1、Unit 1 Great scientistsReadingPre-reading 1.What impresses you most in 2003?Which person impresses you most during the SARS?What other infectious diseases do you know?For example:When you eat some food that is not freshYou may feelMaybe you have got _.Choleradraw a conclusionthink of a methodcollect
2、 resultsmake a questionfind a problemanalyse the resultsfind supporting evidencefind a problemmake a questionthink of a methodcollect resultsanalyse the resultsdraw a conclusionHow to prove a new idea in scientific research?find supporting evidenceJohn Snow defeats“King cholera”John Snow defeats“kin
3、g cholera”What can you learn from the title?人物：人物：事件：事件：defeats cholera Who is John Snow?What happened to them?attended her as her personal physicianQueen VictoriaJohn Snow 约翰约翰.斯诺斯诺(1813 1858),英国麻醉学家、英国麻醉学家、流行病专家。他首次提出了流行病专家。他首次提出了预防霍乱的措施。预防霍乱的措施。1854年年,伦敦霍乱流行伦敦霍乱流行,斯诺通过研究斯诺通过研究霍乱病死者的日常生活情况霍乱病死者的日常
4、生活情况,寻找到他们的共同行为模式寻找到他们的共同行为模式,发现了霍乱与饮用不洁水的发现了霍乱与饮用不洁水的关系关系,由于及时切断了二者由于及时切断了二者的联系的联系,有效制止了霍乱的有效制止了霍乱的流行。流行。Four outbreaks of cholera in the 1830s and 1840s killed many people in England.In 1854,“the most terrible outbreak of cholera which ever occurred in the kingdom”began.It was so violent and sudde
5、n that 127 people died in the first three days.The terrible choleraBacteria/germs of cholera Name of illness cholera(霍乱霍乱)Symptom(症状症状)severe vomiting(呕吐呕吐)and diarrhoea(腹泻腹泻)Aftereffect(后果后果)die quickly from a loss of liquidWhat was the cause of this illness?How did John Snow find it out?Skim the t
6、ext and find the main idea of the text.The passage is mainly about:_ How John Snow found the cause of the cholera and defeated it.Fastreading:Read the passage quickly and find the number below and the relevant happenings in the passage.Two theoriesIn 1854500,10The first suggested thatmultiplied in t
7、he air;The second suggestedabsorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.Another outbreak hit London.More than 500 people had died in 10 days.16,37,38 and 4020,21;8,97These numbers in Broad Street near the water pump had many of the deaths20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Stree
8、t had no deaths.They didnt drink the water from the Broad Street pump.These families worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.16372089pump3840BROAD STREETCAMBRIDGE STREET21John Snows Cholera Map7PubWhat is the problem?The cholera was the most deadly disease of its day.Neither its cause,nor its cure w
9、as understood.What caused cholera?Make a question:Which theory to believe in?Cholera multiplied in the air without reason.A cloud of dangerous gas would float around until it found its victims.People absorbed it with their meals.Which one do you believe more?What about John Snow?A map of Broad Stree
10、tWhat method did he use?Broad StreetMany deaths happened here.No death happened here.It seemed the water from the pump was to blame.What did he do next?Public houseanalyze the results:What happened to the pump water?The water was from the river which had been polluted by the dirty water from London.
11、find supporting evidence:What extra evidence did he find?A woman and her daughter who lived far away but drank the water also died.draw a conclusion with certaintyThe polluted water carried the disease.(Para 6)What was another supporting evidence?(Para 5)He looked into the source of the waterJohn Sn
12、ow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.Read the passage and number these events in the order that they happened.John Snow began to test two theories.An outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854.He announced that the water carried the disease.John Snow marked the de
13、aths on a map.2147Carefulreading:King Cholera was defeated.He found that most of the deaths were near a water pump.He had the handle removed from the water pump.John Snow investigated two streets where the outbreak was very severe.38561.Draw a conclusionMake 5423671Stages in examining a new scientif
14、ic idea:Para-graphStages in an experimentExample in this investigation1Find a problem2Make a question3Think of a methodWhat caused cholera?Which theory is correct?Collect data on those who were ill or died and where they got their water.Fill in the blanks.4Collect results5Analyse results6find suppor
15、ting evidence7Draw a conclusionPlot information on a map to find out where people died or did not die.Analyse the water to see if that is the cause of the illness.Find other evidence to support the analysis.The water is to blame.The source of all drinking water should be examined so that it is safe.
16、draw a conclusionfind a problemmake a questionthink of a methodcollect resultsanalyse the resultsrepeat if necessaryMatch themPara 1Para 2Para 3Para 4Para 5Para 6Para 7Prevention of Cholera1.John Snow believed Idea 2 was right.How did he finally prove it?John Snow finally proved his idea because he
17、found an outbreak that was clearly related to cholera,collected information and was able to tie cases outside the area to the polluted water.Read and answer the questions.2.Do you think John Snow would have solved this problem without the map?Give a reason.No.The map helped John Snow organize his id
18、eas.He was able to identify those households that had many deaths and check their water-drinking habits.He identified those houses that had no deaths and surveyed their drinking habits.The evidence clearly pointed to the polluted water being the cause.3.Cholera was a 19th century disease.What diseas
19、e do you think is similar to cholera today?Four diseases,which are similar today,are SARS,AIDS,TB(肺结核肺结核)and bird-flu,because they are both very serious,have an unknown cause and need public health care to solve them.1.The passage mainly tells us that _.A.the cause of cholera was polluted water B.Jo
20、hn Snow was a well-known doctor in LondonC.the source of all drinking water should be examinedD.John Snow did some research and helped to solve“King Cholera”Choose the best answer.D 2.What was the key help for John Snows discovery?A.The government.B.The woman moving away from Broad Street.C.The wate
21、r company.D.The map made by himself.D John Snow was a well-known _ in London in the _ century.He wanted to find the _ of cholera in order to _ it.In 1854 when a cholera _ out,he began to gather information.doctor19thcausedefeatbrokeHe _ on a map where all the dead people had lived and he found that
22、many people who had drunk the dirty water from the _ died.So he decided that the polluted water carried cholera.He suggested that the _ of all water supply be _ and new methods of _ with polluted water be found.Finally,“King Cholera”was defeated.markedpumpsourceexamineddealingWhat should we pay atte
23、ntion to in our daily life in order not to get infected with cholera?Heat the food left overnightCook raw food thoroughlyWash hands oftenKeep away from flieschoose fresh sea foodKeep the kitchen cleanDispose rubbish properly.Drink boiled waterDiscussion1.know about 了解有关了解有关的情况的情况know of 听说过听说过1)有些事我
24、想了解一下。有些事我想了解一下。There is something I want to know about.2)我听说过那件事我听说过那件事,但不很清楚。但不很清楚。I know of it,but I didnt know it well.Language points2.conclude:v.作结论作结论,断定断定 The jury concluded that he was guilty.陪审团认定他有罪。陪审团认定他有罪。to conclude:总而言之总而言之,总之总之 To conclude,I want to thank you for your help.conclusio
25、n:n.结论结论得出结论得出结论arrive atdraw/reach come toa conclusion1)那些都是事实那些都是事实,你能从中得出什么结论你能从中得出什么结论?Those are the facts;what do you conclude from them?2)我得出结论你在说谎。我得出结论你在说谎。I came to/drew/reached the conclusion that you were lying.3)根据这些事实根据这些事实,我们能对金字塔是如何我们能对金字塔是如何建成的得出一些结论。建成的得出一些结论。From these facts,we can
26、 draw some conclusions about how the pyramids were built.3.defeat v./n.He defeated the champion in three sets.His words completely defeated me.The Party faces defeat in the election.击败击败,战胜战胜使困惑使困惑win/beat/defeat win“赢得赢得,获胜获胜”,后接奖品后接奖品,奖金奖金,名誉名誉,财产财产beat“击败击败,战胜战胜”,后接竞争队伍或者对手后接竞争队伍或者对手,敌人敌人defeat “
27、击败，战胜击败，战胜”,后接竞争队伍或者后接竞争队伍或者对手对手,敌人敌人,(此用法同此用法同beat),疾病等。疾病等。1)Mary _ the first place in the competition.2)Our school _ their school at football.3)I _ John at chess yesterday.wonbeat/defeatedbeat/defeated4.John Snow was a famous doctor in London-so expert,indeed,that he attended Queen Victoria as he
28、r personal physician.约翰约翰.斯诺曾经是一位著名的医生斯诺曾经是一位著名的医生-他的确他的确医术精湛医术精湛,因而成了维多利亚女王的私人大夫。因而成了维多利亚女王的私人大夫。1)expert n.专家专家;高手高手;权威权威an agricultural expert 农业专家农业专家an expert with the computer 电脑高手电脑高手expert 也可以作形容词也可以作形容词,“熟练的熟练的;老练的老练的;经验经验(或知识或知识)丰富的丰富的”an expert rider 熟练的骑手熟练的骑手 an expert opinion 内行的意见内行的意
29、见照看照看,照料照料 如如:医生照看病人。医生照看病人。The doctor attended (on/upon)the patients.出席，到场出席，到场 如如:attend school 上学上学attend a lecture 听讲座听讲座attend church 去教堂去教堂attend(at)a wedding 出席婚礼出席婚礼2)attend v.注意注意,留意留意 如如:Well attend to the solution of that problem later.attend to 处理处理,办理办理 我有许多事情要处理。我有许多事情要处理。照顾照顾,照料照料先生先生
30、,有人接待你吗？有人接待你吗？Are you being attended to?If you go out,Ill attend to the baby.专心专心,注意注意If you dont attend to the teacher,youll never learn anything.attendance n.照顾照顾,出席出席I have some important things to attend to.5.But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to choler
31、a.exposed to cholera 在句子中是过去分词用作在句子中是过去分词用作后置定语后置定语,表示被动表示被动,意为意为“患霍乱的患霍乱的”。如。如:The book written by LuXun is very popular.鲁迅写的书是很受欢迎的。鲁迅写的书是很受欢迎的。昨天我们看见的那个人是史密斯先生。昨天我们看见的那个人是史密斯先生。The man seen by us yesterday is Professor Smith.发散思维：发散思维：exposed adj.暴露的暴露的,暴露于风雨中的暴露于风雨中的,无无掩蔽的掩蔽的 exposedness n.暴露暴露,
32、显露显露开放思维开放思维:expose to 使暴露，揭穿使暴露，揭穿expose sth to the light of day把某事暴露于光天化日之下把某事暴露于光天化日之下expose a fraud 揭穿骗局揭穿骗局1)Miles of sand are exposed at low tide.2)The people of some Asian countries were exposed to the tsunami in 2004.3)He exposed the crime to the police.4)He exposed the plan to the newspaper
33、.to uncoverto make sufferto make knownto make known 5)The wolf opened its mouth to _ a row of sharp teeth.6)Dont _ your skin to the sun or your skin will be hurt.exposeexpose6.This was the deadly disease of its day.die(v.)dead(adj.)death(n.)deadly adj.(1)dangerous;likely to cause death 危险的危险的;致命的致命的
34、 a deadly disease/weapon (2)highly effective against sth.or someone 强有力的强有力的;致命的致命的 a deadly remark 击中要害的评论击中要害的评论(3)aiming to kill or destroy意在杀死的意在杀死的;不共戴天的不共戴天的:a deadly enemy 不共戴天的敌人不共戴天的敌人deadly adv.(1)very 极度极度;非常非常;十分十分 deadly serious 十分认真十分认真 (2)like death 死一般地死一般地 deadly pale 死一般苍白死一般苍白7.So
35、 many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.every time 在这里是连词在这里是连词,引导时间状引导时间状语从句语从句,意为意为“每次每次,每当每当”。e.g.Every time I meet him,I always think of the things happened between us.每次见到他每次见到他,我就想起发生在我们之间的我就想起发生在我们之间的事情。事情。注意注意:immediately,the moment,directly,instantly 等与等与 e
36、very time一样一样,都可以都可以用作连词引导时间状语从句用作连词引导时间状语从句,意为意为“一一就就”。如：。如：I will give the letter to him immediately I see him.我一见到他就把这封信给他。我一见到他就把这封信给他。I came directly I got your letter.我一接到你的信就来了。我一接到你的信就来了。8.The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.absorbinto 吸收
37、吸收 如：如：e.g.The big company has gradually absorbed these small companies into its own organization.这家大公司逐渐将这些小的公司吞并了。这家大公司逐渐将这些小的公司吞并了。absorb v.(1)吸收吸收(液体液体)Water absorbs oxygen.(2)The clever boy absorbed all the knowledge his teacher could give him.(3)The book absorbed his attention.(4)The surroundi
38、ng small towns have been absorbed into the city.理解理解,接受接受吸引吸引(注意力注意力,兴趣等兴趣等)使并入使并入,吞并吞并be absorbed in 被被吸引吸引;专心于专心于;全神贯注于某事如全神贯注于某事如:He is absorbed in his book.The little girl was absorbed in reading a tale.suggest 经常有经常有“建议建议”的意思的意思,但在这个句子但在这个句子里的意思是里的意思是“暗示间接表明暗示间接表明”。如：。如：The disorganized meeting
39、 suggested bad preparation.混乱的会场表明准备工作很差。混乱的会场表明准备工作很差。suggest 还有还有“建议建议”的意思的意思,在后文中有体现在后文中有体现:“To prevent this from happening again,John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined.”为防止这种情况再度为防止这种情况再度发生发生,I suggested that he should give up smoking.我建议他戒烟。我建议他戒烟。The chairman
40、 suggested the meeting be put off until next week.主席建议会议延迟到下周举行。主席建议会议延迟到下周举行。suggest 后面还可以接后面还可以接-ing形式或名词。如：形式或名词。如：She suggested a picnic at the weekend.她提议周末去野餐。她提议周末去野餐。Kane suggested leaving early for the airport.凯恩提议早些出发去机场。凯恩提议早些出发去机场。他发现在两条街道上霍乱流行得特别厉害他发现在两条街道上霍乱流行得特别厉害,在十天之内就死去了五百多人。在十天之内就
41、死去了五百多人。9.In two particular streets,the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people had died in 10 days.severe adj.(1)unsparing or harsh,as in treatment of others;strict 严厉的严厉的;苛刻的苛刻的;严格的严格的.如如:The severe trainer has gone abroad.You can breathe freely again.(2)causing sharp discomfort o
42、r distress;extremely violent or intense;very serious.剧痛的剧痛的,剧烈的剧烈的,严重的严重的,难熬的难熬的 如如:a severe attack of toothache.要求苛严的教官已经出国要求苛严的教官已经出国,你可以完全放心。你可以完全放心。牙痛的剧烈发作。牙痛的剧烈发作。这张地图提供了一条说明霍乱起因这张地图提供了一条说明霍乱起因的很有价值的线索。的很有价值的线索。10.This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease.valuable(1)adj.worth
43、 a lot of money 值钱的值钱的,贵重的贵重的 如：如：The watch is valuable.这表很值钱。这表很值钱。a valuable diamond.贵重的钻石。贵重的钻石。(2)adj.having great usefulness or value 如如:valuable information(3)n.(常用复数形式常用复数形式)sth that worth a lot of money 如如:Cathy kept her valuables in a safe.重大的消息重大的消息凯西把她的贵重物品藏在保险箱里。凯西把她的贵重物品藏在保险箱里。泵泵(油泵油泵;气
44、泵气泵),抽水机抽水机,打气筒打气筒11.pump12.It seemed that the water was to blame.看来霍乱的流行要归罪于饮水了。看来霍乱的流行要归罪于饮水了。be+动词不定式动词不定式,可以表示该做或不该做的可以表示该做或不该做的事情事情,相当于相当于must,should,ought to 等。如：等。如：No one is to leave this building without the permission of the police.没有警察的允许谁也不准离开这栋楼。没有警察的允许谁也不准离开这栋楼。You are not to drop litt
45、er in the park.公园里不允许乱丢纸屑。公园里不允许乱丢纸屑。受到责备受到责备,主动表被动主动表被动13.Next,John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets.其次，约翰其次，约翰.斯诺调查了这两条街的水源。斯诺调查了这两条街的水源。look into 往往里面看里面看;to investigate 检查检查;了解。了解。如：如：Well look into this matter together.我们将一起调查这个问题。我们将一起调查这个问题。开放思维：开放思维：look on 观看观看
46、,面向面向,旁观旁观,看待看待look out 面朝面朝,留神留神,照料照料look over 从上面看从上面看,察看察看,检查检查look around 环顾环顾,观光观光,察看察看look through 看穿看穿,审核审核,浏览浏览,温习温习look up and down 仔细打量仔细打量,到处寻找到处寻找look after 寻求寻求,照顾照顾,关心关心14.handle n.柄柄,把手把手A.操作操作;运用运用 B.经销经销;买卖买卖 C.管理管理 D.对待对待 E.应付应付 F.控制控制;管理管理Handle v.Choose the correct explanations.1
47、)Ms Hawkins,the chief accountant of the company handles the companys accounts.2)The children are so naughty that I cant handle them.3)She handled a difficult argument skillfully.CFE4)Handle children kindly,if you want them to trust you.5)This shop handles paper and stationery.6)He learnt how to hand
48、le the axe.DBAlinkto.把把与与连接连接;联系联系 如：如：Fingerprints linked the suspect to the crime.指纹证实了嫌疑犯的犯罪事实。指纹证实了嫌疑犯的犯罪事实。be linked to 连接连接 如：如：The two towns are linked by a railway.15.In another part of London,he found supporting evidence from two deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.在伦敦的另一个地
49、区在伦敦的另一个地区,他从两个与他从两个与Broad Street爆发的霍乱有关联的死亡病例中又发现了爆发的霍乱有关联的死亡病例中又发现了有力证据。有力证据。link n.联系联系,关系关系研究人员发现了吸烟和心脏病之间研究人员发现了吸烟和心脏病之间的关系。的关系。Researchers have detected a link between smoking and heart disease.16.With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carrie
50、d the virus.announce v.to make known publicly 如：如：The captain announced that the plane was going to land.有了这个证据有了这个证据,约翰约翰.斯诺就能够肯定地宣布斯诺就能够肯定地宣布,这种被污染的水携带病毒。这种被污染的水携带病毒。机长宣布飞机就要着陆了。机长宣布飞机就要着陆了。announce sth.(to sb.)announce that+从句从句It is/was announced that+从句从句 据宣传据宣传1)-Who instructs your class in hi
