1、 LEADERSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE SIXTH EDITION Trait ApproachChapter 2What are common leadership traits?LEADERSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE SIXTH EDITION Overview Great Person Theories Historical Shifts in Trait PerspectiveWhat Traits Differentiate Leaders From Non-leaders?How Does the Trait Approach Work
2、?LEADERSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE SIXTH EDITION What is a theory?Starts with an idea or assumption Is a conceptual framework Ideally,is simple Takes existing data into accountdescribes it Might attempt to predict data that is yet to be collected Suggests applicationSource:adapted from Stine-Morrow,EPS
3、Y 407 class notes,9/2/09 LEADERSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE SIXTH EDITION Great Person Theories“Great Man or people”Theories(early 1900s)Focused on identifying innate qualities and characteristics possessed by great social,political,&military leaders Trait Approach:one of the first systematic attempts t
4、o study leadership4Northouse-Leadership:Theory and Practice,Sixth Edition 2012 SAGE Publications,Inc.LEADERSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE SIXTH EDITION Four Generations of Leadership Theory Great Man&Leadership Trait TheoriesTheories that attempt to explain distinctive characteristics accounting for leade
5、rship effectiveness._ Leadership TheoriesTheories that attempt to explain distinctive styles used by effective leaders or to define the nature of their work.Contingency Leadership TheoriesTheories that attempt to explain the appropriate leadership style based on the leader,followers and situation._
6、Leadership TheoriesTheories that attempt to combine the trait,behavioral and contingency theories to explain successful influencing leader-follower relationships.LEADERSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE SIXTH EDITION Great Man TheoriesEarly 1900sResearch focused on individual characteristics that universally
7、differentiated leaders from non-leadersTraits Interacting With Situational Demands on Leaders 1930-50s Landmark Stogdill(1948)study-analyzed and synthesized 124 trait studies -Leadership reconceptualized as a relationship between people in a social situation Mann(1959)reviewed 1,400 findings of pers
8、onality and leadership in small groups -Less emphasis on situations -Suggested personality traits could be used to discriminate leaders from non-leadersRevival of Critical Role of Traits in Leader Effectiveness Stogdill(1974)-Analyzed 163 new studies with 1948 study findings -Validated original stud
9、y -10 characteristics positively identified with leadership Lord,DeVader,&Alliger (1986)meta-analysis -Personality traits can be used to differentiate leaders/non-leaders Kirkpatrick&Locke(1991)-6 traits make up the “Right Stuff”for leadersHistorical Shifts in Trait Perspective1970s-Early 90sInnate
10、QualitiesSituationsPersonality/BehaviorsToday Intelligence Self-Confidence Determination Integrity Sociability5 MajorLeadership Traits(Northouse)6Northouse-Leadership:Theory and Practice,Sixth Edition 2012 SAGE Publications,Inc.LEADERSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE SIXTH EDITION Studies of Leadership Trait
11、s and Characteristics Leadership Traits LEADERSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE SIXTH EDITION Major Leadership Traits(_Northouses_List)_Intelligence_ Verbal,perceptual,and reasoning capabilities.(research,a lot of information)Ex.Steve Jobs _Self-Confidence_ Certainty about ones competencies and skills.Ex.Ste
12、ve Jobs _Determination_ Desire to get the job done and going to stick with it(i.e.,initiative,persistence,drive).Ex.Oprah8Northouse-Leadership:Theory and Practice,Sixth Edition 2012 SAGE Publications,Inc.Traits to possess or cultivate if one seeks to be perceived by others as a leader:LEADERSHIP THE
13、ORY AND PRACTICE SIXTH EDITION Major Leadership Traits(Northouses List)_Integrity_ The quality of honesty and trustworthiness.Ex.Character Counts!program _Sociability_ Leaders inclination to seek out pleasant social relationships.(want everyone to be his/her friends)Ex.Michael Hughes,university pres
14、ident9Northouse-Leadership:Theory and Practice,Sixth Edition 2012 SAGE Publications,Inc.Traits to possess or cultivate if one seeks to be perceived by others as a leader:LEADERSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE SIXTH EDITION Do the traits a leader appears to possess matter in leadership?Research in traits and
15、 environmental sustainability-reading from MSUMSU traits for environmental citizens LEADERSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE SIXTH EDITION 5-Factor Personality Model&Leadership11Northouse-Leadership:Theory and Practice,Sixth Edition 2012 SAGE Publications,Inc.LEADERSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE SIXTH EDITION 5-Fac
16、tor Personality Model&LeadershipResults a strong relationship between personality traits and leadershipExtraversion factor most strongly associated with leadershipMost important trait of effective leadersConscientiousness 2nd most related factorOpenness next most relatedLow NeuroticismAgreeableness
17、only weakly related to leadership12Northouse-Leadership:Theory and Practice,Sixth Edition 2012 SAGE Publications,Inc.Big Five&Leadership Study Using Meta-Analysis(Judge et al,2002)LEADERSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE SIXTH EDITION Optional Leadership AssessmentThe Big Five Personality profilePosted in the
18、 Leadership Questionnaires folder in Compass 2gNorthouse-Leadership:Theory and Practice,Sixth Edition 2012 SAGE Publications,Inc.13 LEADERSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE SIXTH EDITION Emotional Intelligence&Leadership _People who are more sensitive to their emotions&their impact on others_ will be more eff
19、ective leadersAbility to perceive and:apply emotions to lifes tasks reason/understand emotions express emotions use emotions to facilitate thinking manage emotions within oneself and relationships14Northouse-Leadership:Theory and Practice,Sixth Edition 2012 SAGE Publications,Inc.Underlying Premise L
20、EADERSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE SIXTH EDITION How Does the Trait Approach Work?Focus of Trait Approach Strengths Criticisms Application LEADERSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE SIXTH EDITION Focus of Trait Approach _Focuses exclusively on leader_What traits leaders exhibit_Who has these traits_ Organizations us
21、e personality assessments to find“right”peopleAssumption-will increase organizational effectivenessSpecify characteristics/traits for specific positions Personality assessment measures for“fit”Instruments:LTQ,Myers Briggs,Big 516Northouse-Leadership:Theory and Practice,Sixth Edition 2012 SAGE Public
22、ations,Inc.LeaderPersonality Assessments LEADERSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE SIXTH EDITION Strengths Intuitively appealingPerception that leaders are different in that they possess special traitsPeople“need”to view leaders as giftedCredibility due to a century of research supportHighlights leadership com
23、ponent in the leadership processDeeper level understanding of how leader/personality related to leadership processProvides benchmarksfor what to look for in a leader17Northouse-Leadership:Theory and Practice,Sixth Edition 2012 SAGE Publications,Inc.LEADERSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE SIXTH EDITION Critic
24、isms Fails to delimit a definitive list of leadership traitsEndless lists have emergedDoesnt take into account situational effectsLeaders in one situation may not be leaders in another situationList of most important leadership traits is highly subjectiveMuch subjective experience&observations serve
25、 as basis for identified leadership traitsResearch fails to look at traits in relationship to leadership outcomesNot useful for training&development 18Northouse-Leadership:Theory and Practice,Sixth Edition 2012 SAGE Publications,Inc.LEADERSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE SIXTH EDITION Application19Northouse
26、-Leadership:Theory and Practice,Sixth Edition 2012 SAGE Publications,Inc.Can be used by managers to assess where they stand within their organization and what is needed to strengthen their positionProvides direction as to which traits are good to have if one aspires to a leadership positionThrough various tests and questionnaires,individuals can determine whether they have the select leadership traits and can pinpoint their strengths and weaknesses_Northouses_ List of Leadership Traits Intelligence Self-Confidence Determination Integrity Sociability
