1、Chapter 6THE NATURE OF GROUPS#The Nature of GroupsBenefits of Groups in OrganizationsProblemsin GroupsStructure of Groups Decision-making ProcessesTips for Successful MeetingsTypes of Groups#Benefits Belongings Improve creativity Better decision Commitment Reduce negative effects#Informal groupsForm
2、al groups 1、Permanent work groups 2、Temporary work groupsTypes of Groups#Formal groups Permanent work groups are responsible for a specific set of tasks or work processes in the organization.Production team Management team#Formal groups Temporary work groups investigate a particular problem or oppor
3、tunity and disband when the decision is made.Task force Skunkworks#Informal groups Informal groups are not initiated by the organization and usually do not perform organizational goals.#Why do people belong to informal groups?Innate drive to bond Accomplish tasks that cannot be achieved by individua
4、ls working alone Tend to form in stressful situations#Roles Power and decision-making;Seeking information,giving information,clarifying,summarizingGets along together;Encouraging,keeping harmony,gatekeeping#Tips for Successful MeetingsI.Prepare a written agendaII.Distribute and discuss the agendaIII
5、.Keep the focusIV.Stimulate the discussionV.Options VI.Timing and ending#Techniques for Group Decision-Making Interacting groups Brainstorming Limited group technique Delphi technique Electronic meetings#Interacting Groups(互动群体互动群体)Groupthink(群体思维群体思维):):A process in which the members of a close gro
6、up lose their critical judgement and agree for social reasons.#Brainstorming(头脑风暴头脑风暴)No boundaries Completely free your mind No limits on the number of ideas Fragmented ideas OK#KEY TO EXERCISES#EXERCISE#1.Here is a list of groups.Put the number of each group under one of the headings below.You may
7、 want to discuss the reasons for some of your answers:1.marketing department 2.a group that plays soccer 3.a new product division 4.a quality control group 5.a group to set up a computer network 6.a group to deal with the Problem of absenteeism 7.a group that plays cards In the cafeteria.8.a group t
8、o decide the location of a new factory 9.a group to design the companys 50th anniversary celebration#Permanent Work Group 1,3,4 Temporary Work Group 5,6,8,9 Informal Group 2,7#KEY TO EXERCISES EXERCISE#2.Reread the section on Roles.Write down a list of all the roles,goals,leaders,and behaviors.Then
9、draw a diagram of the information.Instructor:There are different ways of doing this.The important thing is to develop students abilities to use visual in their thinking.Here is just one of doing it:#Which Role Are You?Which role?Which role?Which role?Task-related behavior-task role-task leader task
10、goals Social-related behaviorsocial rolesocial leader social goals Group GoalsTextGroup Goals#KEY TO EXERCISESSUMMARIZINGCLARIFYINGGIVINGINFORMATIONSEEKING INFORMATION#Social-maintenance activities happening in group discussionsGate-keepingKeeping harmonyencouragingPhase 1Phase 2Phase 3#EXERCISE#3.P
11、ut the following words and phrases in one of these categories:belongingclarifyingdecision-making encouragingfeeling goodissues getting alongworking smoothly harmonyproblemsreducing conflict seeking information summarizing praising#EXERCISE#3(continued)Task Activities Social Activities summarizing be
12、longing clarifying issuesfeeling good problems harmony decision-makingpraising seeking information getting along encouragingworking smoothly#EXERCISE#4.Now,fill in the blanks with the most appropriate word.Try to use as many different words as you can:roles different work smoothly issues problem tas
13、k harmony seek information summarizesocial group goals#EXERCISE#4.There are two kinds of roles in work groups:task roles and social roles.Since people are different,they normally take different kinds of roles.Task leaders are people who are more interested in the issues.#EXERCISE#4.On the other hand
14、,social leaders are more concerned with theharmony of the group.While social leaders help the group work smoothly,task leaders focus on seeking information.Task leaders alsosummarize the statements of the other members.#EXERCISE#4.While people have different kinds of roles,both are concerned with gr
15、oup goals ,which include having a successful experience and solving the problem that the group came together for.#TableInformation Meeting Decision-making Meeting1.The number of members TitleAny numberSmall group OO O2.Who should attend the meetingNeeding information contributors OO O3.The kind ofco
16、mmunicationprocessLeader presents Everyone contributes OO O4.Arrangement of the roomFace to face Face each other OO O 5.Key to success.presentation interaction OO OTitleOXOX O#EXERCISE#10.Fill in the following table.Decide if each of the feelings or activities is high,moderate,or low.Use HI,MOD,or L
17、O.You may want to discuss the reasons for some of your answers.#ACTIVITIES/FEELINGS Interactive Brainstorm Limited Delphi Number ofIdeas LO HI Qualityof ideas HI Social Pressures HI LO Money costs LO LO Speed LO LO Possible Conflict HI LO LO LO CohesivenessHI HI Focus ontask MOD#WORDS&MEANINGS Word
18、Study.Put the correct form of the word in the right space:1.gneralize(v),generaliztion(n),gneral(adj),in generalA generaliztion is a statement that applies to things or people in general but may not apply to specific cases or individuals.#For example,we might say that,in general,members of the EU ha
19、ve a common culture.However,some countries tend to be Catholic,others Protestant,and one is Greek Orthodox.Or we can gneralize and say that people are motivated by money,but other things are more important for some people.#2.evluate(v),evalution(n),evluator(n)We saw in Chapter 4 that one important r
20、ole of the manger is evaluating employees performance.There are various ways to evaluate employees.One of the most common is to do a performance evaluation.It is not easy to be a good evaluator.#In order for the employee to benefit from your evaluation,he must be able to trust you and feel that you
21、are really interested in his success.In addition,if you are investing in a company,you obviously need to analyze or evaluate that company very carefully.#3.intrpret,interprettion,intrpreter People interpret events differently.Peoples interpretation depends on many things,such as their professions,th
22、eir nationalities,or their age.To be a good inerpreter of events or data,you must be able to look at things from several points-of-view.Another way to interpret things is to look at them comparatively;that is,to compare them with other things.We have seen this in our analysis of charts and graphs.Co
23、mparing differences in exports and imports between countries has helped us to understand or interpret the significance of the information.#LANGUAGE ELEMENTS Decide which ending of the word to use in the following sentences.First,notice the example:Example:An MNC may produce its manufacture d goods i
24、n one country and sell them in another.#LANGUAGE ELEMENTS 1.A detailed manual was prepared for workers in the airplane factory.2.There are both internal and external motivating factors.3.It is important to keep careful writt en records.4.In a job simplification,there are clearly-defin ed and highly-
25、specializ ed tasks.5.Read the following passage and discuss the questions.#LANGUAGE ELEMENTS 6.One way of creating a strong collective sense among workers is structuring jobs so that they have overlapp ing responsibilities.7.One kind of social-maintenance activity in a group is helping people unders
26、tand oppos ing points of view.8.One important problem in developing countries is:strengthening the banking system.9.An increasing population places greater demands on a countrys resources.10.Some factory jobs involve dull uninterest ing work.#LANGUAGE ELEMENTS 11.The global economy has caused many u
27、nexpect ed changes for a lot of companies.12.This is especially true for manufactur ing companies.13.There are also surprising changes in telecommunications.14.We often have stereotyped ideas about people from other cultures.15.These ideas are usually based on limited knowledge.#LANGUAGE ELEMENTS 16
28、.MNCs usually have different functions in different countries.They may produce components in one country and assemble them in another.The assembled components are shipped to other countries for marketing.17.One of the things that attracts foreign investment is a well-develop ed telecommunication system.18.Japanese decision-making is more decentralized than American.
