1、Unit 2 Natural disasters Grammar and usage To-infinitives as attributives and adverbials of result Grammar and usage 1. Alice Brown, head teacher at Falmont Primary School, was teaching when the floor began to shake. 2. The moment the shaking stopped, Miss Brown sensed it was the best time for the c
2、lass to make their escape. 3. She signalled to her students to exit the classroom in an orderly line covering their heads with their hands. 4. We practise earthquake safety procedures twice a year, said Miss Brown, so the kids were calm enough to protect themselves during the earthquake. Lead-in Ann
3、a is interviewing her teacher, Mr Li, about his experiences during a hurricane. Find the sentences with to-infinitives as attributives. Exploring the rules To-infinitives as attributives I was staying in Atlanta, and that was one of the cities to be hit. The roads were blocked, so there was nothing
4、for me to do but stay inside. I had enough food and water to last a whole week! Rule 1 When the to-infinitive is used as an attributive, it is often put (before/after) the noun or pronoun it modifies. after To-infinitives as attributives What is the logical relationship? He is the best man to choose
5、. He is the best man to make the choice. subjectverb verbobject He is the best man that we can choose. Clint was the second person to survive in the earthquake. subjectverb A person needs just three things to be truly happy in the worldsomeone to love, something to do and something to hope for. Wise
6、 men speak because they have something to say; fools because they have to say something. verbobject The need to love and to be loved is universal. In order to grow, people need to have a willingness to take risks and to accept the possibility that they may fail at first. apposition What is the logic
7、al relationship? verbobject The logical relationship between the to-infinitive as an attributive and the noun or pronoun it modifies: 1. Subjectverb 2. Verbobject 3. Apposition Practice 1. No other local beaches survived the disaster without any loss of life besides Goldshore Beach. Goldshore Beach
8、is the only local beach to survive the disaster without any loss of life. subjectverb Rewrite the following sentences, using to-infinitive as attributives. 3. She expressed her wish. She wanted to go back after the flood struck her hometown. She expressed her wish to go back after the flood struck h
9、er hometown. apposition 2. Why dont you get a backpack? You can carry your disaster supplies in it. Why dont you get a backpack to carry your disaster supplies in? verbobject Anna is interviewing her teacher, Mr Li, about his experiences during a hurricane. Find the sentences with to-infinitives as
10、attributives. Exploring the rules To-infinitives as adverbials of result When the wind and rain stopped, I looked out of the window, only to see huge trees lying across the street and water everywhere! That morning, I turned on the TV for some local news, only to hear that a hurricane was on its way
11、. Rule 2 When the to-infinitive is used as an adverbial of result, it can refer to an _ (expected/unexpected） result. In this case, we often use only before the to-infinitive. To-infinitives as adverbials of result unexpected To-infinitives as adverbial of result 1. Its never too late to learn. too
12、. to . 2. I was fortunate enough to get the ticket. . enough to . 3. Jane sang so well as to come out first in the singing competition. so . as to . 4. He left home, never to return. never to . To-infinitives as adverbial of _ To protect yourself from a typhoon, follow the proper safety procedures.
13、During a typhoon, you should do your best to keep your head. Pay attention to news updates to confirm whether the danger is gone. purpose ? Practice 1 1. 我匆忙赶到家，结果发现所有的家具都被洪水冲走了。 I hurried home, _ _. 2. 她很漂亮，吸引了我们所有人。 She is so beautiful _. 3. 这箱子太沉了，我挪都挪不动。 The box is too heavy _. 4. 不要逃避问题，要想成功，你得
14、学会应对难题。 Dont avoid the problem. _, you have to tackle your difficulties. only to find all the furniture had been washed as to attract all of us for me to even move To succeed away by the flood Complete the following sentences. Practice 2 Rewrite the following sentences, using to-infinitive as adverb
15、ials. 1. We cannot stop natural disasters but we can arm ourselves with knowledge. In this way, we can make full preparations for disasters. We cannot stop natural disasters but we can arm ourselves with knowledge so as to make full preparations for disasters. 3. Follow the proper safety procedures
16、so that you can protect yourself from a typhoon. To protect yourself from a typhoon, follow the proper safety procedures. 2. The kids were very calm. They can protect themselves during the earthquake. The kids were calm enough to protect themselves during the earthquake. Task 1: Match the first half
17、 of the sentences below with the correct to-infinitives. Then try to understand the functions of the to- infinitives. 1. I went to the annual earthquake workshop 2. The authorities told the local people 3. They arrived at the airport 4. Before we returned home, the flood damage needed 5. This was th
18、e last city a to be cleared of people before the volcano erupted. b to be repaired. c to stay inside when the typhoon arrived. d only to find the flight had been cancelled due to the snowstorm. e to learn some safety tips. adverbial of purpose object complement adverbial of result object attributive
19、 Applying the rules Task 2: Below is Annas to-do list from yesterday afternoon. Complete the diary entry below using to-infinitives. Applying the rules to find books about hurricanes to find he was not in his office to attend to make PPT slides for my project Task 3: Jim is talking to his friend Jul
20、ie about his experience after the earthquake. In pairs, complete the conversation below using to- infinitives. Applying the rules was actually the first to leave to keep us warm wanted to return home as soon as possible to find it completely destroyed advised us to take an active part in the rebuild
21、ing Task 4: Rewrite the passage, using to-infinitives. Applying the rules Though the causes of floods are unavoidable, preparations before, during and after a flood can make a difference. Before a flood occurs, we must do something that can reduce the risk to people and their valuables. Firstly, you
22、 should prepare disaster supplies like a light source, sleeping bags, and at least three days of food and drinking water. Secondly, you should bring the most important objects to the upper levels of your house. In this way, they will not be washed away by the flood. During a flood, its important tha
23、t you should leave where you are immediately and move to higher ground. Dont walk or drive through the moving floodwater, since as little as 15 centimetres of moving water can knock an adult down and 60 centimetres can wash most cars away. After a flood, listen for official news report and find out
24、when its safe to return to your home. As you return home, watch out for possible dangers. Keep away from the floodwater. It may be polluted, so dont touch it. Before a flood occurs, we must do something that can reduce the risk to people and their valuables. Before a flood occurs, we must do somethi
25、ng to reduce the risk to people and their valuables. Firstly, you should prepare disaster supplies like a light source, sleeping bags, and at least three days of food and drinking water. Firstly, you should prepare disaster supplies like a light source, sleeping bags, and food and drinking water to
26、last at least three days. Secondly, you should bring the most important objects to the upper levels of your house. In this way, they will not be washed away by the flood. Secondly, you should bring the most important objects to the upper levels of your house to avoid being washed away by the flood.
27、During a flood, its important that you should leave where you are immediately and move to higher ground. During a flood, its important to leave where you are immediately and move to higher ground. Dont walk or drive through the moving floodwater, since as little as 15 centimetres of moving water can
28、 knock an adult down and 60 centimetres can wash most cars away. Dont walk or drive through the moving floodwater, since as little as 15 centimetres of moving water is enough to knock an adult down and 60 centimetres can wash most cars away. As you return home, watch out for possible dangers. Keep a
29、way from the floodwater. It may be polluted and unsafe, so dont touch it. As you return home, watch out for possible dangers. Keep away from the floodwater because it may be polluted and unsafe to touch. After a flood, listen for official news report and find out when its safe to return to your home
30、. After a flood, listen for official news report to find out when its safe to return to your home. Though the causes of floods are unavoidable, preparations before, during and after a flood can make a difference. Before a flood occurs, we must do something to reduce the risk to people and their valu
31、ables. Firstly, you should prepare disaster supplies like a light source, sleeping bags, and food and drinking water to last at least three days. Secondly, you should bring the most important objects to the upper levels of your house to avoid being washed away by the flood. During a flood, its impor
32、tant to leave where you are immediately and move to higher ground. Dont walk or drive through the moving floodwater, since as little as 15 centimetres of moving water is enough to knock an adult down and 60 centimetres can wash most cars away. After a flood, listen for official news report to find out when its safe to return to your home. As you return home, watch out for possible dangers. Keep away from the floodwater because it may be polluted and unsafe to touch. Sample _ _ Finish the exercise C on page 64 of the textbook.
