1、Unit 1Period 2Grammar&Vocabulary课 堂 学 习Non-defining attributive clauses1Look at the sentences from the reading passage and answer the questions.a I walk through the doors into the waiting area,where theres a familiar atmosphere of boredom and tension.b.laughter produces chemicals to make people feel
2、 better,which means clown doctors can be helpful.c I spent much of the time when I was there feeling frightened.1.What do“where”,“which”and“when”refer to in each sentence?In sentence(a)“where”refers to“the waiting area”;in sentence(b)“which”refers to“.laughter produces chemicals to make people feel
3、better”;in sentence(c)“when”refers to“the time”.2.Which sentences contain a clause with essential information and which with extra information?If you take away the clauses,do the sentences still make sense?Sentence(c)contains a clause with essential information,sentences(a)and(b)contain clauses with
4、 extra information.If we take away the clause of sentence(c),the meaning of it is incomplete.If we take away the clauses of sentences(a)and(b),the two sentences still make sense.3.Which clauses are separated by a comma,the ones with essential information or the ones with extra information?Sentences(
5、a)and(b)with extra information are separated by commas.Now look for more sentences with non-defining attributive clauses in the reading passage,and summarise their uses in your own words.1.People sit uncomfortably on plastic chairs,looking through old magazines,all of which have been read hundreds o
6、f times previously.(para.1)2.I speak with the on-duty nurse,who tells me that Laras parents rushed her to the hospital after she fell off her bicycle.(para.2)3.We have to be very sensitive and work closely with the doctors and nurses,who keep us updated on each patient.(para.4)In the first sentence“
7、which”refers to“old magazines”;in the second sentence“who”refers to“the on-duty nurse”;in the third sentence“who”refers to“the doctors and nurses”.All of the three sentences still make sense if we take away their clauses.【语法讲解】【语法讲解】一、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句概述定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确
8、；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，将非限定性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都需要用逗号隔开eg:She has found the necklace(that)she lost two weeks ago.她找到了那条两周前丢失的项链。eg:He has two sisters,who are working in the city.他有两个姐姐，她们在城里工作。二、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别除了在标点运用及从句的作用方面不同之外，这两类定语从句还有一些区别。1.
9、关系词的选用不同关系词的选用不同限制性定语从句可以用关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which,关系副词when,where,why等引导，而非限制性定语从句不可用that或why来引导(上述引导词除了这两者以外均可用来引导非限制性定语从句)。Yesterday he bought a new car,which was made in China.(which不可换用that)昨天他买了一辆新车，是中国生产的。He didnt give the reason,which explained his absence from the meeting held last week
10、.(which不可换用why，因为which在定语从句中作主语，而why只能在定语从句中作状语)此句也可以这样表达，He didnt give the reason,for which he was absent from the meeting held last week.对于缺席上周的会议他没有给出理由。2.从句所修饰的先行词有所不同从句所修饰的先行词有所不同限制性定语从句的先行词通常是名词、代词或词组；而非限制性定语从句的先行词除了名词、代词外，还可以是句子。This is the best book that I have ever read.这是我曾经读过的最好的一本书。He wo
11、n the first prize in the contest,which was more than we expected.他在比赛中得了一等奖，这一点真出乎我们预料。3.关系词的省略不同关系词的省略不同在限制性定语从句中，当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语、状语或表语时，在口语中可以省略，关系副词有时也可省略。而非限制性定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词不可省略。I still remember the days we spent together in college.我仍然记得我们在大学时一起度过的日子。(we前省略了that/which)She is not the one(that)sh
12、e used to be.她已不再是昔日的她了。(that在定语从句中作表语)4.英译汉时有所不同，译成汉语时，往往把限制性定语从句的内容置于先英译汉时有所不同，译成汉语时，往往把限制性定语从句的内容置于先行词之前；而非限制性定语从句和主句往往翻译成两个分句。行词之前；而非限制性定语从句和主句往往翻译成两个分句。Which is the machine that we used last Sunday?上星期天我们用的机器是哪一台？The concert,which was held last week,was a great success.那场音乐会是上周举行的，获得了巨大的成功。He m
13、ay be late,in which case we ought to wait for him.他可能迟到，要是那样的话我们就等等他。三、which和as引导非限制性定语从句的区别 whichas位置上只能放在先行词的后面位置灵活，可位于句前、句中，也可置于句后搭配上无动词的限制谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see,hear,know,expect,remember,guess,hope等句意上意为“这一点”表示“正如，正像的那样”The air quality in the city,as is shown in the report,has improved over th
14、e past two months.正如报告所显示的，在过去的两个月里，这个城市的空气质量已有所改善。After graduating from college,I took some time off to go travelling,which turned out to be a wise decision.大学毕业后我抽出一部分时间去旅游，事实证明这是一个明智的选择。2Read the passage and rewrite the tips using non-defining attributive clauses.Add more tips to the list if you
15、can.SECRETS TO HAPPINESSAchieving a positive state of mind isnt easy for everyone.But there are ways to maintain a healthy mind even during times of difficulty.Go for a walk in the countryside.There you can enjoy the beautiful views and a peaceful atmosphere.Spend time with your family and friends.T
16、his will activate chemicals in your brain to make you feel happier.Try to accept your mistakes.You can learn a lot through them.Close your eyes and picture the future.Youve made your dreams come true.1.Go for a walk in the countryside,where you can enjoy the beautiful views and a peaceful atmosphere
17、.2.Spend time with your family and friends,which will activate chemicals in your brain to make you feel happier.3.Try to accept your mistakes,where/through which you can learn a lot.4.Close your eyes and picture the future,where youve made your dreams come true.3Complete the joke with the sentence p
18、arts in the box using who/which and put commas in the correct position.has lost his patience by now he thinks will impress Holmes is lying next to him he finds annoyingOne day,Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson go camping.They put up their tent under the stars and go to sleep.Suddenly,in the middle of th
19、e night,Watson is woken up by Holmes 1 _“Watson,”Holmes says,“look up at the stars,and tell me what they tell you.”,who is lying next to himNot quite sure what he means,Watson thinks Holmes is joking 2 _ at this time of night.Even so,he replies,“I see millions of stars and its quite likely there are
20、 some planets like Earth.And if so,this means that there might also be life on other planets.”Watson is pleased with his answer 3 _.But Holmes 4 _ shouts,“Watson,look around you!Use your eyes!Somebodys stolen our tent!”,which he finds annoying,which he thinks will impress Holmes,who has lost his pat
21、ience by now,4Think of a joke you find funny and write it down using non-defining attributive clauses where appropriate.Then share your joke with the class.I like listening to music at the bus station,where the bus stops.I like seeing films at the train station,where the train stops.I want a homewor
22、k station,where the homework stops.Fun time!5Listen and complete the conversations.Why are you grinning from 1_Ive won a free cinema ticket.Cool!What are you going to watch?My Crazy Family.Have you seen it?Yes!I laughed my 2 _Youll enjoy it!ear to earhead offI really dont get Harry.Why?Is he still n
23、ot talking to you?No.Today,he was all 3 _.He asked me to help him with that website of his.Really?What did you say?Well,I said yes.We all deserve a second chance,I guess.smilesWhats the matter?Why the long face?Yesterday,I stepped on a banana skin and fell over in front of the whole class.Thats so f
24、unny!I was the 4 _ stock of the class.Even my teacher cracked 5 _laughinga smile6Match the expressions you have completed in Activity 5 to their meanings._:a person that everyone laughs at because they have done something funny or silly._:to look friendly and happy,especially when other people are n
25、ot expecting you to.laughing stockbe all smiles_:to look extremely happy because you are very pleased about something._:to smile slightly._:to laugh very loudly and for a long time.grin from ear to earcrack a smilelaugh ones head offNow work in groups and think of more expressions about laughter.a g
26、ood laugh 哈哈大笑burst out laughing 放声大笑fall about laughing 忍不住大笑for laughs 为了取乐，作为消遣，借以开心have/get the last laugh 笑到最后；取得最后胜利He who laughs last,laughs best.笑到最后的人笑得最开心。giggle;laugh foolishly;simper 傻笑grin 咧着嘴笑smile at sb 朝某人微笑smile bitterly 苦笑smirk 幸灾乐祸地笑snicker;laugh up ones sleeve 窃笑tease;make fun of
27、 取笑7Work in pairs.Discuss other situations in which you could use these expressions.Sample:A:Lily must have done badly on the exam.B:Why do you think so?A:Because she kept smiling bitterly when I talked with her yesterday afternoon.B:I am sorry to hear that,she deserves a better grade 课堂总结课堂总结1.Can you retell the differences between non-defining attributive clauses and defining attributive clauses?2.Can you use other phrases about laughter in other situation?
