1、1 宾语从句宾语从句 一、定义一、定义 在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。 二、连接词二、连接词 that: I think that you can pass the exam. Whether/if: I dont know what the word means. “Wh”: I dont know what the word means. I dont know where he found the book. 只用只用 whether 的情况：的情况： 1. 与 or not 连用： I dont know whether its raining or not. 2. 与动词不定
2、式连用： He doesnt know whether to accept the invitation. 3. 连接词前有介词时： It depends on whether he is coming. 三、时态三、时态 1. 主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定(各种时态均可) She wants to know what he has done for the exam. 2.主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。 1）She said that she was a student. 2）She said that she would fly to Japan in a wee
3、k. 3）She said that she had finished her homework already. 3. 如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。 The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. 2 定语从句定语从句 一、定义一、定义 在复合句中修饰名词、代词的从句叫定语从句。 二、先行词二、先行词 先行词指人 who /that 先行词指物 which/ that 定语从句一般紧跟被修饰的名词或代词（即先行词）后 三、关系代词三、关系代词 关系代词代替先行词在句子中担当成分，所以从句中
4、不可再出现其他代替先行词的代词 四、翻译方法四、翻译方法 “. 的的” Whom: 先行词指人，则代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语（包括介词的宾语）, 与 who 的区别是如果前面带介 词则必须用 whom 1. This is the teacher whomwho we like best. 2. I dont like the boy to whom you are talking. Whose : 指人或物，作定语，表示 “的” eg: Harry is the boy whose mother is our math teacher. 关系代词只能关系代词只能 that 的特殊情况：的
5、特殊情况： 1.先行词前有序数词修饰时： This is the first gift that my parents bought me. 2.先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时： This is the most exciting film that I have ever seen. 3. 先行词是不定代词 something, anything 等时. e.g. Is there anything that you want in this shop 4. 先行词是人和物时, 用 that. e.g. He talked about some writers and books that w
6、ere unknown to us all. 5. 先行词被 all , little , the only , the very(就是，正是), the last 等词修饰时,只能用 that e.g. This is the last place that I want to visit. 6. 特殊疑问句以 who 或 which 开头，只能用 that 引导. Who is the girl that is making a speech on the platform? 当关系代词前使用介词时：当关系代词前使用介词时： 物+介词+which ; 人+ 介词 + whom 当关系代词前
7、使用介词时：当关系代词前使用介词时： e.g. 1. This is the train by which we went to Beijing. 2. This is the teacher to whom my mother is talking. 3 状语从句状语从句 一、定义一、定义 在复合句中由从句表示的状语称作状语从句，它可以用来修饰谓语（包括非谓语动词）、定语或状语，或是整 个句子。 二、状语从句一般分为八大类二、状语从句一般分为八大类 时间状语从句 地点状语从句 原因状语从句 目的状语从句 结果状语从句 条件状语从句 方式状语从句 让步状语从句 1. 时间状语从句时间状语从句
8、When -当当时候时候, 通常指某一特定的时间点，主句与从句的动作同时发生。 When I opened the window, I saw him come up. When - 正在的时候，突然。通常主句是进行时或 be about to 时，在翻译的时候，when 可以译成没 想到或突然。 I was walking along the street , when I met him. When 当从句是进行时，主句是一般时，往往表示不满。 Someone knocked at the door when I was having breakfast. When=after When
9、the children had gone to bed, she began to prepare her lessons. While -在期间，往往指一段时间。 While we were inAmerica, we saw him twice. While -表示一种不满情绪，意思是这边在干某种重要的事，而另一边在享受等。 We are cleaning the classroom while they are playing the football. As - 一边一边一边一边, 随着随着 She was doing her homework as she was listenin
10、g to the music. As - 当时，指一个动作紧接着一个动作发生，从句通常用进行时。 As I was going out, it began to rain. The moment - 一一就就 =as soon as , immediately, -Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her? -Yes, I gave her the moment I saw her. Not until - 直到才 He didnt leave the office until he finished the work. Befo
11、re - 在之前 The passengers should arrive at the airport an hour before the flight departs. After -在 之后 The customer left the ticket counter after he had a quarrel with the ticket agent. Since -自从, 通常主句用现在完成时 I have never been there again since I graduated from the university. It is just a week since we
12、 arrived here. As soon as - 一就 Jack went to school as soon as he got well. No sooner than - 一就 no sooner than 用于句首要求倒装 Hardly when Scarcely when No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. Once - 一但就 Once you see him, you will never forget him. Every time, each time 每次每次 whenever 每当 Each time
13、he came to town, he would visit our school. 2. 条件状语从句条件状语从句 引导状语从句的连接词有： If 如果, unless 除非, as long as 只要, As (so) far as - 据所知，in case 万一, provided that 假如, on condition that 若是，以为条件 If -如果如果 If you dont hurry up, you will miss the plane. Unless - 如果不如果不, 除非除非=if not We cant get there on time unless
14、 we book the earliest flight As long as - 只要只要 We will succeed as long as we keep on trying. As (so) far as - 据据所知所知 As far as I know, he speaks English very well. In case - 假使假使, 如果如果 The plane cannot take off in case it rains. Provided that 如果如果,有时省略有时省略 that The plane will be in good condition pr
15、ovided that it is taken care of carefully. On condition that - 条件是条件是 He said that he would come to the meeting on condition that no one asked him to speak. 注:主从句的动作发生在将来时，则主句用将来时, 从句用一般现在时。 If he arrives tomorrow, I will be waiting for him at the airport. 3. 地点状语从句地点状语从句 地点状语从句只有两个连词: Where, wherev
16、er Where - 在在地方地方 Where there is a will, there is a way. Wherever - 无论哪里无论哪里 Wherever you are, I will be right there waiting for you. 4. 原因状语从句原因状语从句 because, as, since, now that, 和 considering that, seeing that 这六个连词都用于表示表示原因, 但在语气上一个 比一个弱. Because - 因为因为,通常从句放在主句后通常从句放在主句后. Mr Smith was very upset
17、 because he couldnt find his luggage. As - 因为因为, 通常放在句首通常放在句首 As he is honest and modest, all his friends like him. Since -既然既然 因语气较弱因语气较弱, 常译为既然常译为既然(众所周知的原因众所周知的原因) Since everybody has come, we can set off. Now that - 既然既然 Now that you are here, you can join us. considering that - 顾及到顾及到 Consideri
18、ng that they are just beginners, they are doing quite a good job. seeing that - 由于由于 Seeing (that) quite a few people were absent, we decided to put the meeting off. 5. 结果状语从句结果状语从句 引导结果状语从句的连词有：that, so that, sothat suchthat So that - 太太以至于以至于 so 后面应用形容词或副词, 有时省略 so 只用 that Boeing 747 is so large t
19、hat people like to call it jet bomb 喷气炸弹. So that - 因而，以便，为了因而，以便，为了 有时有时 so 可以省去可以省去 Speak louder please so that the people at the back can hear you. Such that -太太以至于以至于 用法与 sothat 相同，但 such 后面应用名词。 The foreign visitor was such a fast speaker that nobody could understand him. 6. 目的状语从句目的状语从句 引导目的状语
20、从句的主要连词有: that, so that, in order that, for fear that, lest (So) that - 以便以便, 从句中常常使用一些情态动词，如：can, could, may, might, should 等 Lets take the front seats (so) that we may see more clearly. in order that - 为了为了, 与 so that 相同从句中常常使用一些情态动词，如：can, could, may, might, should 等 School was closed early in or
21、der that the children might go home ahead of the storm. for fear that - 生怕生怕; 为了防止为了防止(某事发生某事发生) He took the name down for fear that he should forget it. in case - 万一万一 You should bring a dictionary in case you need it. Lest - 以防万一以防万一 The man decided to tell his boss the fact lest he would be angry
22、 with him. 7. 让步状语从句让步状语从句 引导让步状语从句的连词有：Although, though, as, even if, even though, no matter, however, whatever, while, whether. Although, though -虽然虽然 although 和 though 可以互换，但 although 常放在句首。Though 可以用于倒装。 Although it was raining, the plane managed to take off. Though he did his best, he didnt suc
23、ceed. As - 尽管尽管 as 引导让步状语从句时，句子通常倒装。可与 though 互换。 Busy as he is, he never misses a football match. Even if /even though -即使即使 Even if you dont like your boss, you should do your work. However - 不论，不论， however 引导让步状语从句时，句子通常倒装 He couldnt get there on time however fast he drove. No matter (what, when,
24、 where, how) -无论（什么，何时，何地，怎样）无论（什么，何时，何地，怎样） He wouldnt forgive me no matter how hard I begged him. Whatever - 不管不管 Whatever other people may say, she wont change her mind. While -尽管尽管 While I have sympathy for you, I cant help you. Whether -不管，常与不管，常与 or not 连用连用 Whether he is good or not, the company decided to send him abroad. 8. 方式状语从句方式状语从句 方式状语从句常由: as, as if, as though as -与与 一样一样 Do in Rome as the Romans do. as if, as though - 仿佛仿佛, 由 as if 或 as though 引导的从句中可用虚拟语气 She stood at the door as if (=as though) she were waiting for someone.
