高中英语 名词性从句详解.doc

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1、 1 名词性从句名词性从句 一、一、定义定义 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句 (Noun Clauses),功能相当于名词 或名词词组,在复合句中担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语。 二、分类与说明二、分类与说明 1.从句的分类 形容词性从句,即定语从句 状语从句 从句 主语从句 名词性从句 宾语从句 表语从句 同位语从句 2.名词性从句实质 名词性从句就是三种句子(陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句)来分别充当另外一 个句子的四种不同句子成分(主语、宾语、表语、同位语)。 3.说明 引导名词性从句的引导名词性从句的连接词连接词主要有:主要有: 连词:that, whether, if, as i

2、f,as though。 从属连词 that(陈述句),无词义,不作句子成分;在宾语从句中可省略,但引 导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时 that 通常不被省略 E.g. I hope (that) you will enjoy your holiday. 希望你假期过得好。 E.g. That he likes you is very obvious. 很显然他喜欢你。 从属连词 if,whether(是否),(一般疑问句)有词义,但不作句子成分;引导 宾语从句时,可互换,但引导其他名词性从句时 whether 不能换成 if;不可省 E.g. He asked whether if I

3、would show him the way. 他问我是否可以给他带路。 E.g. Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否对我们有害还要看一看。 (引导主语从句,不能用 if 代替 whether) 从属连词 as if(=as though,似乎、好像)有词义,但不作句子成分; E.g. She looked as if she had cried. 她看起来好像哭过。 以上在从句中均不充当任何成分以上在从句中均不充当任何成分 连接代词:(特殊疑问句)what/ whatever, who/ whoever, whom/ whome

4、ver, whose/whosever, which/ whichever,how much,how many 有词义,作主语、表语、宾 2 语、定语成分;不可省 E.g. Tell me which one you like best. 告诉我你最喜欢哪一个。 E.g. Whoever pass the exam will get a prize. 无论哪一个通过考试都会得到一个奖品。 连接副词:(特殊疑问句)when/ whenever, where/ wherever, how/ however, why, how often,how soon,how far,how long 有词义,

5、在从句作状语成分。不可省 E.g. The question is how we should carry out the plan. 问题是怎样执行这个计划。 E.g. When shell be back depends much on the weather. 她什么时候回来在很大程度上要看天气。 E.g. Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever. 他为什么这样做将永远是一个谜。 注意:注意: 在名词性从句中,要用陈述陈述语序。 E.g. I dont know where does he live.(false) I dont know w

6、here he lives.(true) 我不知道他住在哪。 不可用 no matter who,no matter what 等引导名词性从句,只能引导状语从句。 E.g. Whatever he said was right. 名词性从句的时态问题 1.当主句的谓语动词是一般现在式时,从句该用什么时态就用什么时态。 E.g. My mother ask me whether I have finished my homework. 我妈妈问我是否完成家庭作业了。 2.当主句的谓语动词是过去式时,宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理,其谓语动 词也必须用某种过去时态。 E.g. My teach

7、er said that the earth goes around the sun. 我老师说地球围绕太阳转。 E.g. She said that she didnt want to know. 她说她不想知道。 E.g. I asked her whether she would agree. 我问她是否会同意。 3. when, if 这两个词既可引导名词性从句,也可引导状语从句。当它们引导名词性 从句且表示将来意义时,要直接使用将来时态;但当它们引导状语从句且表示将来 意义时,则必须用一般现在时表示将来意义。如: E.g. I dont know when he will come,

8、 but when he comes, Ill call you. 我不知道他什么时候,但当他来的时候,我会打电话给你。 (句中第一个 when 引导的是宾语从句,故用将来时态表示将来意义;第二个 when 引导的是时间状语从句,故用一般现在时表示将来意义) 3 三、名词性从句三、名词性从句 (一一)主语从句主语从句 1.定义:若处在主语的位置上是个句子,那么这个句子就叫做主语从句。 2.要点归纳: 在主语从句中,任何引导词都不可以省去。 E.g. That her hair is turning grey worries her. 在主语从句中,不用 if,用 whether。 E.g. W

9、hether he will come or not is not clear.(true) E.g. If he will or not is not clear.(false) 主语从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数.若谓语动词为两个或两个以上时,则用复数。 E.g. Where we will have a holiday hasnt been decided. E.g. Where well go picnicing and how we will go arent clear. 主语从句作主语时,习惯上用 it 作形式主语,而将主语从句后置。 E.g. Its very clear tha

10、t the boy was seriously ill. 形式主语 真正的主语 E.g. Its uncertain whether well have a meeting today. E.g. It hasnt been decided when they will leave for(前往) New York. 以 it 作形式主语,把主语从句后置的常见句型有: Its certain/uncertain that 肯定/不确定 Its likely/possible/probable that 有可能 Its a pity/shame that 很可惜/很遗憾 Its no surpr

11、ise that 毫不奇怪/很正常 Its said/reported/thought/believe that 据说/据报道/大家认为/人们相信 It happens that 碰巧 当 that 引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时,必须用 it 做形式主语。 E.g. Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture? E.g. Does it matter much that they wont come? 主语从句的虚拟语气,常见句型如下: Its a pity/shame/no wonder+that+主语+(should)+ v.

12、 Its requested/suggested/desired+that+主语+(should)+ v. Its necessary/strange/important+that+主语+(should)+ v. 4 Practice 1.(06辽宁30)_ A.What B.Who C.Whatever D.Whoever 解析 what 引导主语从句,并作从句的主语,A. what=the thing that。 2.(06山东27)_ team wins on Saturday will go through to the national D.Whichever 解析 由句式结构可知此

13、空白处应选择连词引导主语从句, 且在主语从句中作 team 的定语使用, 选项中只有 whichever 和 whichever 可同时具备这两种功能, 且从数个 已知的队中选择一个,故选 D.whichever。 3.(07福建35)It is none of your business _other people think about you.Believe A.how B.what C.which D.when 解析 本题考查名词性从句。分析句子结构可知,it 作形式主语,而真正的主语应 为后面的从句,且从句中缺少动词 think 的宾语,故用 B. what 引导。 (二二)表语从句

14、)表语从句 1.定义:若处在表语的位置,即放在系动词 be, seem, look 等词之后,那么这个句子 就叫做表语从句。 2.要点归纳: 引导表语从句的任何词都不可以省(在口语中 that 偶尔可以省去)。 E.g. The truth is (that) I have never been there. 在表语从句中,不用 if,用 whether。 E.g. The question is whether they will be able to help us out. as if(=as though)可以引导表语从句。 E.g. It looks as if its going

15、to rain. E.g. The girl seems as though she has cried. 5 Practice 1.(04全31)You are saying that everyone should be equal,and this is_ I disagree. A.why B.where C.what D.how 解析 where 引导表语从句, where 指的是在某一点上, 相当于 at the point。 句意为: 你说每个人都应该平等,在这一点上,我不同意你的说法。disagree 是不及物动词, 所以不能用 what,故选 B。 2.(05安徽32)Gre

16、at changes have taken place in that school.It is no longer _it was 20 years ago,_it was so poorly equipped. 解析 第一个从句是表语从句并在从句中作表语,所以用 what;后面是一个 when 引导的定语从句,其先行词是20 years ago,故选 A。 3.(06全国23)See the flags on top of the building? That was_we did this A.when B.which C.where D.what 解析 本题考查了表语从句的用法。由句中

17、句子结构可知,此处缺一表语从句引导 词,而且要在句中作 did 的宾语,故只有 D.what 符合要求。 (三)宾语从句(三)宾语从句 1.定义:若处在宾语的位置上是个句子,那么这个句子就叫做宾语从句。 2.要点归纳: 宾语从句引导词:连词 that/whether/if,连接代词 what,who,which 或连接副词 when,where,how,why 连词 that 的省略:引导宾语从句的 that 可以省,但以下情况,that 一般不能省略。 若有两个或以上的 that 引导的宾语从句时,只可以省去第一个 that,其后的不省。 E.g. I find (that) he is d

18、ishonest and that he often tell lies. that 引导的宾语从句位于句首时,不可以省去 that。 6 E.g. That he ever said such a thing, I dont believe. 如果宾语从句后边还有宾语补足语时,则需用 it 作形式主语,而将宾语后置, 此时 that 不可省。 E.g. I think it best that you should stay here. doubt 在疑问/否定句中, 其后宾语从句的连接词用 that; 在肯定句中, 用 if/whether E.g. Do you doubt that h

19、e will win the game? E.g. I dont doubt that he can do a good job. E.g. I doubt whether/if he will keep his word. be sure 在疑问/否定句中,从句用 whether/if,肯定句中,用 that E.g. Im sure that he will be well known as an artist soon. E.g. Im not sure whether/if they can pass the college entrance exam next year. 介词后的宾

20、语从句不可以用 which 来引导,用 what 或 whatever。 E.g. 1.Are you sorry for what you have done? 2.The Emperor was pleased with what the minister had told him about the cloth. 3.He always pays attention to whatever the teacher says. if 和 whether 在引导宾语从句时,可以互换,但在下列情况下不可以:(辨别) 与 or not 连用时;介词后的宾语从句;与不定式连用时只用 whether

21、,不用 if。 E.g. It depends on whether it is fine tomorrow. E.g. I dont know whether to go or not. 用 if 引导的宾语从句,如果会产生歧义,应避免使用 if,而用 whether。 E.g. Please tell me if you intend to go. (if 翻译为“如果”、“是否”均可) discuss 后接 whether 引导的宾语从句,不可接 if。 E.g. We discussed whether we should hold a meeting. 引导主语从句、 宾语从句 (且

22、放于句首) 、 表语从句和同位语从句时, 只用 whether E.g. Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen. E.g. The question is whether we should go on with the work.(表语从句) E.g. The question whether we need it has not been considered.(同位语从句) E.g. Whether hell come to the meeting tomorrow, Im not sure.(宾语从句于句首) 引导让

23、步状语从句时,只用引导让步状语从句时,只用 whether,不用 if E.g. Whether he agrees or not,I shall do that. 在宾语从句中,时态要一致: 若主句是现在时态(一般现在时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时), 7 从句可根据需要用在何时态。 E.g. he is having supper now. he saw the film yesterday. he will go to Shanghai next week. I think that he was watching TV at 7:00 last night. he often

24、goes to work by bus. he has read the magazine before. 若主句为过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时), 从句也要用相应的过去时。但客观真理、科学原理、格言等永远用一般现在时,不 受时态要一致的规则限制。 E.g. 1.He said he will come to see me next week.(false) He said he would come to see me next week.(true) 2.The teacher told us that the earth goes round the sun.

25、 地球绕着太阳转 light travels faster than sound. 光速比声速快。 由连词 that 引导的宾语从句很少做介词的宾语,只用在 except(=but,除以外, 不包括在内)besides(除以外,包括某一范围在内)之后,且此时 that 不可省。 其它一些介词后若出现 that 引导的宾从时, 用 it 先行一步, 作形式宾语, 后放从句。 E.g. The girl hasnt changed at all except that she is no longer so talktive. E.g. Your composition is well-writt

26、en except that there are a few spelling mistakes. E.g. You may depend on it that theyll support you. E.g. We must see to (确保) it that everyone will be pleasant at the meeting. 在宾语从句中应注意句型: what is the matter with him.(true) I dont know whats wrong with him.(true) 已是陈述语序 what wrong is with him.(false

27、) what the matter is with him.(false) believe,think,guess,suppose 在含有宾语从句的疑问句中要作“插入语”。 E.g. Do you know who he is waiting for?(true) 你知道他在等谁吗? E.g. Who do you think he is waiting for?(true) E.g. What do you suppose he is doing now? E.g. Where do you believe he has been? 你相信他在哪? Im afraid/sure/sorry/

28、certain+that-clause 也叫宾语从句。 8 E.g. Im afraid that I have a bad cold. 我害怕得重感冒。 Practice 1.(04湖南24)I think father would like to know_Ive been up to so far,so I decide to send him a A.which B.why C.what D.how 解析 此句关键在于弄清短语 be up to 该短语意思是:忙于,从事,其中 to 为介词, 所以需要一个代词,根据句意,只能用 what,故选 C。 2.(04北京31)We cant

29、figure out_quite a number of insects,birds,and animals are A.that B.as C.why D.when 解析 本题考查引导宾语从句的引导词。根据关键词 are dying out 可排除 as、when 两项。figure out 有“理解,想出;计算”等意。根据句意应选 C why。 (四)同位语从句(四)同位语从句 1.定义:若处在同位语的位置上是个句子,那么这个句子就叫做同位语从句。 2.要点归纳: 同位语从句要放在某些名词之后,用来解释或说明这些名词的内容,常见的有: fact, news, hope, promise,

30、idea, truth, suggestion, thought, order, question, problem, belief,doubt,fear,word(n. U消息),possibility,report。 在同位语从句中,不用 if,用 whether。 常用来引导同位语从句的连词有:that,whether,how,when,where,what。 为了保持句子平衡,有时同位语从句会和它前面的名词分开。 E.g. An order has come from Berlin that no language but German should be taught in the

31、schools of France.(避免头重脚轻) 引导同位语从句的任何词都不可省。 注意区分定语从句和同位语从句。 定语从句:用来修饰其前面的名词,关系词在句中作成分; 9 同位语从句:用来说明其前面的名词的内容,引导词在从句中不作成分。 【比较】1.The news (that/which) I heard is true.(定语从句) The news that our team won is true.(同位语从句) 2.The suggestion that he put forward was turned down. He put forward the suggestion

32、that the meeting (should) be put off. 3.I have no idea when he will come back. 4.The man cant answer the question how he got the money. 5.He expressed the hope that they could come to China again next year. 6.My mother made a promise that she would buy me a new computer. 【补充】1.Whoever breaks the law

33、 will be published. 2.Whoever says that is a liar. 3.Whoever heard of such a thing! That,why,because 引导名词性从句的用法区别引导名词性从句的用法区别 主语是 reason 时,表语从句通常用 that 引导,构成 The reason why.is that. E.g. The reason why I got wet all through was that I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. why 引导表语从句,强调结果,That is w

34、hy.=That is the reason why, because 引导表语从句,强调原因,That is because. E.g. I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella.Thats (the reason) why I got wet all through. E.g. I got wet all through.Thats because I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. how,why,where,when 等连接副词的用法等连接副词的用法 连接副词when,why,where,how等都

35、保留着各自的疑问含义, 除引导从句外, 还在从句中分别担任时间、地点、方式和原因状语 E.g. I cant understand why she married such a man. E.g. Go and get your coat.Its where you left it. 连接副词 how 可以后接形容词或副词一起充当从句中某一成分。 10 E.g. You dont know how much I miss you. What 引导名词性从句的六种常考用法引导名词性从句的六种常考用法 That is what is called a new fashion.(表从 主语) (wh

36、at=the thing that,表示“的事.的话语,.的东西”) Our income is now double what it was ten years ago. (what=the amountnumber that,表示“的数目”,在从句中作表语) He is what is known as a writer. (what=the person that,表示“的人”,在从句中作主语) Last week she made a trip to what was once a battlefield (what=the place that,表示“的地方”,在从句中作主语) Af

37、ter what seemed like two hours, we arrived here. (what=the time that,表示“时间”,在从句中作主语) China is no longer what she was 20 years ago. (what=the country that,表示“样子”,在从句中作表语) 【链接训练】 1.(04上海春41)Along with the letter was his promise_ he would visit me this coming Christmas. A.which B.that C.what D.whether

38、解析 本题考查同位语从句。 句意为:他在信中承诺: 在即将到来的圣诞节来看望我。 由句子结构可以看出 promise 后的从句非常完整,不缺少任何句子成份;由题意可 知该从句用以说明 promise 的内容,所以可判断出是一个同位语从句,因为是在陈 述一个事实,故引导词要用 that,故选 B。 2.(05浙江15)Danby left word with my secretary_ he would call again in the A.who B.that C.as D.which 解析 that 引导的从句作 word“口信”的同位语,别的引导词不合适故选 B。 3.(05辽宁29)D

39、o you have any idea_is actually going on in the classroom? A.that B.what C.as D.which 解析 在这里,所填词引导的从句是对前面名词 idea 内容的解释,所以应是同位语 11 从句。同位语从句中缺主语,根据题意,答案应为 B.what。 Noun Clause 1、宾语从句: 种类 关联词 例 句 说 明 陈 述 意 义 that I believe(that) he is honest. 我相 信他是忠诚的。 The reason lies in that she works harder than the

40、others do. 原因在于 她比其他人工作更努力。 that 在从句中不担任 任何成分,在口语或 非正式的文体中常被 省去,但如果从句是 并列句时,第二个分句 前的 that 不可省;有 插入语分隔的,不可 省;作介词宾语时, 不可省。 宾 一 般 疑 问 意 义 if whether I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。 Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看 我们是否有足够的钱。 I dont know if (whether) it is inter

41、esting. 我不知道它是否有趣。 whether 常与 or not 连用,不能用 if 代替。 作 介 词 宾 语 要 用 whether 不能用 if。 若改为后接不定式 的形式,则不用 if。 语 特 殊 疑 问 意 义 who, whom, which,whos e,what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever Please tell me what you want. 请告诉我你需要什么? She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工 作做好。 S

42、he will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情 的支持。 宾语从句作及物动词 宾语也可做介词的宾 语。 who 与 whoever 有什 么区别? 从 We must make it clear that anyone 如果宾语从句后面 12 种类 关联词 例 句 说 明 注 1 形式宾语 who breaks the law will be punished.我们必须认清无论谁违 反了法律都要受到惩罚。 有宾语补足语,则用 it 作形式宾语, 将从句 后置。 句 注 2 否定前移 We dont think yo

43、u are here. 我们认为你不在这。 I dont believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。 think, believe, imagine, suppose, expect 等引导的宾语 从句,要将从句中的 否定形式,移到主句 中。 注 3 时态 The teacher told us that Tom had left for the USA. 老师告诉我们 Tom 已动身前往美 国了。 主句若为过去时,从 句 时 态 一 定 往 前 推 移,(除非是客观真理 等特殊情况)。 2、主语从句: 种类 关联词 例 句 说 明 主 语 从 句 连 接 词 that

44、 That he will come and help you is certain. 他来帮助你是确实无疑的。 that 在句首不可省去 主 语 从 句 中 一 般 用 whether 不用 if。 主 语 从 句 放 在 句 首,句子常显得笨重, 因此一般 把它移到句子后面, 而前面用 it 来作形式 主语。 whether Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 连 接 代 词 who,whom whose,what which whoever, whatever, wh

45、ichever What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。 Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 连 接 副 when where why It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名 作家的。 13 词 how Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。 注 意 常用

46、句型 Its certain/uncertain that 肯定/不确定 Its likely/possible/probable that 有可能 Its a pity/shame that 很可惜/很遗憾 Its no surprise that 毫不奇怪/很正常 Its said/reported/thought/believe that 据说/据报道/大家认为/人们相信 It happens that 碰巧 3、表语从句: 种类 关联词 例 句 说 明 表 连 接 词 that whether as if as though The problem is(that) they cant get here early enough. 问题是他们不能很早到达这里。 It looks as if its going to rain. 看起来天要下 雨。 在非正式的文 体中 that 可以 省去。 语 从 连 接 代 词 who whom whose what which T

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