is good,therefore,everybody should do exercise.What is Ad Misericordiam?Give an example.(Paras.16-21)Appealing to ones sympathy instead of answering the question directly;One example:A man applies for a job.When the boss asks him what hi
22、s qualifications are,he says he has six children to feed.What is False Analogy?Give an example.(Paras.22-25)Wrong inference;Making an analogy between two situations that are altogether different;One example:Students should be allowed to look at their textbooks during exams,because surgeons have X-ra
23、ys to guide them during surgery.Part II Paras.4-25The narrator tries to help Polly become smarter by giving her lessons in logic.Altogether he spends five nights teaching Polly four logical ,namely,Dicto Simpliciter,Ad Misericordiam,.Hasty GeneralizationFalse AnalogyfallaciesWhen the narrator asks P
24、olly to be his girlfriend,Polly refutes his first argument“We make a pretty good couple”as“”and his second argument“You dont have to eat a whole cake to know its good”as“”.Hasty GeneralizationFalse AnalogyParas.26-32 When the narrator asks Polly to be his girl friend,Polly refutes his third argument
25、“Please say youll go out with me.Im nothing without you”as“”and his fourth argument“You know the things you learn in school dont have anything to do with real life”as“”.Ad MisericordiamDicto SimpliciterParas.33-37What happened at last?(Paras.38-43)Polly refused to be the girlfriend of the author;Ful
26、l disclosure;Polly liked Rob in leather;She told Rob to make the pact with the author so that he could have the jacket.Part III Paras.26-43 When asked to be the narrators girl friend,Polly refutes his arguments with the exact taught by him and refuses by making that she is dating the narrator simply
27、 because it is a trick she and Rob have decided to play on him in order to get his .logical fallaciesfull disclosureleather jacketThe narrator and Rob make a deal:the exchange of a leather jacket for Polly.(Para.1)Polly needs to be made more intelligent.(Para.3)Introduction to the storyPolly has som
28、e basic qualities to be the girlfriend of a lawyer.(Para.2)Why logic is important(Para.4-8)The first logical fallacy taught to Polly:Dicto Simpliciter(Paras.9-11)IntroductionBody(Development of the story)The second logical fallacy taught to Polly:Hasty Generalization(Paras.12-15)The third logical fa
29、llacy taught to Polly:Ad Misericordiam(Paras.16-21)The fourth logical fallacy taught to Polly:False Analogy(Paras.22-25)IntroductionBodyThe climax and end of the story(Pollys refutation and the final disclosure)“You dont have to eat a whole cake to know its good.”False Analogy.(Paras.31-32)“Please s
30、ay youll go out with me.Im nothing without you.”Ad Misericordiam.(Paras.33-35)“You know the things you learn in school dont have anything to do with real life.”Dicto Simpliciter.(Paras.36-37)Climax of the story:Polly refuses to be the narrators girlfriend.(Paras.38-43)“We make a pretty good couple.”
31、Hasty Generaliza-tion.(Paras.26-30)Introduction BodyClimax&EndLove and logic:The story of a fallacy My roommate Rob made a with me that hed give me his girlfriend Polly in exchange for my jacket.And I agreed.Polly had the right background to be the girlfriend of a lawyer like myself.She was pretty,w
32、ell-off,and radiant.Still,I want to dispense her enough to make her“well-spoken”.pactpearls of wisdomTo be continueddogged,brilliant So I tried my best to teach her such logical as Dicto Simpliciter,Hasty Generalization,Ad Misericordiam,and False Analogy.After five nights of diligent work,I actually
33、 made a out of Polly.She was an at last.fallacieslogiciananalytical thinkerTo be continued When I asked her to develop our relationship into a one,however,she my arguments as those logical fallacies I had taught her!And she refused my proposition by making full :She liked Rob in leather,therefore,sh
34、e had told him to make the pact with me so that Rob could have my .romanticrefuteddisclosurejacket1.In exchange for 作为对的交换2.Set a date for 为定日期3.Appeal to 唤起；吸引4.make/draw an analogy between 在之间作类比5.Make sth.out of sb./sth.使变成6.Give sb.the axe 抛弃（恋人）；解雇7.Be dripping with 满是作为对作为对的交换的交换(revolutionary
35、 predecessors/shed blood/sacrifice ones life)In exchange for a peaceful environment for the future generations,our revolutionary predecessors shed their blood and even sacrificed their precious lives.in exchange for短语逆译短语应用为了给后代换来一个和平的环境，我们的革命先烈们抛头颅、洒热血。意群提示为为定日期定日期(to achieve success/rather than)In
36、 order to achieve success,one had better start immediately rather than set dates for his/her efforts.set a date for短语逆译短语应用要想取得成功，最好马上开始努力，不要推三推四。意群提示唤起；吸引唤起；吸引(boast/research library)This university boasts many world-famous experts,professors,and the worlds best research library,therefore,it appeal
37、s to students and researchers from all over the world.appeal to短语逆译短语应用这所大学拥有许多世界知名的专家、教授以及世界上最好的研究图书馆，因此吸引了来自世界各地的学子和研究人员。意群提示在在之间作类比之间作类比(require great efforts/reach the top)We often make an analogy between studying and climbing a mountain:both of them require great efforts before you can reach th
38、e top.make/draw an analogy between短语逆译短语应用我们经常把学习和登山进行类比：两者在你达到巅峰之前都需要付出巨大的努力。意群提示使使变成变成(military academy/young cadets)The aim of the military academy is to make qualified officers out of the young cadets after four years study and training.make sth.out of sb./sth.短语逆译短语应用这所军校的目标是经过四年的学习与训练将这些年轻的军校生
39、变成合格的军官。意群提示抛弃（恋人）；解雇抛弃（恋人）；解雇(play away/upon graduation)If you continue playing your precious college years away,success will give you the axe upon graduation.give sb.the axe短语逆译短语应用如果你继续浪费宝贵的大学时光，毕业时你将一事无成。意群提示满是满是(words and actions/vulgarity and rudeness)Though the beautiful lady is dripping with
40、 jewels,her words and actions are dripping with vulgarity and rudeness.短语逆译短语应用这位漂亮的女士尽管浑身珠光宝气，言行却低俗无礼。意群提示be dripping with 1.If sb.could do,sb.just might do 用于表达“假设”2.Sb.never/seldom do.Instead,sb.do 用于表达“强调”3.Look at,look at.Can you do?用于表达“对比”如果我能够让我所申请的顶尖律师事务所看到我身边伴随着一位光彩照人、谈吐优雅的另一半，我就很有可能在竞聘中以微
41、弱优势获胜。原句译文原句译文逆译练习逆译练习If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant,well-spoken counterpart by my side,I just might edge past the competition.句型提炼句型提炼If sb.could do,sb.just might do 句型提炼句型提炼应用提示应用提示用于表达“假设”。句型句型应用应用(make the best of/dream of)典型例句如果你能好好利用现有的一切而不是幻想你所没有的，你很可能已经
42、取得巨大的成功了。意群提示If you could make the best of what you have instead of dreaming of what you dont have,you just might have already achieved great success.这个人根本没有回答老板的问题，而只是在博取老板的同情。原句译文原句译文逆译练习逆译练习The man never answered the bosss question.Instead he appealed to the bosss sympathy.句型提炼句型提炼Sb.never/seldom
43、 do.Instead,sb.do 句型提炼句型提炼应用提示应用提示 用于表达“强调”。句型应用句型应用(public servant/take advantage of/privileges and authorities)典型例句一些人民公仆从不为人民服务，而只是利用手中的特权、职权最大程度地为自己谋取私利。意群提示Some of our public servants never serve the people,instead they take advantage of their privileges and authorities to seek personal interes
44、ts to the maximum extent.看看我，一个聪明过人的学生，一个不同凡响的学者，一个前途无量的人。再看看罗伯，一个肌肉发达的蠢材，一个有了上顿没下顿的家伙。你是否能给我一个充足的理由，为什么要选择跟他？”原句译文原句译文逆译练习逆译练习Look at me,an ingenious student,a tremendous intellectual,a man with an assured future.Look at Rob,a muscular idiot,a guy wholl never know where his next meal is coming from
45、.Can you give me one good reason why you should be with him?”句型提炼句型提炼Look at,look at.Can you do?句型提炼句型提炼应用提示应用提示 用于表达“对比”。句型应用句型应用(tall buildings/war stricken areas/poor straw sheds)典型例句看看我们，住着高楼大厦，穿着耐克、阿迪，吃着麦当劳、肯德基，喝着百事和可乐。再看看那些战乱地区的难民们，躲在破烂不堪的草棚里，没穿、没吃、没喝。我们怎么还能抱怨我们的生活呢？意群提示Look at us,living in ta
46、ll buildings,wearing Nike and Adidas,eating McDonalds and KFCs,drinking Pepsis and Colas.Look at the refugees in the war stricken areas,sheltering in poor straw sheds,having almost nothing to wear,to eat and to drink.How can we complain about our lives?她已经是“光彩照人”了。但我能够施予她足够多的“智慧之珠”，让她变得“谈吐优雅”。a.“Rad
47、iant”she was already.I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make her“well-spoken”.(Para.3,L1)我们可以成为很好的一对儿。b.We make a pretty good couple.(Para.29,L1)毕竟你不需要吃掉整个蛋糕才知道它好不好。c.After all,you dont have to eat a whole cake to know its good.(Para.4,L6)再错几步我可就无法挽回了。d.A few more false steps would be m
48、y doom.(Para.33,L2)我一下跳了起来，怒火中烧。e.I leaped to my feet,my temper flaring up.(Para.38,L1)看看我，一个聪明过人的学生，一个不同凡响的学者，一个前途无量的人。f.Look at me,an ingenious student,a tremendous intellectual,a man with an assured future.(Para.42,L1-2)再看看罗伯，一个肌肉发达的蠢材，一个有了上顿没下顿的家伙。g.Look at Rob,a muscular idiot,a guy wholl never
49、 know where his next meal is coming from.(Para.42,L2-3)1.What logical fallacy is included in the story itself?Why do you think so?2.What does the story tell us about love?And what does it tell us about smart people?3.Can you think of a logical fallacy youhave committed?Why is it a fallacy and what c
50、aused it?The story itself includes the fallacy“Dicto Simpliciter”.The narrator assumes that all girls would be happy to date a boy whose future is somewhat guaranteed.Therefore,Polly,a beautiful and wealthy young girl,would certainly fall in love with him “an ingenious student”and“a man with an assu
