1、高考英语词汇辨析1.damage,destroy 和 ruin这三个词都有“破坏;损坏”的意思,那么要如何区分呢?Damagedamage 意为“损害;伤害”。可以用于某物或某人的身体,表示使之失去价值或功能,这种损坏是部分性的,程度通常不那么严重,还可以修复再用;也可用于感情、信心等抽象的东西,表示产生不良影响。例句:The fire badly damaged the town hall.火灾使市政厅遭到严重破坏。Several vehicles were damaged in the crash.好几辆汽车在撞车事故中损坏了。Destroydestroy 意为“摧毁;毁灭;破坏”,通常指
2、彻底地、毁灭性地破坏某事物,使其不再存在、不能或很难再使用或修复。另外,它既可表示毁坏具体的物品,也可表示毁坏抽象的东西。例句:The building was completely destroyed by fire.这栋建筑物被大火彻底焚毁了。Theyve destroyed all the evidence.他们销毁了一切证据。Ruinruin 意为“毁坏;破坏”,强调程度,指完全毁掉,使之失去全部价值,到了不能再使用的程度。但这种破坏不指毁灭某物,而是长期损坏的结果,并没有失去原来的面貌,常指对美好的或者希望中的事物的破坏。例句:The bad weather ruined our t
3、rip.天气恶劣,破坏了我们的旅行。That one mistake ruined his chances of getting the job.正是这个错误断送了他得到那份工作的机会。2.damp,wet,moist和humid以上各词均形容物体等潮的、湿的。那么在具体语境中要如何选择呢?Dampdamp 意为“潮湿的;微湿的;湿气重的”,指吸进或覆盖着一点水分,常指令人不舒服的。例句:The cottage was cold and damp.这小屋又冷又湿。It feels damp in here.这地方使人感到潮乎乎的。Wetwet是普通用词,指各种潮湿的状态。指“含水分或其他液体的
4、”、“湿的”。此外,wet 也可以指“下雨的”或(油漆、墨水等) 尚未干的。例句:Youll get wet if you go out now.你要是现在出去会被淋湿的。Try not to get your shoes wet.尽量别弄湿了鞋子。Moistmoist意为“微湿的;湿润的”,此湿度常是令人愉快的、舒适的或有益的,并非使人不快的。例句:Water the plants regularly to keep the soil moist.定时浇灌植物以保持土壤湿润。Her eyes were moist.她眼含泪水。Humidhumid 意为“(空气或气候)温暖潮湿的;湿热的”,是
5、正式用词,强调潮湿的程度比较高,相对湿度大,特指非常湿的状态。例句:These ferns will grow best in a humid atmosphere.这些蕨类植物在湿热的环境中长得最旺。The island is hot and humid in the summer.这个岛在夏季又热又潮湿。3.demonstrate, prove, certify, confirm都有“证实;证明”的意思, 那么在具体有什么区别呢?Demonstratedemonstrate 意为“证明;证实;论证”,指清楚地论证或证实某事,侧重于通过推理、实验、辩论等证明事物正确与否。例句:These r
6、esults demonstrate convincingly that our campaign is working.这些结果有力地证明,我们的运动正在发挥作用。Let me demonstrate to you some of the difficulties we are facing.我来向你说明一下我们面临的一些困难。Proveprove 意为“证明;证实”,是普通用词,指以事实、证据等证明某事是真实的、充分可靠的。例句:They hope this new evidence will prove her innocence.他们希望这一新证据能证明她无罪。I know youre
7、 lying. Prove it!“我知道你在撒谎。”“拿出证据来!Certifycertify 意为“证实,证明”,尤指通过法律程序、签字盖章等书面证明或经过某种检验而证实某事正确或真实。例句:He handed her a piece of paper certifying (that) she was in good health.他递给她一份她的健康证明书。He was certified dead on arrival.他送到时被证实已死亡。Confirmconfirm 意为“证实,证明,确认”,指对已有的观点、说法、预测、猜疑予以证实或确证,通过更多的证据确定某事是真实的。例句:R
8、umors of job losses were later confirmed.裁员的传言后来得到了证实。His guilty expression confirmed my suspicions.他内疚的表情证实了我的猜疑。4.discover,invent,find 和 find out意思相近,那么要如何区分它们呢?Inventinvent意为“发明;创造”,强调运用想象力创造出以前从未有的事物,多用于科技领域。此外也有“编造;捏造;虚构”之意。例句:Who invented the steam engine?谁发明了蒸汽机?He invented the first electric
9、 clock.他发明了第一个电动机械钟。Findfind意为“发现”,可以指经寻找、研究或思考发现已存在而以前不知道的事物,也可以指经过尝试、试验等发现某事属实。例句:Scientists trying to find a cure for cancer努力寻找癌症疗法的科学家I managed to find a solution to the problem.我设法找出了解决问题的办法。Discover discover意为“发现,找到”,指发现原来客观存在但不为人所知的事物,可指人发现人、物或地方,也可以指人发现特定的活动或科学规律,还可表示发现已为人所知的事物的新的性质或用途例句:Co
10、ok is credited with discovering Hawaii.人们把发现夏威夷的功劳归于库克。Scientists around the world are working to discover a cure for AIDS.全世界的科学家都在努力寻找治疗艾滋病的方法。Find outfind out意为“找出,查明”,指经过观察、调查、研究而查出事情的情况。例句:Someone might find out, and that would never do.也许有人会发现,那是绝对不行的。She made it her business to find out who w
11、as responsible.她一定要查清楚到底该谁负责。5.disgrace, shame, infamy 和 scandal 都含“丢人”、“耻辱”的意思,那么要如何区分它们呢?Disgracedisgrace 意为“耻辱;丢脸”,指“由于某人的恶劣行为而失去他人的尊重和认可”、“因自己或别人的行为感到羞愧”。例句:Your homework is an absolute disgrace.你做的作业太丢人了。Her behavior has brought disgrace on her family.她的行为使家人蒙羞。Shameshame 意为“羞愧;羞耻;耻辱”,指“由于所做的事情
12、是错误的或愚蠢的,感到悲伤、尴尬和内疚”。例句:He could not live with the shame of other people knowing the truth.别人知道了事情的真相,他羞得无地自容。She hung her head in shame.她羞愧地低下了头。Infamy infamy 指“声名狼藉”、“臭名昭著”。例句:He enjoyed exaggerating his infamy.他喜欢夸大他的恶行。His name will live in infamy.他的名字将遗臭万年。Scandalscandal 意为“丑闻;丑行”,指 “人们认为在道德或法律
13、上是错误的,并引起公众震惊或愤怒的行为或事件”。例句:The scandal broke in May.这桩丑闻是在五月份曝光的。There has been no hint of scandal during his time in office.他在任期间没有任何丑闻。6.ever before, ever since和ever after在具体语境中要如何使用呢?Ever sinceever since 意为“自从;打以后一直”,其中 since 既可作副词也可作连词,该短语与完成时连用。例句:She had been worrying ever since the letter arr
14、ived.自从接到那封信后她就一直焦虑不安。Hes borne me a grudge ever since that day.从那一天起他便对我怀恨在心。Ever beforeever before 意为“以前,比以往任何时候”,其中 before 为副词,常常与比较级连用并放在 than 之后。ever 用来加强 before 的语气,before 有时可以省略。例句:Society is now much more diverse than ever before.当今社会较之以往任何时候都要丰富多彩得多。In terms of quantity, production grew fas
15、ter than ever before.从数量上看,产量增长的速度比以往任何时期都要快。Ever after ever after 意为“从那以后”,其中 after 可作连词,也可作副词,该短语常与过去时连用。例句:She married the prince and they lived happily ever after.她与王子成了婚,从此过着幸福的生活。We both swore wed be friends ever after.我俩都发誓从此以后永远是朋友。7.fasten,bind 和 tie 都有“系”的意思,那么要如何区分它们呢?Fastenfasten意为“系紧,拴牢
16、,使固定”,指将一端或两端固定住,但另一端或两端中间仍可活动,使用之物除绳、带以外,还可以是夹子、螺钉、钩子等。例句:Sort out these papers and fasten them together with a clip, please.请把这些文件整理一下,用夹子夹在一起。He fastened his seat belt.他系好了安全带。Bindbind意为“捆,绑;结合”,指使用带子、绳索、镣铐等把两个或更多的东西牢牢地捆绑起来,使它们紧靠在一起或成为一体;也指以责任、义务、婚姻、血统、友谊等为纽带使人们形成新的相互依存关系。例句:They bound the childs
17、 hands.他们捆住了小孩的双手。He designed a machine for binding up rice.他设计了一台捆稻机。Tietie 意为“系、栓”,指用绳索等将人或东西绑住、拴牢,有时一端拴在固定的物体上,另一端仍可活动,常含受束缚、不自由之意。例句:He tied his horse to a tree.他把马拴在树上。Tie all your letters together with a ribbon.把所有的信用一根丝带捆在一起。8.forbid,ban和prohibit 都包含“禁止”的意思,那么在具体语境中要如何使用呢?Forbidforbid 是常用词,意为
18、“禁止,不准”,指通过下命令、制定规则等禁止某事,或禁止某人做某事。例句:My mum forbade me to play computer games.我妈妈不准我玩电脑游戏。Parking here is forbidden.这里禁止停车。Banban 语气较重,指权威机关“正式禁止”,含“严厉谴责”之意,强调不可抗拒性,语气较强。例句:Gambling is banned in this country.这个国家禁止赌博。Why has he been banned from driving for two years?为什么他被禁止驾车两年?Prohibitprohibit意为“禁止
19、,阻止”,尤指以法令禁止做某事或使用某物,通常用被动语态。例句:Students are prohibited from smoking on campus.学生不准在校内吸烟。Never do what is prohibited by law.永远不要做法律禁止的事情。9.run away, escape 和 flee 都与“逃离,逃跑”有关,那么它们有什么区别吗?Run awayrun away 表示“逃”的动作或行为,多用于口语,指突然逃离,尤指秘密地逃离某处。例句:She saw a snake and ran away in fear.她看见一条蛇,吓得跑掉了。The murder
20、er ran away from prison last night.杀人犯昨晚越狱逃跑了。Escapeescape 意为“逃跑,逃脱”。用作不及物动词时,常指逃脱监禁、管制等,常后接介词 from/out of;用作及物动词时,指逃避或躲避监禁、惩罚、灾难等。强调逃跑的结果。例句:The prisoners have escaped by tunneling.囚犯们挖地道逃走了。They escaped from the burning house.他们从着火的房子里逃了出来。Fleeflee 意为“逃走,逃离”,尤指因害怕有危险而逃跑,强调逃跑时动作匆忙,不强调结果;指逃离某个具体场所时,
21、可作及物动词。例句:People fled from the fire in panic.人们惊慌失措地逃离火场The criminal was caught trying to flee the country.这名罪犯企图逃离该国时被抓住了。10.glance,glimpse 和 peep这组词都有“瞟,瞥”的意思,那么在具体语境中要如何选择呢?Glanceglance 指粗略地匆匆一瞥,是不及物动词,其后必须接介词 at, over 等才可以接宾语。例句:He glanced at her as she passed by.她从他身边走过时,他快速地瞟了她一眼。She glanced a
22、bout the room before she left.她向房间四周看了一眼才离开。Glimpseglimpse 意为“瞥见”,指一瞥之下看见某人或某物,但未看清全貌。例句:He glimpsed a figure at the window.他瞥见窗边有个身影。I glimpsed her among the crowd before she disappeared from sight.在她即将消失在人群中时,我瞥见了她。Peeppeep 意为“窥视,偷看”,尤指通过孔眼、缝隙等迅速而秘密地偷窥。例句:Harry peeped through the window into the kitchen.哈里从窗户往厨房里窥视。He peeped through the key hole.他从锁眼往里窥视。7