1、Grammar Non-finite Verbs,非谓语动词的句法功能,动词不定式,To do that sort of thing is foolish.,I want to see you this evening.,All you have to do is to finish it quickly.,主语,宾语,表语,一、不定式在句中的成份,I warned the patient not to eat cold water after the operation.,宾补,She came here to study English.,状语,We found a house to li
2、ve in.,定语,不定式的一般式所表示的动作（状态）与谓语同时（或几乎同时）发生，或之后发生。,二、动词不定式的时态,1. I opened the door to enter the room.,2. Mr. Smith is going to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.,. 一般式( to do ).,.进行式( to be doing),1. I am very glad to be working with you.,2. He is said to be coming.,当谓语表示的动作（情况）发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在进行。
3、,.完成式（to have done),1. I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long.,2. You seemed to have read the novel written by Mr. Smith.,当谓语表示的动作发生在不定式之后。,三、动词不定式的语态,.主动式( to do / to be doing /to have done),1. We want to learn English well.,2.Robert is said to have studied abroad, but I didnt know what countr
4、y he studied in.,当不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的执行者时.,.被动式( to be done / to have been done),1. He didnt like to be laughed at.,2. He claimed to have been badly treated in the supper market when he was doing shopping yesterday.,当不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时.,四、不定式的否定式 否定不定式时，否定副词not或never, seldom, hardly等要置于to前。 如
5、:She checked the names so as not to make mistakes.,五、动词不定式To 的几种常见的省略形式,1感官动词和使役动词在主动语态中不需要带to，即我们常说的“一觉二听三让五看”：feel, listen to 、hear, let、make、have, see、watch、notice、observe、look at. He noticed Tom take a branch of flowers in his hand. 他注意到汤姆手中拿着一束鲜花。,除let 外其他在变成被动语态时要加上to。,2、由 all， what 引导的主语从句或者主
6、语被only, first, one, least 或形容词最高级修饰时，而且从句中含有do时，其表语如果是动词不定式，则往往省去to。 All I did was empty the bottle.我所做的是倒空这个瓶子。 What I wanted to do was drive all night.我想做的是彻夜开车。 The only thing I could do was do it myself 。我惟一能做的是我自己解决。,3常用的结构 may well do，may as well do (还是好了)及but或except后接不定式时，如果它们前面有do便可省略to，其结构为
7、can not do but（do)，can not help but (do)不得不等句型 We might as well put up here for tonight.我们不妨今晚就在这儿过夜。 She can do nothing but/except sing.她除了唱歌什么也没做。 There is nothing he could do but play all day long。他除了整天玩，别无它事可做。,4不定式做help后的宾语补足语或宾语时，可带to也可不带。 Can I help（to） carry it for you? 我可以帮你搬吗？ I helped him
8、（to） mend the bike. 我帮助他修理自行车。,5在had better，would rather，rather than之后省略to。 Youd better not tell him the news . 你最好不把这个消息告诉他。 Rather than wait anyone, I decided to go home by taxi. 我决定乘出租车回家而不愿等候任何人。,6. 由并列连词and，except, but, than, or 连接两个以上的具有相同意义或功能的不定式时，第二个动词不定式不带to。 Id like to stay with you, help
9、 you and learn from you.我想留下和你一起呆着，帮助你并且向你学习。 She told us to stay at home and wait till she came back. 她告诉我们呆在家里一直等到她回来。,注：如果两个不定式表示对照或对比时，则不能省略to. To try and fail is better than not to try at all.尝试而失败也比不尝试好。 He hasn t decided whether to quit or to stay.他还没有决定是去还是留。 To be or not to be, that is a qu
10、estion.是生存还是死亡，这是一个问题。,7 以Why或Why not 开头表请求的结构中常跟上动词原形,省略to。 Why not go out for a walk ? 为什么不出去散散步呢？ 8 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时，可以省去to be。例如： He is supposed （to be） nice. 他应该是个好人。,六、动词不定式时要特别注意以下几点： 一、后接不定式的动词 1.后接不定式做宾语的动词hope, agree, dare, decide, determinebegin, start, refuse,
11、prepare, offermanage, try, aim, forget, remember ，chooseseem, pretend, learn, love, hate等。 (可记：希望同意敢决定，开始拒绝备提供，设法瞄准忘记选，似乎假装学爱憎。),2.后接不定式作宾补的动词 permit, request, allow, command, tell, invite, cause, encouragewarn, advise, persuadeforce, order, remind, teach等。 (可记首字母：practice wap fort 实践攻克堡垒。) ,3.后接不定式
12、既作宾语又可作宾补的动词 ask, beg, like, prefer, help, promise, wish, want, expect等。 （可记：请求、愿、助、诺、希望。）,二、注意不定式复合结构的用法 句中不定式需要有逻辑主语时，常用for+名词(或代词宾语)+不定式，构成不定式的复合结构。 It is very important for us to learn English well. 但某些形容词如kind, clever, foolish, wise, nice, generous, silly, stupid等，是表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征的，常用of引导不定式的逻
13、辑主语。 如It was wise of him to do that.,三、疑问词how, when, what, where, which以及whether与不定式连用，在句中作主语、表语或宾语，其功能相当于名词性从句。如： Where to go has not been decided yet. （Where we shall go has not been decided yet.）,四、only与不定式连用，表示意想不到的结果 It took him nearly ten years to find her address , only to learn that she had
14、passed away ten years before. 她早在十年前去世是原来未预料到的事情，应用现在分词作状语。,五、 作简短回答或避免不必要的重复时，动词不定式常常省去to 后面的动词，只保留to 。,A:Would you like to come to my party?,Mary wanted to use my bike, but I asked her not to ( use my bike).,B: Yes , Id love to ( come to your party).,现在分词与动名词,现在分词与动名词的基本形式,由动词末尾加 -ing 形式构成，因此又叫动词的
15、 -ing 形式。 V+-ing,不能单独作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，可以有自己的宾语和状语。还有时态和语态的变化。,时 态 和 语 态,动名词,Teaching is my full-time job.,Its useless taking this kind of medicine.,I have just finished doing my homework.,作主语,作主语,作宾语,My job is teaching.,作表语,This is a new washing machine.,作定语,只接动名词作宾语的常见动词有十六个：resist、mind、suggest、delay、
16、keep on、look forward to、enjoy、include、appreciate、imagine、practise、finish、succeed in、consider、cant help、miss,I heard the girl singing in the classroom.,The man talking with my father is Mr. Wang.,Hearing the cry for help, he rushed out.,The play is exciting.,作表语,作宾语补足语,作定语,作状语,现在分词,1. 作表语时动名词和现在分词的区别
17、,（1）动名词 My job is teaching. = Teaching is my job.,（2）现在分词 The play is exciting. Exciting is the play.,动名词作定语表示性质或用途。 This is a new washing machine. This is a new machine for washing,2. 作定语时动名词和现在分词的区别,现在分词作定语表示动作。如果是单词，放在被修饰的名词前；如果是短语，放就放在被修饰的名词之后。,China is a developing country.,=China is a country
18、which is developing.,3. 能跟现在分词作宾语补足语的常见动词有： make、let、have、look at、see、watch、hear、listen to、notice、feel。 “三让、三看、两听、注意感觉”。,4. 现在分词作状语。表时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随（方式）等。,Hearing the cry for help, he rushed out.（时间）,Being ill, he went home. （原因）,Seeing from the hill, you can get the whole town.(条件）,European football
19、 is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world. （结果）,He read a magazine waiting for the bus.（伴随）,5. 现在分词的完成式 (having done) 表示分词的动作发生在主句动作之前 Having invited him here to speak, wed better go to his lecture.,6. 特殊用法,2）用于come, go之后： Come dancing this evening. Yesterday we went
20、sight- seeing.,1）用于禁令中：No smoking. No parking.,3）表示被动： The works of Shakespeare are worth reading. My hair needs cutting. (My hair needs to be cut.),7. 其它常见说法 Im busy doing my homework. Do you have any difficulty in finding a job? He spent two months (in) finishing the story. It is no use trying to excuse yourself.,It is no good complaining now. Dont waste time talking. Theres no telling what will happen.（说不好） There is no point in explaining.（毫无意义）,V + -ing 形式用法归纳 现 1、作表语 (与动名词的区别） 在 2、作宾补 (能跟现在分词作宾补的动词) 分 3、作定语（与动名词的区别） 词 4、作状语 动 1、作主语 名 2、
