1、20252025年高考英语核心语法年高考英语核心语法目录1.十大词类2.句子成分3.简单句五种句型4.句子类型5.定语从句6.状语从句7.宾语从句PART 01十大词类句子都是由单词组成的。英语单词根据词类或词性(Parts of Speech)可分为：名词 Noun代词 Pronoun动词 Verb形容词 Adjective副词 Adverb数词 Numeral冠词 Article介词 Preposition连词 Conjunction感叹词 InterjectionPART 02句子成分必须有的句子成分：必须有的句子成分：主语主语(subject)谓语谓语(predicate)选择性有的句
2、子成分：选择性有的句子成分：宾语宾语(object)定语定语(attribute)状语状语(adverbial)补语补语(complement)表语表语(predicative)同位语同位语(appositive)No.1 主语主语1.One-third of the students in this class are girls.（）2.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（）3.The rich should help the poor.（）4.What benefits most to their study is reading Engl
3、ish books.()5.The arugula(芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad,rounding out a roast chicken dinner.（）6.Writing an essay is a difficult process for most people.（）7.Its urgent for students themselves to improve their self-discipline（）数词不定式名词化的形容词主语从句名词动名词短语it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式round out 使变圆；使更完美；圆满结束使变圆；
4、使更完美；圆满结束His face seemed to have rounded out.His father insisted that he went to university to round out his education.Chocolate cake rounded out the meal.No.2 谓语谓语简单谓语简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：This exhibition of some sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and work of Scotlands best loved painter,Sir Hen
5、ry Raeburn,comes to London.（）复合谓语复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：By using the latest technologies,drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways,detecting faults in the rail or switches,before they can cause any safety problems.（）（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：Food became easier to chew at this p
6、oint.()实义动词情态动词+实义动词系动词状态系动词：用来表示主语状态的只有be动词感官系动词：主要有feel、smell、sound、taste.表象系动词：表示外观的概念主要有seem、appear、look.终止系动词：表示主语结束了动作，主要有prove、turn out.表示“证实”、“成为”的意思。持续系动词：用来表示主语继续或维持某种情况或态度，主要有keep、remain、stay、lie、stand.变化系动词：表示主语是怎样的，主要有become、grow、turn、fall、get、go、come、run.1.Fitness Magazine recently ran
7、 an article titled“Five Reasons to.”（）2.Id appreciate it if you take my invitation into consideration.（）3.，drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways,detecting faults in the rail or switches,before they can cause any safety problems.（）4.The team showed that this change in b
8、ite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period.（）5.How many dictionaries do you have?I have five.（）6.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（）7.He pretended not to see me.（）No.3 宾语宾语名词代词it作形式宾语，if引导的条件状从为真正的宾语动名词短语宾语从句数词名词化的形容词不定式短语1.Helping the next genera
9、tion to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance.（）2.Food became easier to chew at this point.（）3.I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning.（）4.Needless to say,they were deeply moved.（）5.My dream is to become an English teacher.()6.His hobby is playing football.（）7.The truth
10、is that he has never been abroad.（）No.4 表语表语介词短语形容词方位副词过去分词不定式动名词表语从句No.5 定语定语1.Fruit juices,milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax.（）2.Road accidents,which had fallen for years,are now rising sharply.（）3.Throughout her career as a professional dancer,she toured in the UK.（）
11、4.To perform these tasks,drones for rail dont need to be flying overhead.（）5.With their ability to see ahead,they could signal any problem,so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.（）名词，过去分词，形容词定语从句介词短语作后置定语代词，介词代词，不定式，代词，现在分词动名词VS现在分词虽然现在分词与动名词的格式完成相同，但它们在句子中的作用却是有明显的区别的。1.动名词相当于名词，
12、所以在句子中可以充当的成分与名词类似，即主要充当主语、宾语、表语等成分。而现在分词的作用类似于副词和形容词，在句子主要充当状语、定语、补语、表语等。Hearing the noise,they immediately stopped talking.一听到有声音，他们立刻就停止谈话。(现在分词作状语)He asked an embarrassing question.他提了一个令人难堪的问题。(现在分词作定语)Growing roses is her hobby.种玫瑰是她的爱好。(动名词作主语）She like talking very much.她很喜欢讲话。(动名词作宾语）1.Addit
13、ionally from time to time I will assign group work to be completed.（）2.Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support,the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful.（）No.6 状语状语副词让步状语从句No.7 补语补语1.Cao believe
14、s this will make the hiking trip even more meaningful.（）2.We sincerely wish you a quick recovery and an early return to China.（）3.Beijing will make the Chinese culture better known to British students.（）形容词作宾补名词短语作宾补过去分词短语作宾补No.8 同位语同位语1.This exhibition of some sixty masterpieces celebrating the lif
15、e and work of Scotlands best loved painter,Sir Henry Raeburn,comes to London.（）2.The news that Premier Li Keqiang passed away on Oct.27 made Chinese people deeply sad.（）名词同位语从句PART 03简单句的五种基本句型动作（动词）1.可以独立完成的动作Michael sleeps.主语+不及物动词2.有1个动作的承受者Michael likes you.主语+及物动词+宾语3.有2个动作的承受者I teach you Engli
16、sh.主语+双及物动词+间宾+直宾4.有1个动作的承受者（但需补充）单I consider you smart.主语+复杂及物动词+宾语+宾补5.非“动作”Michael is in the room.连系动词Michael is tall.主语+系动词+表语Michael looks tall.Five basic patterns of sentencesSubject+Verb()Michael sleeps.Subject+Verb+Predicative()Michael likes you.Subject+Verb+Object()I teach you English.Subje
17、ct+Verb+Indirect object+Direct object()I consider you smart.Subject+Verb+Object+Object complement()Michael is tall.PART 04句子类型按句子的结构可分三种：1.简单句(Simple Sentence)2.并列句(Compound Sentence)3.复合句(Complex Sentence)简单句简单句(Simple Sentence)一个一个主语主语+一个一个谓语谓语He often reads English in the morning.He is a school s
18、tudent in No.1 Middle School.Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success.并列句并列句(Compound Sentence)22个简单句，由并列连词或分号连接个简单句，由并列连词或分号连接用分号：用分号：We fished all day;we didnt catch a thing.用并列连词：用并列连词：（but,or,yet,so,for,and,nor 记忆记忆口诀口诀：boys fan）Fields have eyes,and woods have ears.隔墙有耳。复合
19、句复合句(Complex Sentence)主句主句+从句（从句（11）主句：主句：独立存在&完整意思从句：从句：依附主句&充当一个句子成分的分句，由连词、关系代词或关系副词引导用作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语等Mary told me that she visited the Great Wall last year.句子种类简单句并列句主从复合句定语从句状语从句名词性从句主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句只有一个主谓结构一个主句+一个（以上）从句两个或两个以上的简单句英语语法作用：英语语法作用：造句造句长句子短句子（简单句）拆分组合简单句：什么 +怎么样（主语）（谓语）人/物动作/
20、发生了什么事动词Verb谓语动词Sentence elements按说话人说话的目的可分四种：1.陈述句Decalarative Sentence（肯定、否定）He is six years old.She didnt hear of you before.2.疑问句Interrogative Sentence（一般、特殊、选择、反意）Do they like skating?How old is he?Is he six or seven years old?Mary can swim,cant she?3.祈使句Imperative Sentence（用来表示建议、请求、命令等语气，由动词
21、原形开头）Dont talk in class.Hurry up,or you will be late.4.感叹句Exclamatory SentenceHow clever the boy is!PART 05定语从句一、几个重要概念一、几个重要概念二、关系代词的用法二、关系代词的用法三、关系副词的用法三、关系副词的用法四、关系代词与关系副词的选择四、关系代词与关系副词的选择目录目录在复合句中，对名词、代词、名词性短语、句子进行修饰、限定的从句叫定语从句定语从句。I like先行词先行词(被修饰的成分)关系词关系词(起引导作用)thatI can dance to.musicI.关系代词关
22、系代词(1)who指人，在定语从句中可充当主语或宾语。指人，在定语从句中可充当主语或宾语。Here comes the girl who wants to see you.想见你的那个女孩过来了。想见你的那个女孩过来了。(2)whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中一般可以省指人，在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中一般可以省略，也可用略，也可用who代替。但如果指人的关系代词紧跟在介词之后，只能用代替。但如果指人的关系代词紧跟在介词之后，只能用whom,不能用不能用who。The people(who/whom)you met in the campus yesterday a
23、re from England.你昨天在校园里碰到的那些人是从英国来的。你昨天在校园里碰到的那些人是从英国来的。The young man with whom I traveled could speak Spanish.同我一起旅行的那个年轻人会说西班牙语。同我一起旅行的那个年轻人会说西班牙语。n 单句改错单句改错I live next door to a couple who children often make a lot of noise.whoseKate,whose sister I shared a room with when we were at college,has g
24、one to work in Australia.凯特到澳大利亚去工作了，读大学的时候凯特到澳大利亚去工作了，读大学的时候我和她的姐姐住一个寝室。我和她的姐姐住一个寝室。(3)Whose用于用于指人或物指人或物，在定语从句中作定语。，在定语从句中作定语。whose=the+n.+of which/whom,为了便于理解，可以把为了便于理解，可以把whose记成记成关系形容词关系形容词。(4)which一般指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。作一般指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。作宾语时可省略，但作介词的宾语，且介词提前时，不可省略。宾语时可省略，但作介词的宾语，且介词提前时，不可省略。
25、He cycles from home to office every day,which is pretty good for his health.他每天骑自行车从家去他每天骑自行车从家去办公室，这对他的健康非常好。办公室，这对他的健康非常好。这就是丘吉尔出生的房间。这就是丘吉尔出生的房间。This is the room(which)Churchill was born in.(which可省略可省略)This is the room in which Churchill was born.(which不可省略不可省略)(5)that既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作主语宾语或表既可指人
26、，也可指物，在定语从句中作主语宾语或表语，作宾语时可省略。作介词宾语时，介词不可提到语，作宾语时可省略。作介词宾语时，介词不可提到that之前，之前，如介词提前则需用如介词提前则需用which或或whom来代替来代替that。The number of people that came to visit this city each year reaches one million.每年来参观这座城每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。市的人数达一百万。The chair(that)you broke yesterday is now being repaired.你昨天你昨天弄坏的那把椅子正在被
27、修。弄坏的那把椅子正在被修。(6)as用作关系代词，既可指人，也可指物，还可指整个句子，用作关系代词，既可指人，也可指物，还可指整个句子，在句子中可作主语、宾语或表语。在限制性定语从句中，在句子中可作主语、宾语或表语。在限制性定语从句中，as常常用在用在the sameas,such/soas 等结构中，且不能省略。等结构中，且不能省略。Such teachers as know Tom think him smart.那些认识汤姆的老那些认识汤姆的老师都认为他聪明。师都认为他聪明。Ill buy the same dictionary as you have.我要买和你一样的词典。我要买和你
28、一样的词典。归纳拓展as引导非限制性定语从句，代替整个主句的内容。从句可放在主句前、引导非限制性定语从句，代替整个主句的内容。从句可放在主句前、主句后或主句中间。常见的固定表达有：主句后或主句中间。常见的固定表达有：as we all know 正如大家所知正如大家所知 as is well-known 众所周知众所周知as often happens 这经常发生这经常发生 as is often the case 情况总是如此情况总是如此 as(is)mentioned above 如上所述如上所述as has been said before 如前所述如前所述as I can rememb
29、er 正如我所记得的正如我所记得的as may be imagined 正如可以想象出来的那样正如可以想象出来的那样as has been pointed out 正如已经指出的正如已经指出的as we expected/as is expected 正如我们预料的那样正如我们预料的那样1.宜用宜用that不用不用which的情况的情况2.宜用宜用which不用不用that的情况的情况3.宜用宜用who不用不用that的情况的情况定语从句中需注意的事项定语从句中需注意的事项 当先行词当先行词是是all,much,anything,something,everything,nothing,lit
30、tle,none等等不定代词不定代词时时 当先行词当先行词被被all,no,few,any,little,the very,the only等等词语修词语修饰饰时时1.宜用宜用that不用不用which的情况的情况She told me everything that she knew.她把她知道的一切都告诉了我。她把她知道的一切都告诉了我。He is the only person that was presented at that time.他是当时唯一在场的人。他是当时唯一在场的人。1.宜用宜用that不用不用which的情况的情况口诀：口诀：“程序问题最多程序问题最多”“程程”：程度
31、：程度没有没有 no,none不确定不确定 any一个一个 the one只有一个只有一个 the only,the very每一个每一个 every,each不到一半不到一半 a little,few大约一半大约一半 some一大部分一大部分 much全部全部 alleverythingsomethingnothinganything There is no person _ dont make mistakes.(没有人不犯错没有人不犯错)You can take any seat _ is free.(你可以去坐任何空着的位子你可以去坐任何空着的位子)This is the only t
32、hing _ we can do now.(这是我们现在唯一能做的事这是我们现在唯一能做的事)Much _ I learned in this book is useful.（我在这本书里学的很多东西都很有用）（我在这本书里学的很多东西都很有用）thatthatthatthatIs there anything _ I can do for you?(有什么我可以为你做的事情吗？有什么我可以为你做的事情吗？)thatOur teacher told us something _ we should do.(我们老师告诉了我们该做的事我们老师告诉了我们该做的事)thatHe knows ever
33、ything _ happened in that village.(他知道那村里发生的所有事。他知道那村里发生的所有事。)that“序序”：序数词：序数词 the first,the second,the lastThe first place _ they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.(在桂林他们参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。在桂林他们参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。)thatThis is the 3rd film _ has been shown.(这是放映的第三部影片这是放映的第三部影片)thatThis is the last van
34、_ will go to Alabama.(这是开往阿拉巴马最后一辆货车这是开往阿拉巴马最后一辆货车)that“问题问题”：当主句以：当主句以who/which/what开头的特殊疑问开头的特殊疑问句时句时Which is the bike _ you lost?(你丢的自行车是哪一辆？你丢的自行车是哪一辆？)thatWho is the boy _ won the gold medal?(那个赢得金牌的男孩是谁？那个赢得金牌的男孩是谁？)that“最最”：当先行词被形容词：当先行词被形容词最高级最高级修饰时修饰时This is the best film _ I have ever seen
35、.(这是我看过的最好的电影这是我看过的最好的电影)thatThis is the most interesting guy _ Ive ever met.(这是我见过最有趣的人了这是我见过最有趣的人了)that“多多”：先行词又有人又有物的时候，用：先行词又有人又有物的时候，用thatThey are talking about the teachers and schools _ they have just visited.(他们在讨论他们刚刚访问过的那些学校和老师们他们在讨论他们刚刚访问过的那些学校和老师们)thatThe writer and his novel _ you have
36、just talked about are really well known.(你刚刚谈起的那位作家以及他的小说确实很著名。你刚刚谈起的那位作家以及他的小说确实很著名。)that2.宜用宜用which不用不用that的情况的情况口诀：口诀：“都借钱，不用都借钱，不用that”“都都”：有逗号，不用：有逗号，不用thatUntil now,we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children,_ is quite unexpected.(令人意外的是，到现在我们已经为贫困孩子募捐了令人意外的是，到现在我们已经为贫困孩子募捐了50，000英镑了英镑
37、了)which引导非限制性定语从句时，用引导非限制性定语从句时，用which“借借”：有：有介词介词，不用，不用that当关系词在定语从句中作介词的宾语，当关系词在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词前。且介词位于关系代词前。This is the question about _ they have had so much discussion in the past few weeks.(这就是过去几周来他们反复讨论的那个问题。这就是过去几周来他们反复讨论的那个问题。)which“钱钱”：前面有：前面有that，不用，不用that 当先行词是当先行词是that时时 在限制性定语从句中
38、，如果前一句的关系代词在限制性定语从句中，如果前一句的关系代词是是that，那么后一句的关系代词就要用，那么后一句的关系代词就要用whichWhats that _ he asked for?他要的那个是什么？他要的那个是什么？whichLet me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library _ was newly open.(我给你看这本从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。我给你看这本从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。)which3.宜用宜用who不用不用that的情况的情况口诀：是人，就用口诀：是人，就用who 先行词是指人的不定代词时，如：
39、先行词是指人的不定代词时，如：one,anyone,no one,all,nobody,anybody,none等，或先行词为等，或先行词为those且指人时。且指人时。先行词指人且关系代词引导非限制性定语从句时。先行词指人且关系代词引导非限制性定语从句时。一个句子中带有两个定语从句，且先行词都为人时，其一个句子中带有两个定语从句，且先行词都为人时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个一般应用，另一个一般应用who。口诀：是人，就用口诀：是人，就用whoChances favor only those _ are ready.(机会总是垂青有准备的人。机会总是
40、垂青有准备的人。)whoThe famous star,_ tries to make a comeback,draws a lot of attention.(那个试图复出的著名影星引起了很多关注。那个试图复出的著名影星引起了很多关注。)whoThe boy that you met last night is the group leader _ studies very hard.(昨晚你遇到的那个男孩是学习非常努力的组长。昨晚你遇到的那个男孩是学习非常努力的组长。)who一、填空一、填空1.A study shows the students who are engaged in af
41、ter-school activities are happier than those _ are not.2.Tom came back,_ made us very happy.whowhich二、用定语从句连接两个句子二、用定语从句连接两个句子(使用关系代词使用关系代词)1.They live in a room.Its window faces south._2.She wants to visit the village.She grew up in it._They live in a room whose window faces south.She wants to visi
42、t the village which/that she grew up in.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别.关系副词关系副词Winter is the time of year when the days are short while nights are long.冬天是一年中昼短夜长的时候。冬天是一年中昼短夜长的时候。(2)When可以换成可以换成“介词介词+which”。1.When引导定语从句的用法引导定语从句的用法 She is looking forward to the day when(=on which)her daught
43、er wins the gold medal in the Olympics.她盼望有一天她的女儿能在奥她盼望有一天她的女儿能在奥运会上赢得金牌。运会上赢得金牌。(1)当先行词是表示时间的名词当先行词是表示时间的名词(如如time,day,year,month,week等等)，且，且关系词在句中作时间状语时，定语从句用关系词在句中作时间状语时，定语从句用when引导。引导。Do you still remember the days _ we spent together on the farm?Do you still remember the days _ we chatted with
44、each other all night?whenthat/which当先行词是表示时间的名词时，既可以用当先行词是表示时间的名词时，既可以用when引导定语从句，也引导定语从句，也可以用可以用that或或which引导定语从句，关键要看关系词在定语从句中引导定语从句，关键要看关系词在定语从句中作何种成分。若关系词在定语从句中充当状语，则用作何种成分。若关系词在定语从句中充当状语，则用when引导；引导；若关系词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，则用若关系词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，则用that或或which引导。引导。This is the hotel where(=in which)they
45、stayed.这就是他们待过的旅馆。这就是他们待过的旅馆。2.Where引导定语从句的用法引导定语从句的用法(1)当先行词是表示具体地点的名词当先行词是表示具体地点的名词(如如place,room,mountain,airport等等)或表示抽象地点的名词或表示抽象地点的名词(如如case,state,stage,condition,point,situation等等)，且关系词在从句中作地点状语时，定语从句用且关系词在从句中作地点状语时，定语从句用where引导。引导。We have reached a point where a change is needed.我们已经到了需要我们已经到
46、了需要做出改变的地步了。做出改变的地步了。He gets into a situation where it is hard to decide where is right or wrong.他陷入一种难以判断对错的境地。他陷入一种难以判断对错的境地。(2)Where可以换成可以换成“介词介词+which”。His father works in a factory _ makes radio parts.他的父亲在一家生产收音机零件的工厂里工作。他的父亲在一家生产收音机零件的工厂里工作。which/thatTheir child is at the stage _ she can say
47、individual words but not full sentence.A.That B.where C.which D.whenB当先行词为地点名词时，如果指代先行词的关系词在定语从句中当先行词为地点名词时，如果指代先行词的关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，则用作主语或宾语，则用that或或which引导状语从句。引导状语从句。3.Why引导定语从句的用法引导定语从句的用法 This is the reason why(=for which)he left in a hurry.这就是他匆匆离去的原因。这就是他匆匆离去的原因。(1)当先行词是表示原因的名词当先行词是表示原因的名词reas
48、on，且关系词在句中作原，且关系词在句中作原因状语时，定语从句用因状语时，定语从句用why引导。引导。There are several reasons why(2)Why可以用可以用for which来代替。来代替。The reason _ he told me yesterday is a lie.that/which Is this the reason _ he gave at the meeting for his careless in his work?which/that若代替先行词若代替先行词reason的关系词在定语从句中不作状语，而是充当的关系词在定语从句中不作状语，而是
49、充当主语或宾语，则用主语或宾语，则用that或或which引导定语从句。引导定语从句。n用关系副词或用关系副词或“介词介词+关系代词关系代词”将下列每对句子合并成将下列每对句子合并成一个句子。一个句子。1.I didnt come this morning.The reason was that it rained heavily._2.Yesterday Mary bought a few clothes.All of them were beautiful._The reason why/for which I didnt come this morning was that it rai
50、ned heavily.Yesterday Mary bought a few clothes,all of which were beautiful.关系代词关系代词or关系副词？关系副词？用法用法依据依据根据根据从句的谓语动词从句的谓语动词是及物动词，后面若无宾语，是及物动词，后面若无宾语，用关系代词；是不及物动词用关系代词；是不及物动词则用关系副词。则用关系副词。根据根据先行词在从句中所作的先行词在从句中所作的成分成分把先行词放入定语从句中，把先行词放入定语从句中，若作主语或宾语用关系代词；若作主语或宾语用关系代词；作状语则用关系副词。作状语则用关系副词。This is the hous
