1、Progressive WritingProgressive WritingPart One Paragraph WritingPart One Paragraph WritingChapter One The ParagraphChapter One The ParagraphIV.UnityV.CoherenceI.IntroductionII.The Two Parts of a Topic SentenceIII.The Concluding SentenceI.IntroductionA paragraph is a basic unit of organization in wri
2、ting,in which a group of related sentences develops one main idea.A paragraph may stand by itself.A paragraph may also be one part of a longer piece of writing such as an essay or a chapter of a book.The topic sentenceA concluding sentenceThree Parts of a Paragraph Supporting sentencesstates the mai
3、n idea of the paragraph.develop the topic sentence.signals the end of the paragraph and leaves the reader with important points to rememberI.IntroductionIn addition to the three structural parts of a paragraph,a good paragraph also has the elements of unity and coherence.UNITY means that you discuss
4、 only one main idea in a paragraph.The main idea is stated in the topic sentence,and then each and every supporting sentence develops that idea.I.IntroductionCOHERENCE means that your paragraph is easy to read and understand because 1)your supporting sentences are in some kind of logical order and 2
5、)your ideas are connected by the use of appropriate transition signals.In summary,a well-written paragraph contains five elements:a topic sentence,supporting sentences,a concluding sentence,unity,and coherence.I.Introduction2.Three Important PointsEvery good paragraph has a topic sentence,which clea
6、rly states the topic and the controlling idea of the paragraph.It is usually(but not always)the first sentence in the paragraph.A topic sentence is the most important sentence in a paragraph.It briefly indicates what the paragraph is going to discuss.I.Introduction There are three important points t
7、o remember about a topic sentence.1.A topic sentence is a complete sentence.2.A topic sentence contains both a topic and a controlling idea.It names the topic and then limits the topic to a specific area to be discussed in the space of a single paragraph.3.A topic sentence is the most general statem
8、ent in the paragraph because it gives only the main idea.It does not give any specific details.I.IntroductionPosition of Topic sentencesMedia Bias(偏见）偏见）It is not possible for television news to be completely objective.For one thing,some judgment is required even to determine what the facts are.Repo
9、rters who are not eyewitnesses must draw conclusions from eyewitness accounts about what happened.Moreover,deciding what is newsworthy requires judgment.The limits of time make it necessary to select only what is most important to viewers.That selection process is inevitably affected by the preferen
10、ces and biases of editors and producers.topic sentenceFurthermore,television lends itself better to action scenes than to“talking heads,”so we are more likely to see a demonstrator who gets violent than the orderly problem solving discussion of a group of experts.Medical Miracles to ComeBy the year
11、2009,a vaccine（疫苗）（疫苗）against the common cold will have been developed.By the same year,the first human will have been successfully cloned.By the 2014,parents will be able to create designer children.Genetic therapy治疗治疗will be able to manipulate genes forI.Introductionabilities,intelligence,and hair
12、,eye,and skin color.By2020,most diseases will be able to be diagnosed and treated at home,and by 2030,cancer and heart disease will have been wiped out.These are just a few examples of medical miracles that are expected in the next few decades.I.Introduction The room is located on the third floor of
13、 the South Building.One third of its total floor space is taken up by a double bed.Facing it,in the corner behind the door,stands a cupboard loaded with pots,bowls,dishes,bottles,and bags of rice and flour.A desk completely fills the gap between the bed and the wall with the window.Behind the desk i
14、s a chair,the only one in the room;and it almost touches the boxes and trunks piled against the wall on the opposite side.Though without a topic sentence,the paragraph is unified.I.IntroductionII.The Two Parts of a Topic SentenceFormationTopic to name the subject,or main idea Controlling idea(s)to m
15、ake a specific comment about the topic,which indicates what the rest of the paragraph will say about the topic Convenience foods are easy to prepare.The native foods of Americas immigrant population are reflected in American cookingtopiccontrolling ideatopicControlling ideasII.The Two Parts of a Top
16、ic SentenceEXERCISES1.Circle the topic and underline the controlling idea in each of the following sentences.(1)Driving on freeways requires nerves of steel.(2)Driving on freeways requires an aggressive attitude.(3)The Caribbean(加勒比海的加勒比海的)island of Trinidad特立尼达岛特立尼达岛 attracts tourists because of it
17、s calypso（荷马荷马奥德赛奥德赛中的海中中的海中女神女神)music.II.The Two Parts of a Topic Sentence(4)Spectacular beaches make Puerto Rico a tourist paradise.(5)Living in an American college dormitory can be a stressful experience for newly arrived international students.(6)Many religious rules developed from the health ne
18、eds of ancient times.II.The Two Parts of a Topic SentenceWriting topic sentence1.A topic sentence should be neither too general nor too specific.Too general:American food is terrible.Too specific:American food is tasteless and greasy because Americans use too many canned,frozen,and prepackaged foods
19、 and because everything is fried in oil or butter.Good:American food is tasteless and greasy.(油腻的油腻的)II.The Two Parts of a Topic Sentence2.Do not include too many unrelated ideas in your topic sentence;if you do,your paragraph will not be unified.Too many ideas:San Francisco is famous for its temper
20、ate climate,its many tourist attractions,and its cosmopolitan世界性的世界性的 atmosphere.(The three parts of this controlling idea are too unrelated for a paragraph.They would require three separate paragraphs.)Good:San Francisco is famous for II.The Two Parts of a Topic SentenceIII.The Concluding Sentence1
21、.It signals the end of the paragraph.2.It summarizes the main points of the paragraph.3.It gives a final comment on the topic and leaves the reader with the most important ideas to think about.Use the end-of-paragraph signal to introduce your concluding sentence.A concluding sentence is not absolute
22、ly necessary;in fact,a concluding sentence is not customary for every paragraph in a multi-paragraph essay.However,for single paragraphs,especially long ones,a concluding sentence is helpful because Synonyms,words that have the same basic meaning,do not always have the same emotional meaning.For exa
23、mple,the words stingy and frugal both mean“careful with money.”However,to call a person stingy is an insult,while the word frugal has a much more positive connotation.Similarly,a person wants to be slender but not skinny,and aggressive but not pushy.Therefore,you should be careful in choosing words
24、because many so called synonyms are not really synonymous at all.Model 1:The concluding sentence repeats the main idea of the topic sentence in different words.Topic SentenceConcluding SentenceIII.The Concluding SentenceModel 2:the concluding sentence summarizes the two main points of the paragraphG
25、old Gold,a precious metal,is prized for two important characteristics.First of all,gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion.Therefore,it is suitable for jewelry,coins,and ornamental purposes.Gold never needs to be polished and will remain beautiful forever.For example,a Macedonian c
26、oin remains as untarnished today as the day it was minted铸币铸币 twenty-three centuries ago.Another important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and science.For many years,it has been usedTopic Sentencein hundreds of industrial applications.The most recent use of gold is in astronauts
27、 suits.Astronauts wear gold-plated heat shields for protection outside spaceships.In conclusion,gold is treasured not only for its beauty but also for its utility.Concluding SentenceIII.The Concluding Sentence1.Pretest Read the following paragraphs and determine whether they are good paragraphs or n
28、ot.Locate the topic sentence of each paragraph and find out the sentence(s)irrelevant to the topicIV.Unity Adventure travel is the hot trend in the tourism industry.Ordinary people are no longer content to spend their two weeks away from the office resting on a sunny beach in Hawaii.More and more of
29、ten,they are choosing to spend their vacations rafting down wild rivers,hiking through steamy rain forests,climbing the worlds highest mountains,or traversing slippery glaciers冰河冰河.People of all ages are choosing educational study tours for their vacations.IV.UnityUnity means that only one main idea
30、 is discussed in a paragraph.For example,if your paragraph is about the advantages of owning a compact car,discuss only that.Do not discuss the disadvantages.Furthermore,it is a good idea for beginning academic writers to discuss only one advantage,such as gas economy,in each paragraph.If you begin
31、to discuss another advantage,start a new paragraph.Sometimes it is possible to discuss two or even three aspects of the same idea in one paragraph if they are closely related to each other.IV.Unity2.Important Points of UnityThe second part of unity is that every supporting sentence must directly exp
32、lain or prove the main idea that is stated in the topic sentence.Do not include any information that does not directly support the topic sentence.Sometimes students write supporting sentences that are“off the topic”.These are called irrelevant sentences.IV.UnityCoherence means being connected natura
33、lly and logically by a common principle.A good paragraph must be coherent,that is,the movement from one sentence to the next must be logical and smooth.English is mainly a synthetic language,which emphasizes the coherence in form by using transition signals,while Chinese is mainly an analytical lang
34、uage,in which coherence is achieved mainly by meaning through the context rather than by transition signals.Therefore,a coherent Chinese paragraph,if translated literally into English,would seem quite incoherent.V.Coherencethree ways to achieve coherence1.Repeating key nouns.2.Using pronouns that re
35、fer back to key nouns.3.Using transition signals.V.Coherence3.Repetition of Key NounsA common way to achieve coherence is to repeat key nouns frequently in your paragraph.There is generally no fixed rule about how often to repeat key nouns or when to substitute pronouns.At the very least,you need to
36、 repeat a key noun instead of using a pronoun when the meaning is not clear.Look at the model paragraph about how it uses this technique to achieve coherence.The key noun in the following paragraph is gold.Circle the word“gold”and all pronouns that refer to it.V.CoherenceModel 1:Paragraph with Coher
37、ence Gold,a precious metal,is prized for two important characteristics.First of all,gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion.Therefore,it is suitable for jewelry,coins,and ornamental purposes.Gold never needs to be polished and will remain beautiful forever.For example,a Macedonian
38、coin remains as untarnished today as the day it was minted 23 centuries ago.Another important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and science.For many years,it has been used in hundreds of industrial applications.The most recent use of gold is in astronautss suits.Astronauts wear go
39、ld-plated heat shields for protection outside spaceships.In conclusion,gold is treasured not only for its beauty but also for its utility.Gold,a precious metal,is prized for two important characteristics.First of all,gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion.Therefore,it is suitable
40、for jewelry,coins,and ornamental purposes.Gold never needs to be polished and will remain beautiful forever.For example,a Macedonian coin remains as untarnished today as the day it was minted 23 centuries ago.Another important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and science.For many
41、 years,it has been used in hundreds of industrial applications.The most recent use of gold is in astronautss suits.Astronauts wear gold-plated heat shields for protection outside spaceships.In conclusion,gold is treasured not only for its beauty but also for its utility.model 2:Gold(without coherenc
42、e)itIt of itsmade from itit1.In the following paragraph,the key noun is never repeated.Replace the pronoun it with the key noun English wherever you think doing so would make the paragraph more coherent.English English has almost become an international language.Except for Chinese,more people speak
43、it than any other language.English?V.CoherenceEXERCISESSpanish is the official language of more countries in the world,but more countries have it as their official or unofficial second language.More than 70 percent of the worlds mail is written in it.It is the primary language on the Internet.In int
44、ernational business,it is used more than any other language,and it is the language of airline pilots and air traffic controllers all over the world.Moreover,although French used to be the language of diplomacy,it has displaced it throughout the world.Therefore,unless you plan to spend your life alon
45、e on a desert island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean,it is a useful language to know.?English?4.Use of Consistent PronounsEXERCISES In the following paragraph,the pronouns are not consistent.Correct them to make this paragraph more coherent.Olympic Athletes When you use pronouns instead of key no
46、uns,make sure that you use the same person and number throughout your paragraph.Dont change from you to he or she(change of person),or from he to they(change of number).V.Coherence Olympic athletes must be strong both physically and mentally.First of all,if you hope to compete in an Olympic sport,yo
47、u must be physically strong.Furthermore,an aspiring Olympian must train rigorously for many years.For the most demanding sports,they train several hours a day,five or six days a week,for ten or more years.In addition to being physically strong,he or she must also be mentally tough.This means that yo
48、u have to be totally dedicated to your sport,often giving up a normal school,family,and social life.Being mentally strong also means that he or she must be able to withstand the intense pressure of international competition with its attendant media coverage.Finally,not everyone can win a medal,so th
49、ey must possess the inner strength to live with defeat.peopletheytheytheytheirtheyV.Coherence5.TransitionTransitions are signals used to show the precise relationship between ideas.GoSlowStopsimilar idea similarly,moreoverfurthermorein additionopposite ideaon the other handhoweverin contrastexampler
50、esultconclusionfor exampleas a resultin conclusionconclusion:in conclusion You should not use a transition signal in front of every sentence in a paragraph.Using too many transition signals can be just as confusing as using too few.However,good writing requires that you use enough transition signals
