1、新外研社高中英语选择性必修一Unit 5 Revealing natureUsing LanguageGrammar1 It was a young man who had left medical school without completing his degree.2 Whats more,he had recently received a letter from his father.3 After Darwin had spent some time in South America,his room on the ship was crowded with samples of
2、 the plants and animals he had collected.4 At that time,people believed that all species had appeared on Earth at the same time and had not changed since.5 Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor,.6 Many people refused to believe that living things,including humans,had e
3、volved from lower forms of life.Past perfect Past perfect 1.In sentence(a),which action happened first,“suspected”or“evolved from a common ancestor”?2.In sentence(b),which action happened first,“refused to believe”or“evolved from lower forms of life”?3.What does the structure had done indicate?Activ
4、ity 1.Look at the sentences from the reading passage and answer the questions.a Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor,.b Many people refused to believe that living things,including humans,had evolved from lower forms of life.In sentence(a),“evolved from a common ancest
5、or”happened first.In sentence(b),“evolved from lower forms of life”happened first.It indicates the action happened before a certain past action.Using languagea Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor,.b Many people refused to believe that living things,including humans,h
6、ad evolved from lower forms of life.In each sentence,both the two actions happened in the past,Action B happened first,Action A happened later.In this situation,past perfect is used to describe Action B and simple past is used to describe Action A.SummaryAction AAction BUsing languageActivity 1.Look
7、 at the sentences from the reading passage and answer the questions.Now look for more sentences with the past perfect tense in the reading passage,and summarise its use in your own words.After Darwin had spent some time in South America,his room on the ship was crowded with samples of the plants and
8、 animals he had collected.At that time,people believed that all species had appeared on Earth at the same time,and had not changed since.It seemed their beaks had evolved according to what food was available on that particular island.The past perfect is a verb tense which is used to show that an act
9、ion took place once or many times before another action/point in the past.Using languageActivity 1.Look at the sentences from the reading passage and answer the questions.The past perfect is formed using had+past participle.Questions are indicated by inverting the subject and had.Negatives are made
10、with had not.Statement:You had studied English before you moved to New York.Question:Had you studied English before you moved to New York?Negative:You had not studied English before you moved to New York.What is past perfect tense?DefinitionThe past perfect is a verb tense which is used to show that
11、 an action took place once or many times before another action/point in the past.Past Perfect FormsUsing languagePast perfectform:function:过去完成时与现在完成时的区别：had done过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已完成的动作或状态，也可以说是“过去的过去”。nowpastfuture过去完成时现在完成时时间参照不同The past perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before anothe
12、r action in the past.It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.past perfectsimple pastPast Perfect UsesUse 1 Completed Action Before Something in the PastUsing languageExamples:1.I _(not see)such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.2.I did not have any money be
13、cause I _(lose)my wallet.3.Tony knew Istanbul so well because he _(visit)the city several times.4._ Susan _(study)Thai before she moved to Thailand?5.She only understood the movie because she _(read)the book.6.Kristine _(never be)to an opera before last night.7.We were not able to get a hotel room b
14、ecause we _(not book)in advance.8.A:_ you ever _(visit)the U.S.before your trip in 2006?B:Yes,I _ to the U.S.once before.hadnt seenhad losthad visitedstudiedHadhad readhad never beenhadnt bookedHad visitedhad beenUsing languageWith non-continuous verbs(simple past),we use the past perfect to show th
15、at something started in the past and continued up until another action(non-continuous verbs)in the past.simple past(non-continuous)past perfect durationPast Perfect UsesUse 2 Duration Before Something in the Past(Non-Continuous Verbs)Using languageExamples:1.We had had that car for ten years before
16、it broke down.2.By the time Alex finished his studies,he had been in London for over eight years.3.They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years.non-continuous verbpast perfect durationnon-continuous verbpast perfect durationpast perfect durationnon-contin
17、uous verbThe words“live”,“work”,“teach”,and“study”are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT non-continuous verbs.Using languageAdverbs such as always,only,never,ever,still and just are usually placed between had and past participle.Examples:You had previously studied English before you
18、 moved to New York.Had you previously studied English before you moved to New York?Adverb Placement in Past PerfectUsing languageActive voice:had+past participlePassive voice:had+been+past participleExamples:George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanics license.(Active)Many cars had
19、 been repaired by George before he received his mechanics license.(Passive)Active/Passive Voice in Past PerfectUsing language1.a.Natural disasters led to food shortages in the 1960s.b.Yuan Longping began to do research on hybrid rice.c.Yuan Longping developed a better type of rice.Yuan Longping _ to
20、 do research on hybrid rice because natural disasters _ food shortages in the 1960s.In the end,he _ a better type of rice.beganhad led todevelopedActivity 2.Complete the paragraphs with the information from the given sentences.The sentences are in the order in which they happened.They can help you d
21、ecide the use of tenses.Using languageYuan LongpingYuan Longping was born in Beijing in 1930.After he graduated from university in the early 1950s,he dedicated himself to the research of agriculture.Yuan had the idea to create a new breed of rice in the 1960s.Since then,he has worked tirelessly to r
22、esearch and develop a better rice breed.In 1973 he and his collaborators managed to cultivate a hybrid rice species that was superior to many others.This species produced 20 per cent more rice per plant than the commonly grown varieties.For his achievements and contributions,Yuan is known as the“fat
23、her of hybrid rice”and was awarded the Medal of the Republic in 2019.Activity 2.Complete the paragraphs with the information from the given sentences.The sentences are in the order in which they happened.They can help you decide the use of tenses.Using languageBackground information2.a.Gregor Mendel
24、 chose to study pea plants because their characteristics were easy to control.b.Gregor Mendel made important discoveries about genetics.c.Gregor Mendel died in 1884.Gregor Mendel _ study pea plants because their characteristics were easy to control.By the time of his death in 1884,he _ important dis
25、coveries about genetics.chose tohad made Using languageActivity 2.Complete the paragraphs with the information from the given sentences.The sentences are in the order in which they happened.They can help you decide the use of tenses.Gregor MendelGregor Mendel(1822-1884)was an influential botanist.Me
26、ndel worked out the basic principles of heredity by experimenting with plants.In 1866,he published his findings,showing how invisible“factors”(now known as genes)are responsible for predictable visible traits.As a result of his work,he became known as the“father of modern genetics”.Activity 2.Comple
27、te the paragraphs with the information from the given sentences.The sentences are in the order in which they happened.They can help you decide the use of tenses.Using languageBackground informationcompetedeclineeatliveintroducearriveLonesome GeorgeLonesome George was the last Pinta Island tortoise.H
28、e died in 2012.After Georges death,the Pinta Island tortoise was declared extinct.The extinction of the Pinta Island tortoise is blamed on humans.Before humans _ on the island,the species _in isolation and _ the plants that naturally grew there.George was discovered many years after their arrival,an
29、d by then humans _ new species that _ for the food the tortoises ate.After goats in particular had been brought to the island,the Pinta Island tortoise population _.Eventually,only George remained.arrivedhad livedhad eaten had introducedcompeteddeclinedActivity 3.Complete the online encyclopedia ent
30、ry with the correct form of the words in the box.Using language1.It was a young man who _ medical school without completing his degree.Whats more,he _ a letter from his father predicting that he would be“a disgrace to yourself and all your family”.had lefthad recently received2.After Darwin _ some t
31、ime in South America,his room on theship was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he _.had spenthad collected3.At that time,people believed that all species _ on Earth at the same time,and _ since.had appearedhad not changed 4.It seemed their beaks _ according to what food was available on
32、 that particular island.had evolvedPast perfect Past perfect 表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态，即表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态，即“过去的过去过去的过去”。表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一个时间的动作或状态，常用表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一个时间的动作或状态，常用的时间状语有的时间状语有by then,by the end of,by the time。当与当与hope,want,expect,intend,plan等词连用，表示过去未曾实现的愿望和等词连用，表示过去未曾实现
33、的愿望和想法想法。hardlywhen/no soonerthan句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。般过去时。Summary构成：had+动词的过去分词-用法：（1）表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。这一过去时间可用by，before等构成的短语及when,before,after,by the time等引导的状语从句表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作或上下文来表示。By the end of last year，we had produced 20,000 cable cars.到去年年底，我们已经生产了两万辆缆车。Th
34、e barber had shaved himself before attending yesterdays wedding.理发师在参加昨天的婚礼前剃了胡子。（2）表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去另一时间的动作，这个动作可能还要延续下去，常与for,since构成的表示一段时间的短语或since引导的表示一段时间的从句连用。The worker said he had worked for the employer since last year.这个工人说他从去年开始就为雇主工作。（3）表 示 过 去 未 曾 实 现 的 愿 望、打 算 或 意 图 等。常 用 h a d hoped
35、/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等，相当于上述动词过去式接不定式完成式，即hoped/planned.to have done。I had planned to come,but I was prevented by the bad weather.我本来打算来的，但被坏天气阻止了。2 常用过去完成时的句式（1）It/This/That was the first/secondtime that sb.had done sth.这/那是某人第一次/第二次做某事。（2）表示一.的hardly/scarcely.when.,no soo
36、ner.than.句式中，含hardly/scarcely,no sooner的分句常用过去完成时，且当hardly,scarcely,no sooner置于句首时，句子要用部分倒装。（3）虚拟语气中表示与过去事实相反的假设，if从句和wish/would rather/only if后的从句中用过去完成时。3过去完成时与其他时态的区别（1）过去完成时与一般过去时的区别：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去”；而一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。“时间名词+before”在句子中作状语，句子用过去完成时；“时间名词+ago”在句中作状语，句子用一般过去时
37、。（2）过去完成时和现在完成时的区别：现在完成时以“现在”作为时间参照来谈论过去；而过去完成时则以“过去”作为时间参照来谈论更远的过去。单句语法填空（1）By the end of last year,he （collect）more than 10 foreign records.（2）I （finish）my homework before I had supper.（3）John and Jane （know）each other for a long time before they got married.（4）He said that great changes （take）pla
38、ce in his hometown since 1990.（5）It was six and he was tired because he （work）since the day broke.（6）When the police found him,the criminal （be）in the cave for nearly a month.（7）They （want）to help but couldnt get there in time.（8）He （hope）to catch the 8:00 bus,but he found it gone.完成句子（9）When he rea
39、ched the nearby shop,it （已经关门了）.（10）I （原本想做一个蛋糕）,but I ran out of time.（11）They （原本计划休息）in the caf,but something unexpected happened.had collectedhad planned to have a resthad finished had known had taken had worked had been had wanted had hoped had already been closedhad intended to make a cakePrac
40、tice单句语法填空（1）This was the second time that the musician （tour）Europe.（2）The audience had hardly been seated the saxophone solo started.（3）If he （take）your advice,he would have passed the driving test.（4）I would rather you （be）here yesterday.句型转换（5）I had no sooner finished the work than the light wen
41、t out.=（hardly.when.）=（倒装句）had touredwhenhad takenhad been I had hardly finished the work when the light went out.No sooner had I finished the work than the light went out.单句语法填空（1）My friend Andrew （live）in a foreign country for many years before he returned to England.（2）He once （work）as a lecturer
42、，but now he is a manager.（3）His brother （be）the conductor of the orchestra for many years.（4）He （learn）maths all by himself by the age of fourteen.完成句子（5）Andrew （犯了一个大错误）because he had thought of everything except the weather.（6）I didnt know a thing about the verbs,for I （没有好好学我的功课）.翻译句子（7）他们5 点钟已经完
43、成了他们的作业。_（8）他们是5 点钟完成的作业。_had livedworkedhas beenhad learnedmade a big mistakehad not studied my lesson well They had finished their homework at five oclock.They finished their homework at five oclock.Listening&speaking1.Biodiversity is important.2.Bacteria are always harmful to humans.3.Some specie
44、s of bacteria are used in food production.4.Many species of bacteria recycle dead organic matter.5.Our immune systems are able to fight off all germs.P54Cells Every living thing is 1_.They are like 2_.In the human body there are about 3_ human cells and around 4_bacteria cells.Bacteria Most bacteria
45、 in the human body can 5_.In the food production process,bacteria can 6_ dead organic matter.break downhelp with digestionthirty-nine trillionthirty trillionbricks that are used to build housesmade up of cellsDo you know about?Have you heard of?By the way,Actually,In fact,Speaking of which,Adding in
46、formationChecking background knowledge1.What species are mentioned and what is special about them?2.What other unusual life forms do you know of?P542.What other unusual life forms do you know of？Two species are mentioned:the blue whale and the water bear.1.What species are mentioned and what is spec
47、ial about them?The water bear is probably the toughest species,which can survive temperatures from 150 to a below freezing-272.The blue whale is the largest animal species on Earth,which can grow up to almost 30 metres in length and weigh over 130,000 kilos.Vocabulary buildingThe Galapagos Islands a
48、re renowned worldwide for their unique biodiversity.The Giant Tortoise Reserve on Santa Cruz 1_ several species of giant tortoise that 2_ the Galapagos Islands.The island is also home to the Charles Darwin Research Station,where 3_ studies are carried out.ancestor scientific be native to primitiveha
49、bitat appearance be home to ecosystemis home toare native toscientific1Mangroves are one of the coastal plants that grow on Isabela.They serve as the 4_ for various birds and fish,and are very important to the 5_.habitatsecosystem2ancestor scientific be native to primitivehabitat appearance be home
50、to ecosystemIguanas can be found on San Cristobal.They have a very special 6_,with comb-like spines on the back.There is evidence that all the different iguanas have developed from more 7_ ones and share a common 8_.3appearanceprimitiveancestorancestor scientific be native to primitivehabitat appear
