1、1定义2 临床特点和检查手段3病理学和影像学表现4 药物治疗5 预后主要发生于消化管道含有梭形细胞、非普通型上皮样细胞或含有两种细胞并显示CD117活性的间叶细胞瘤。胃肠道间叶源性肿瘤(gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumor,GIMT)与GIST概念与所含肿瘤范围不同,GIMT中约73%为GIST,其他GIMT有平滑肌瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、脂肪瘤、神经鞘瘤和胃肠道自主神经肿瘤(gastrointestinal autonomic nerve tumor,GANT)等。Historybefore 1983:regarded as leiomyomas,leiomyosar
2、comas or leiomyoblastomas,schwannomas1983:Mazur and Clark,differ GISTs from smooth muscle (immunostaining and electron microscopy)1998:Kindblom morphological and immunophenotypic similarities to ICC 1998:Hirota gain-of-function mutations in the protooncogene c-kit in GISTs2003:Heinrich mutations in
3、PDGFRa(class III tyrosin kinase)平均年龄54.5岁,40岁以前少见。无特异性临床症状和体征,临床表现和消化道其它肿瘤类似,决定于肿瘤的大小,发生部位,肿物与胃肠的关系,及肿瘤系良性、潜在恶性及恶性有关。肿瘤直径2 cm者,常无症状,常在癌症普查、体检和其它手术时无意中发现。最常见的症状是中上腹部不适和腹部肿块(50%70%),便血(20%50%),小肠GISTs可表现为疼痛,便血或肠梗阻等。6070%stomach2030%Small int.5%5,转移率高达转移率高达15%30%坏死率极高:坏死率极高:5cm以上坏死率以上坏死率100%转移至肝多见,且一般囊
4、性变,故需和囊肿转移至肝多见,且一般囊性变,故需和囊肿鉴别鉴别X 线吞钡或灌肠B超及内镜超声CT或MRI内镜X线吞钡造影特征:一般腔内生长表现为充 盈缺损,当发生坏死时,钡剂与空气进入时可以形成起液面。肠道钡餐检查主要为肠管受压推移改变,肠曲增宽。CT增强:可以了解血供关系。CD34组织学特点组织学特点 CD117 CD34SMAS-100DesminGIST7494%60%-70%30%-40%5%1%-2%leimyoma 10%-15%schwannoma Fletcher.(2002)病理鉴别诊断病理鉴别诊断 When CD117 is negative,the diagnosis o
5、f GIST can still be made if the histology is typical and S100,SMA and desmin staining are negativeCD1171 C-KIT蛋白产物蛋白产物2 GIST的高特异性的标记物的高特异性的标记物 3 GIST表达表达CD117阳性者达到阳性者达到95%以以上,平滑肌瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、神经鞘上,平滑肌瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、神经鞘瘤瘤CD117阴性,以此为鉴别依据。阴性,以此为鉴别依据。Table 2.Risk of Aggressive Behavior in GISTs(Fletcher et al,2002)S
6、ize(largest dimension)Mitotic Countvery low risk2 cm5/50 HPFlow risk2-5 cm 5/50 HPFintermediate risk5 cm6-10/50 HPF5-10 cm5 cm 5/50 HPF10 cmany mitotic rate预后预后影响GISTs生物学行为的因素有:有无邻近脏器的侵犯及远处转移,有无粘膜侵犯,核分裂相数目,瘤体大小,肿瘤细胞密集程度,细胞异型性,有无出血坏死,细胞增殖指数,以及发生部位等 47%的恶性间质瘤可有转移,转移部位多位肝脏,继为腹膜、肺、骨、淋巴结等 临床上还可根据局部浸润、转移、
7、复发、肿瘤部位判定。如:肯定恶性指标包括:转移(组织学证实);侵润至邻近器官;原发的大肠的间质瘤有基层侵润。潜在恶性指标:肿瘤长径在胃部5.5cm,在肠道4cm;核分裂相在胃部5/50HPE(高倍视野),在肠道1/50HPF;肿瘤坏死;核异形性明显;细胞丰富;小上皮细胞呈细胞巢或腺泡状排列。CauseCommon mesenchymal precursor cellICCsSmooth muscle cellGIST cellCauseKITGain-of-function mutations of the c-kit proto-oncogene.This gene encodes a tr
8、ansmembrane receptor for a growth factor scf(stem cell factor).The c-kit/CD117 receptor is expressed on ICCs and a large number of other cells,mainly bone marrow cells,mast cells,melanocytes and several others.PDGFRA Cause蛋白酪氨酸激酶BCR-ABL蛋白 阿利克斯梅塔博士(Dr.Alex Matter)1993年小分子化合物抑制激酶家族中的蛋白激酶C(Protein Kina
9、se C)STI5712001年5月10日批准通过它上市,总共审批时间2个半月 治疗 Chronic Myeloid Leukemia,CML GLEEVEC抑制 两种激酶PDGF-R(platelet-derived growth factor receptor)和C-Kit。2002年FDA GLEEVEC对GIST的治疗作用。C-Kit还涉及到小细胞肺癌(Small Cell Lung Cancer)的形成 TreatmentlSurgery-Surgery is the first step in treating GIST and is often curative.lImatini
10、b(Gleevec)-Imatinib(Gleevec)is FDA-approved for unresectable and metastatic GIST.lSunitinib(Sutent)-Sunitinib(Sutent)is FDA-approved for GIST resistant to imatinib/Gleevec and for patients who are intolerant of imatinib/Gleevec.lHepatic artery embolization-Embolization is a surgical procedure for li
11、ver metastases of GIST.lRadiofrequency ablation-RFA is a surgical procedure for liver metastases of GIST.GIST的组织学证据的组织学证据不能手术:不能手术:伊马替尼伊马替尼 400 mg/日日疾病稳定或疾病稳定或 有效有效继续继续 伊马替尼伊马替尼 400 mg/日日疾病进展疾病进展全身进展全身进展原发能够手术:原发能够手术:切除切除不能完全切除:不能完全切除:伊马替尼伊马替尼 400 mg/日日完全切除:完全切除:伊马替尼辅助治疗(正在临床伊马替尼辅助治疗(正在临床试验阶段)试验阶段)增
12、加剂量至增加剂量至800 mg/日日舒尼替尼舒尼替尼局部进展局部进展增加剂量至增加剂量至800 mg/日日+局部治疗局部治疗(手术,射频消融,手术,射频消融,激光激光热疗热疗)进入临床试验:进入临床试验:伊马替尼伊马替尼600 mg/日日+RAD001进入临床试验:进入临床试验:Nilotinib vs.最佳支持治疗最佳支持治疗转移性:转移性:伊马替尼伊马替尼 400 mg/日日腹部肿瘤的证据,腹部肿瘤的证据,GIST鉴别诊断鉴别诊断分期分期进行活检,如制定治疗方案需要进行活检,如制定治疗方案需要治疗后可切除:治疗后可切除:切除切除GISTs临床行为难测,如1 至2大小肿瘤也有发生转移者。胃间
13、质瘤5,转移率高达15%30%;肠间质瘤5,转移率可达50%。GISTs的5年生存率50%60%,10年生存率35%43%。高度恶性间质瘤5年死亡率100%;低度恶性间质瘤5年生存率大于75%。恶性GISTs当发生在胃时比小肠好。10年生存率:胃95%,小肠17%Consensus meeting for the management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors.Report of the GIST Consensus Conference of 20-21 March 2004;Ann Oncol.2005 Apr;16(4):566-78.Corl
14、ess CL,Fletcher JA,Heinrich MC.Biology of gastrointestinal stromal tumors.J Clin Oncol.2004 Sep 15;22(18):3813-25.DeMatteo,RP(editor).Multidisciplinary Management of Primary and Metastatic GISTHighlights from an educational activity offered during the Society of Surgical Oncologys 2008 Annual Cancer Symposium,March 13-16,2008 in Chicago,Illinois.Demetri,GD.Gastrointestinal stromal tumors.Chapter 29 in VT DeVita Jr.,S Hellman,and SA Rosenberg(editors),Cancer:Principles and Practice of Oncology,7th edition.Philadelphia:Lippincott Williams&Wilkins,2005.Reference