1、高一英语组高一英语组 2021年年3月月9日日 动词不定式的基本结构动词不定式的基本结构 主动形式主动形式 被动形式被动形式 一般式一般式 to do to be done 完成式完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式进行式 to be doing 无无 完成进行式完成进行式 to have been doing 无无 一、不定式的语法意义：一、不定式的语法意义： 1. 不定式一般式：表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同 时发生，或者发生在它的后面； I heard her sing. (唱和听见同时发生) I expect to come back next
2、 Sunday.(“回来”发生在“预 计”之后) 2. 不定式完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动 作之前； Zhang Sanfeng, a 13th-century Taoist,was said to have invented tai chi. 3. 不定式进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发 生； She seems to be waiting for somebody. When he came to see me, I happened to be taking a bath. 4. 不定式完成进行式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动 作之前，并延续到那个时候，可能仍
3、在进行； She is said to have been waiting a novel this year. She seemed to have been working on a difficult maths problem. 5. 主动语态：一般表示主动的意义，但有时也可以表示被动 意义； They began to learn Japanese last winter. Some stars are too far to see.(= to be seen) 6. 被动语态：表示被动的意义； The composition contest is to be held next m
4、onth. She is anxious to be invited to the ball. 二、不定式的句法功能：二、不定式的句法功能： 1. 作主语：一般表示具体的某次动作。 1)不定式作主语时，谓语用单数： To do such things is foolish. 2)主系表结构： To see is to believe. 3)当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，将不定式放 到谓语的后面。常用于下列结构中： (1)It is/was +adj.+(of sb.) to do（如 good/ kind/ nice/ clever/ foolish/ selfish） (2)I
5、t is +adj.+(for sb.)+to do（如easy / difficult / hard / / unwise / possible/ necessary） (3)It is +a/an +名词+ to do.（如a pity/ a shame / a pleasure /ones duty / an honor ） (4)It takes (sb.) some time / courage / patience to do (5)It requires courage / patience / hard work to do 2. 作作表语：常表语：常表示将来表示将来的动作或状
6、态。的动作或状态。 Her wish is Her wish is to becometo become a lawyer.a lawyer. 3. 作宾语：ask, agree, care, choose, demand, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等只能用 动词不定式作宾语。 注意注意:1.某些及物动词可用某些及物动词可用-ing也可用动词不定式也可用动词不定式作宾语作宾语 但意义不同但意义不同stop/
7、 go on/ remember/ forget/ regret/ try/ mean. 2.某些及物动词某些及物动词think, believe, consider, feel, find, make等后常用等后常用it作形式宾语作形式宾语。 4作定语：当不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，要用主动 表被动。 Xiao Li is a very nice person to work with. The pen is very nice to write.(用主动表被动) 5. 作状语：表示目的、结果、原因和情况，不定式的逻辑主 语通常是全句的主语； We also work hand in h
8、and with other branches of government to ensure that development He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left. (出乎 意料） 5. 作状语：表示目的、结果、原因和情况，不定式的逻 辑主语通常是全句的主语； We also work hand in hand with other branches of government to ensure that development He hurried to the station, only to find
9、the train had left. (出乎意料） 6. 作宾语补足语：宾语是不定式的逻辑主语，不定式 在表示知觉的动词和使役动词后，不用to ，在动词 help后to可用可不用。如果谓语动词为感官动词或使 役动词，则作宾补的不定式不可带to，这些动词有see, hear, feel, watch, notice; have, make, let等。但如果 句子是被动语态，则to不可省略。 He asked me to help him. She usually helped her mother (to) wash clothes on Sundays. 7. 同位语: Is this y
10、our purpose, to avoid being punished? 8. 独立成分: To tell you the truth, I dont like you. 类似的有：to be frank坦率地说，to cut a long story short 长话短说，等等。 三、不定式的三、不定式的其他用法其他用法 1. “疑问词+不定式”结构，不定式可以和who, whom, whose, what, which, when, how, where, whether等连 用，构成动词不定式短语，在句子中起名词作用，可 作主语，宾语，表语等成分。 Where to go has no
11、t been decided.(主语) Im at a loss what to do next.（宾语） 2.“形容词+不定式”结构，部分形容词可后接不定式， 与句子主语在逻辑上构成主谓关系，这类形容词多是 表示思想感情的，如，eager, sure, glad, lucky等。 I am glad to hear the news. She is sorry to have missed the show. 3. 不定式的省略： 1）表示感觉的动词（see, watch, listen to, look at等 ） 后作宾语补足语时，to可省略； 2）使役动词make, let, have
12、后； 3）help后可省，可保留，被动语态要保留to; 4）两个不定式并列时，保留第一个，其余省略； 5）had better, would rather than, cannot but, do nothing but等后可省略to. 当堂导练一：当堂导练一： 用括号中动词不定式的适当形式填空。 1. Its an honour for me _(ask) to deliver a speech at the meeting. 2. We found them _ (work) hard all the time. 3. I dont like myself _(praise) like t
13、hat. 4. She was glad _(give) a chance to visit this beautiful city. 5. I am sorry _(keep) you waiting so long. 6. This poem is said _(translate) into English already. 7. After graduation he asked _ (send) to work in the countryside. to be asked to be working to be praised to have been given to have
14、kept to have been translated to be sent 8. The computer is difficult _(control). 9. She has a slight headache now. She seems _ (catch)a cold. 10. I am going to have the orphan_(live) with me soon. 11. They did nothing but _(play)bridge the whole day. 12. We failed _(get) him_(come) to the party. 13.
15、 What Id like _(do) first is _(read)todays newspaper. 14. Who is _(blame)? 15. The dog ought_ (feed) hours ago. to control to have caught live play to get to come to do (to) read to blame to have been fed 16. What he wants is _ (not interrupt)while he is speaking. 17. The books are not allowed _ (take)out of the room. 18. He preferred to die rather than _(give) in. not to be interrupted to be taken give
