1、Unit 3 Conservation Section Writing 写作指导 概要写作概要写作 概要写作首先考查学生的阅读理解能力概要写作首先考查学生的阅读理解能力,其次考查学生的写其次考查学生的写 作应用能力。其要求是将一篇作应用能力。其要求是将一篇350词左右的文章词左右的文章,通过提炼关通过提炼关 键点键点,用自己的语言浓缩成用自己的语言浓缩成60词左右的内容概要。概要写作词左右的内容概要。概要写作 分以下分以下4步步: Step 1:通读全文通读全文,把握文体把握文体:记叙文、说明文还是议论文记叙文、说明文还是议论文? Step 2:将文章分成几个部分将文章分成几个部分,并找出每部
2、分的中心并找出每部分的中心(要点要点):看看 看有没有中心句看有没有中心句,高频重复的关键词。高频重复的关键词。 Step 3:替换每段的中心句替换每段的中心句:不能照抄原句不能照抄原句,所以所以,我们可以用我们可以用 以下方法以下方法,改写已经找出的中心句。改写已经找出的中心句。 1.同义替换同义替换:将关键词汇替换成同义词、同义词组或者改换将关键词汇替换成同义词、同义词组或者改换 词性。词性。 2.主被动主被动:将原文的主动句变成被动句。将原文的主动句变成被动句。 3.从句与非谓语从句与非谓语:可以将两种语法互换。例如原句如果是定可以将两种语法互换。例如原句如果是定 语从句语从句,则改写的
3、时候换成非谓语作后置定语。则改写的时候换成非谓语作后置定语。 Step 4:加入句子与句子之间的关系词。加入句子与句子之间的关系词。 在概要写作中在概要写作中,一定要牢记以下几点一定要牢记以下几点: 1.不照抄原文不照抄原文; 2.不要加入文章提到的例子或者具体的数据不要加入文章提到的例子或者具体的数据; 3.不给予个人评价不给予个人评价; 4.词数在词数在4080之间之间; 5.用恰当的关联词用恰当的关联词; 6.不要分段。不要分段。 常用句式 1.定语从句定语从句 Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally, th
4、e rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern. 虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见,但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。 2.非谓语非谓语 But personal anger and stress are nothing compared to the real costs socially. 但是和真正的社会损失相比但是和真正的社会损失相比,个人的愤怒和焦虑根本不值一个人的愤怒和焦虑根本不值一 提。提。 3.名词性从句名词性从句 People who fight for animal r
5、ights claim that these animals suffer terrible stress. 为动物权利而斗争的人声称这些动物承受着可怕的压力。为动物权利而斗争的人声称这些动物承受着可怕的压力。 4.强调句强调句 It is all about that little extra thing you have done in your preparation that will set you apart from your competitors. 正是你在训练中多付出的那额外的一点点将使你从竞争者正是你在训练中多付出的那额外的一点点将使你从竞争者 中脱颖而出。中脱颖而出。
6、针对训练 阅读下面短文阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。词左右的内容概要。 Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years,but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.When the world was still populated by hunter- gatherers,small,tightly knit(联系联系) groups developed their own patterns
7、of speech independent of each other.Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago,when the world had just five to ten million people,they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them. Soon afterwards,many of those people started settling down to become farmers,and their languages too became mor
8、e settled and fewer in number.In recent centuries,trade, industrialisation,the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education,especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades,all have caused many languages to disappear,and dominant language
9、s such as English,Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over. At present,the world has about 6,800 languages.The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven.The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages,often spoken by many people,while hot,wet zones have lots,often sp
10、oken by small numbers.Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200,of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800.The median number(中位数中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000,which means that half the worlds languages are s
11、poken by fewer people than that. Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction(消亡消亡),with only a few elderly speakers left.Pick,at random,Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers),Chiapaneco in Mexico (150),Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjig
12、u in Australia (one,with a question mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival. 参考范文参考范文 It is believed that during hunter-gatherers time,there were about 12,000 languages.With these people settling down to be farmers,languages became fewer and more fixed. Recently,many factors in so
13、cial change led to the disappearance of languages and major languages like English began to take control.Currently,there are approximately 6,800 languages unevenly distributed globally, some of which are dying out because of fewer speakers.It is unlikely that they will survive. 写作提示 必备词汇必备词汇: 表达上下文联
14、系的词表达上下文联系的词: 时间先后时间先后:later,soon,then,with time going by,currently, presently,eventually 因果或转折关系因果或转折关系:so,therefore,as a result,nevertheless, instead,however,suddenly (all of a sudden) 递进关系递进关系:whats more,whats worse,to make things worse 并列关系并列关系:besides,in addition,meanwhile,at the same time 总结总结
15、:to sum up,in a word,in conclusion 必备句型必备句型: It is believed that during hunter-gatherers time,there were about 12,000 languages. 人们相信人们相信,在狩猎采集者时期在狩猎采集者时期,大约有大约有12,000种语言。种语言。 With these people settling down to be farmers,languages became fewer and more fixed. 随着这些人定居下来成为农民随着这些人定居下来成为农民,语言变得越来越少语言变得越来越少,越来越越来越 固定。固定。 Currently,there are approximately 6,800 languages unevenly distributed globally,some of which are dying out because of fewer speakers. 目前目前,全球大约有全球大约有6,800种语言不均匀地分布在各地种语言不均匀地分布在各地,其中一其中一 些语言正在消失些语言正在消失,因为使用它们的人越来越少。因为使用它们的人越来越少。
