1、(8)非谓语动词一、非谓语动词的形式类别基本形式一般式进行式完成式不定式to do;to be doneto be doingto have done;to have been done动词-ing形式doing;being donehaving done;having been done过去分词doneThe actor wears sunglasses. Therefore, he can go shopping without being recognized.这位演员戴着太阳镜。因此,他可以在购物的时候不被别人认出来。For those with family members far
2、away, the personal computer and the phone are important in staying connected.对那些同家庭成员相隔甚远的人来说,个人电脑和电话在保持联系方面起着重要的作用。二、非谓语动词的时态和语态1. 不定式、动词-ing形式的动作若发生在谓语动词的动作之前,就用完成式;否则,用一般式。不定式、动词-ing形式与其逻辑主语之间若是主动关系,就用主动式;否则,用被动式。注意:此处的完成式并不等同于谓语动词的现在完成时,现在完成时强调相对于现在已经完成,非谓语动词的完成式只强调动作的先后关系。They worked day and ni
3、ght, sending supplies to the flood areas.他们夜以继日地工作,为洪灾地区发送物资。(虽然send动作已经完成,但相对于work来说却是同时发生的,不是发生在它之前,因此不能用having sent)Im sorry to have kept you waiting long.对不起让您久等了。(先等待,然后说对不起)There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.在我们准备好长期待在月球上之前仍有许多问题要去解决。(问题要
4、被解决)Having spent the past year as an exchange student in China, Linda appears more mature than those of her age.作为交换生在中国待了一年,琳达看上去要比她的同龄人更成熟。(先在中国待过一年,然后才有看起来成熟的状态)2. being done所表示的时间概念并非全是正在进行。Being exposed to the sun for so long will do harm to our skin.暴露在阳光下很长时间会对我们的皮肤有害。(只强调动作是被动,并不表示动作正在进行)3.
5、判断语态时学会找非谓语的逻辑主语(1)作定语时,被修饰的词是其逻辑主语(2)作状语时,句子的主语是其逻辑主语(3)作补足语时,句子的宾语或主语是其逻辑主语。若是系动词则一定用主动式,非谓语形式后面接宾语也多为主动式。The teacher came in, following our monitor.老师进来了,跟在我们班长后面。三、非谓语动词作主语、表语1. 不定式、动名词作主语、表语的区别(1)不定式表示具体的动作,尤其是某一次的动作常见表达:It + be + 名词 to do sth.It takes/ took sb. + some time to do sth.It be diff
6、icult/ easy/ important/ impossible/ necessary+ for sb. to do sth.It + be + careless/ clever/ foolish/ honest/ kind/ lazy/ silly/ stupid/ wise. + of sb. to do sth.To complete the program needs much effort.完成这项计划需要很大的努力。(2)动名词多指抽象的、概念性的动作,可以是多次的、经常性的行为常见表达:It is/ was + no use/ good + doing sth.It is/
7、was + not any use/ good + doing sth.It is/ was + of little use/ good + doing sth.It is/ was + worth+ doing sth.His favorite sport is swimming.他最喜欢的运动是游泳。Playing with fire is dangerous.玩火会很危险。2. 现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别(1)现在分词表特征,意为“令人的”The film is exciting.这部电影激动人心。(2)过去分词表心理状态,意为“(人)感到的”He was excited at th
8、e news.听到这则消息,他激动不已。3. 非谓语动词作remain的表语(1)主语 + remain be done意为“仍需被做”Much remains to be done.许多事仍需去做。(2)主语 + remain doing/ done意为“仍然是”(remain = be still)She remained standing (= was still standing) though we repeatedly asked her to sit down.虽然我们三番五次地请她坐下,但她还是站着。The true author of the book remains unk
9、nown (= is still unknown)这本书真正的作者依然不详。四、非谓语动词作宾语1. 只接不定式作宾语的常用动词hope,want,offer,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,afford,determine,promise,happen2. 只接动词-ing形式作宾语的常用动词mind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practice,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,keep,avoid,rish,resist,consider3. 只接动词-i
10、ng形式作宾语的常用短语cant help,feel like,succeed in,be fond of,object to,get down to,be engaged in,insist on,think of,be proud of,take pride in,set about,be afraid of,be tired of,look forward to,devote oneself to,be worth,be busy,pay attention to,stick to4. 既可接不定式也可接动词-ing形式的情况(1)意义基本相同 接不定式多指具体的动作,接动词-ing形式
11、多指一般或习惯行为begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue 接动词-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义,若接不定式则应用被动形式need,want,require,deserve(2)意义不同stop to do(停下手中正在做的事,去做另一件事)stop doing(停止正在做的事)remember to do(记得去做)remember doing(记得做过)forget to do(忘记去做)forget doing(忘记做过)regret to do(后悔去做)regret doing(后悔做过)go on to do(接着去做另一件事)go
12、on doing(接着做同一件事)try to do(努力去做)try doing(尝试去做)mean to do(打算做)mean doing(意味着)After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress, she went on to thank all the people who had helped in her career.获得奥斯卡最佳女配角奖之后,她接下来感谢了所有在事业上帮助过她的人。注意:动词不定式和动词-ing形式作主语或宾语时,可以用it作形式主语或者形式宾语。Its no use arguing with him
13、.与他争吵没有用。I think it easy to have done so much in only one day.我认为仅在一天之内做这么多很容易。五、非谓语动词作定语1. 不定式作定语不定式作定语通常要放在被修饰的词后,往往表示未发生的动作(1)不定式一般式的主动形式(to do)作定语,表示将要发生的主动动作。不定式一般式的被动形式(to be done)作定语,表示将要发生的被动动作。I have a lot of things to do.我有许多事要做。We are invited to a party to be held in our club next Friday.
14、我们被邀请参加下星期五在我们俱乐部举办的晚会。(2)不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后需要加相应的介词。Im not sure which restaurant to eat.我不确定要在哪家餐馆吃饭。He has no pen to write with.他没有钢笔写字。注意:如果不定式所修饰的名词是time,place或way时,不定式后的介词习惯上会被省略掉。He had no place to live (in).他没有安身之处。(3)不定式用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no,a,any等限定
15、的中心词,且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系。He is always the first one to arrive at the school and the last one to leave the school.他总是第一个到校,最后一个离校。(4)被修饰词是抽象名词时,常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有:ability,chance,idea,hope,wish,fact,excuse,promise,attempt,way等。And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit.增强意志力最好的方法就是让
16、意志力成为一种习惯。The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。注意:不定式作定语时,当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时,不定式使用主动式;当句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语且不定式与所修饰的名词或代词之间是被动关系时,不定式使用被动式。Do you have anything to take to your son?你有什么东西要(自己)带给你儿子吗?(you是take的逻辑主语)Do you have anything to be taken to your son?你有什
17、么东西要(让别人)带给你儿子吗?(you不是take的逻辑主语)辨析:done,being done,to be done都表示被动,都可作后置定语,区别在于:过去分词所表示的动作具有完成意义;现在分词的被动式表示正在进行的动作;不定式的被动式表示未来的动作。2. 分词作定语(1)及物动词分词形式作定语 v.-ing被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为逻辑上的主动关系,v.-ing形式表示被修饰词的特征I have never seen a more moving movie.我从未看过更动人的电影了。 being done被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表示动作正在进行The houses bei
18、ng built are for the teachers.正在建的那些房子是为老师建的。 done被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系,表示动作已经完成或表状态Things lost never come again! I couldnt help talking to myself.我不禁自言自语道:“失去的东西不会再来!”(2)不及物动词分词形式作定语 v.-ing表示动作正在进行 过去分词表示动作已经完成boiling water 正沸腾的水;boiled water 白开水falling leaves 正在下落的叶子;fallen leaves 落叶developing countri
19、es 发展中国家;developed countries 发达国家(3)英语中有些表示感觉的动词,其现在分词形式表示“令人的”,过去分词形式表示“感到的”。an exciting voice 令人兴奋的声音;an excited voice 兴奋的声音a puzzling expression 令人困惑的表情;a puzzled expression 困惑的表情3. 动名词作定语动名词作定语,用来说明被修饰词的用途a fishing net 渔网(= a net for fishing)a swimming pool 游泳池(=a pool for swimming)reading room
20、阅览室a sleeping car 卧铺车厢4. to be done,being done和done作定语的区别(1)to be done 表被动、将来The question to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is very important.明天在会上将要讨论的问题非常重要。(2)being done 表被动、正在进行Listen! The song being sung is very popular with the students.听!正唱着的这首歌非常受学生们的欢迎。(3)done 表被动、完成Have you read the nov
21、el written by Dickens?你读过狄更斯写的这部小说吗?六、非谓语动词作状语1. 不定式、分词作状语的基本原则不定式、分词作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致,即不定式、分词作状语,必须和句子的主语存在逻辑上的主动或被动关系,否则一般不能使用不定式、分词作状语。2. 不定式作状语(1)目的状语不定式作目的状语,可用 so as to/in order to替换,意为“为了;想要”,但 so as to一般不可置于句首In order to answer this question, we must first ensure that people really want
22、 to preserve the historic feel of an area.为了回答这个问题,我们必须首先确保人们是真正想保护一个地区的历史感。(2)结果状语不定式用于soas to(如此以至于),such.as to.(如此以至于),enough to do(足够做),tooto do.(太而不能),only to do(表示意外结果或事与愿违的结果)等结构中常用来表结果How often do you have something you want to achieveonly to end up confused by all of the options in front of
23、 you and never make progress?你多久会遇到你想得到一些东西,结果却被摆在你面前的选择所困惑然后停滞不前这样的情况?(3)原因状语不定式作原因状语,常用在“主语+系动词+形容词+to do”结构中。这类形容词有:easy,difficult,hard,cheap,expensive, fit,comfortable,heavy,good,important,impossible,dangerous, surprised,astonished,delighted,disappointed等,表示主语的特征、性质或说明产生这种情感的原因The book is very h
24、ard to understand.这本书很难理解。They were surprised to find that hed already left.他们惊奇地发现他已经走了。注意:在“主语+系动词+形容词+ to do sth.”结构中,句子的主语与动词不定式在逻辑上是被动关系,且形容词表示主语的特征或性质,此时,需用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。When I told her the air would be hard to breathe (=the air would be hard for us to breathe) and it would be very cold, she
25、said it would be an interesting experience.当我告诉她会难以呼吸而且天气会非常寒冷时,她说那将是一次有趣的经历。(4)不定式的主动形式表被动意义 用法在“主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+to do”结构中,句子的主语与动词不定式有逻辑上的被动关系,且形容词表示主语的特征或性质,这时,需用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义 常用词easy,hard,difficult,important,impossible,interesting,pleasant,nice,comfortable,safe,dangerousThis question is easy to
26、answer.这个问题容易回答。This book is difficult to understand.这本书很难理解。3. 分词作状语(1)分词作状语的形式 v.-ing (doing)与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系,与句子谓语动词动作同时发生,或基本上同时发生 having + v.-ed (having done) 与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系,先于谓语动词动作发生 v.-ed (done) 与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,表完成 being + v.-ed (being done) 与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,且与谓语动词动作同时发生 having been + v.-ed (havi
27、ng been done) 与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,且先于谓语动词动作发生(2)分词作状语的句法功能 时间状语When offered help, one often says Thank you or Its kind of you.当被提供帮助的时候,人们常说Thank you或Its kind of you. 原因状语Having been separated from other continents for millions of years,Australia has many animals and plants not found in any other country
28、 in the world.和其他大陆分离了数百万年,澳大利亚有许多在世界上任何别的国家都找不到的动植物。 条件状语Generally speaking, if taken according to the instructions,the drug has no side effects.一般来说,如果按照用法说明服用,这种药没有副作用。 结果状语He glanced at her, noticing that though she was tiny,she seemed very well.他匆匆看了一下她,注意到她虽然很纤弱,但看起来非常健康。 让步状语Having been told
29、many times, he still repeated the same mistake.虽然被告诉过好多次了,但他仍然重复犯同样的错误。 伴随状语The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students.老师进了实验室,后面跟着一些学生。4. 独立成分作状语(1)定义有些分词或不定式短语作状语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,被称为独立成分(2)常见独立成分seeing 考虑到given 考虑到to tell you the truth 说实话frankly speaking 坦白地说generally speaking 一般来说co
30、mpared to/ with 与相比judging from/ by 根据来判断considering./ taking.into consideration 考虑到5. 独立主格结构作状语独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或非谓语动词等构成的一种独立结构,用于修饰整个句子。其中的名词或代词与其后的成分等构成逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。该结构位置相当灵活,可置于句前、句末或句中,常由逗号将其与句子主体分开,在句中通常作状语,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、目的等,还可以作定语。其构成形式主要有:(1)名词/ 代词 + 现在分词/ 过去分词/ 不定式/ 形容词/ 副词/ 名词/
31、 介词短语Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天去海滨郊游。(表条件)He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。(表伴随)Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.种上许多的花草树木
32、后,我们新建的校园看上去将会更美。(表原因)(2)with/ without + 名词/ 代词+宾语补足语with/ without+宾语+宾语补足语,宾语通常由名词或代词充当,但代词一定要用宾格。独立主格结构的情况都适用于此结构The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起来,没有人知道它在哪里。The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.有这么多的名胜可以参观,小孩很激动。注意:在with/ without的复合结构中,多数情况下with能省略,但without不能省略。Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。