1、Summary Writing3 Yellow school bus Revision:概要写作解题步骤： Tips1:篇章阅读确定文体和篇章结构 Tips2:要点提取提取主要点和次要点 Tips3:语言改写词语替换和句子重组 Tips4:逻辑衔接篇章结构和逻辑衔接 Tips5:检查修改符合要求和语言得体 主要点：关注主题句、信号词句和过渡句；主要点：关注主题句、信号词句和过渡句； 次要点：关注连接词，并列结构次要点：关注连接词，并列结构 1.同义替换法：近义词、反义词、词性转换等同义替换法：近义词、反义词、词性转换等 2.句式转换法：改变主语、运用非谓语动词、句式转换法：改变主语、运用非谓语
2、动词、with结构结构 3.压缩长句法：笼统代替具体，运用并列结构等。压缩长句法：笼统代替具体，运用并列结构等。 The familiar yellow school bus is the largest system of mass transportation in the US and every school day transports roughly 25 million young people to school and home again after the school day ends. Meanwhile, it is the safest method for ge
3、tting kids to and from school, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Children are 70 times more likely to arrive at school safely on the school bus than if they had traveled to school driving themselves or riding with friends. These school buses meet more of the na
4、tions motor vehicle safety standards than any other vehicles on the road. Also, several new technologies available today are making school buses even safer, such as video cameras on the inside and outside, stop arm cameras, GPS tracking and collision lessening systems. Another safety tool on school
5、buses is high seat backs, closely-spaced seats and energy-absorbing seats. But even the safeness of school buses would not completely sum up why children are safer when riding the big, yellow bus. The bus is only as safe as the professional men and women who drive them. All drivers must obtain a Cla
6、ss B or C Commercial Drivers License (CDL). They are randomly tested for alcohol and drugs, usually have their driving record checked, and are given the same review of criminal history as teachers and other employees who have contact with students. In order to serve as a school bus driver, most appl
7、icants are required to successfully complete a training course, along with instruction in the classroom and behind the wheel.School buses are safe for the environment, not only because each bus replaces 36 passenger cars that would, but for the buses, be on the road taking and picking up school chil
8、dren. Additionally school buses use alternative green fuels like natural gas and electric power. Todd Monteferrario, President of the National School Transportation Association, said parents should remember that the safest and smartest choice is to put their children on the big yellow bus when they
9、can. topic:school bus is the safest ArgumentArgument general-specific supporting detail 1 supporting detail 2 conclusion supporting detail 3 Get the main points: para.1 The familiar yellow school bus is the largest system of mass transportation(公共交通运输) in the US and every school day transports rough
10、ly 25 million young people to school and home again after the school day ends. Meanwhile, it is the safest method for getting kids to and from school, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Children are 70 times more likely to arrive at school safely on the school b
11、us than if they had traveled to school driving themselves or riding with friends. Q1:Find out the topic sentence. Q2:Whats the function of the first sentence? Q2:How about the last sentence? detailed explanation Lead in the topic Key words? Rewrite the point in our own words: Para.1 the largest syst
12、em + Meanwhile, it is the safest method for getting kids to and from school. As the widely-uesd system, the school bus is the safest choice to go to school in the US. The school bus is the safest and wisest choice to go to school in the US. 语言改写词语替换和句子重组 These school buses meet（满足） more of the natio
13、ns motor vehicle safety standards（机动车辆安全标准） than any other vehicles on the road. Also, several new technologies available today are making school buses even safer, such as video cameras on the inside and outside, stop arm cameras, GPS tracking and collision lessening systems（减少碰撞系统）. Another safety
14、tool on school buses is high seat backs, closely- spaced seats and energy-absorbing seats. Get the main points: para.2 Q1:Find out the first reason. Q2:Whats the function of the rest sentences? detailed examples about safety technologies or safety tools. Rewrite the point in our own words: Para.2 Th
15、ese school buses meet more of the nations motor vehicle safety standards. + Also, several new technologies available today are making school buses even safer. Well equipped with safety technologies, the school buses meet motor vehicle safety standards. School buses not only meet high vehicle safety
16、standards but also are technologically equipped. But even the safeness of school buses would not completely sum up（总结） why children are safer when riding the big, yellow bus. The bus is only as safe as the professional men and women who drive them. All drivers must obtain a Class B or C Commercial D
17、rivers License (CDL商业驾照). They are randomly（随机地） tested for alcohol（酒精） and drugs, usually have their driving record checked, and are given the same review of criminal（犯罪 的） history as teachers and other employees who have contact with students. Get the main points: para.3 Q1:Find out the second rea
18、son. Rewrite the point in our own words: Para.3 All drivers must obtain a Class B or C Commercial Drivers License (CDL商业驾照). + They are randomly （随机地） tested for alcohol（酒精） and drugs, usually have their driving record checked, and are given the same review of criminal（犯罪的） history as teachers and o
19、ther employees who have contact with students. The bus drivers have to pass strict qualification tests and successfully finish safety driving training. qualification tests safety driving training 笼统代替具体笼统代替具体 In order to serve as a school bus driver, most applicants are required to successfully comp
20、lete a training course, along with instruction（指示） in the classroom and behind the wheel.School buses are safe for the environment, not only because each bus replaces 36 passenger cars that would, but for the buses, be on the road taking and picking up school children. Additionally school buses use
21、alternative(选择的) green fuels（燃料） like natural gas and electric power. Get the main points: para.4 Q1:Find out the fourth reason. 主要点 次要点 Rewrite the point in our own words: Para.4 School buses are safe for the environment replaces passenger cars use green fuels School buses are environmentally safe
22、for it reduce private cars and use green fuels. School buses powered by green fuels are environmentally safe by reducing the number of private cars on the road. Todd Monteferrario, President of the National School Transportation Association, said parents should remember that the safest and smartest
23、choice is to put their children on the big yellow bus when they can. Get the main points: para.5 Q1:Find out the conslusion. Rewrite the point in our own words: Para.5 parents should remember that the safest and smartest choice is to put their children on the big yellow bus when they can. Children a
24、re encouraged to go to school on a school bus. Yoke the points to complete a summary: The school bus is the safest and wisest choice to go to school in the US. , school buses not only meet high vehicle safety standards but also are technologically equipped. , the bus drivers have to pass strict qual
25、ification tests and successfully finish safety driving training. , school buses powered by green fuels are environmentally safe by reducing the number of private cars on the road. children are encouraged to go to school on a school bus.(要点5) 逻辑衔接篇章结构和逻辑衔接 Firstly Secondly Thirdly Therefore 总分总结构 常见逻
26、辑关系词 条件if; unless; provided that; given that. 时间before; since; meanwhile; at the moment. 总结in concusion; in a word; in summary. 举例for example/instance; in particular; namely. 原因since; because(of); due to; thanks to; leads to. 并列not only.but also.;in addition; besides;also. 顺序to begin with; second; f
27、ollowing this; later. 结果as a result; therefore; in that case; eventually. 转折on the contrary; on the other hand; however. 确定obviously; certainly; plainly; of course. 档次描述 第五挡 （21-25） l理解准确，涵盖全部要点 l能准确适用相应语法结构和词汇 l有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑 l完全使用自己的语言 第四挡 （16-20） l理解准确，涵盖绝大部分要点 l所使用的语法结构和词汇可能有些许错误，但完全
28、不影响意义表达 l比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑 l有个别整句抄自原文 第三挡 （11-15） l理解较为准确，涵盖大部分要点 l所使用的语法结构和词汇虽有错误，但不影响意义表达 l应用简单的词句间连接成分，使上下文内容连贯 l出现两句以上整句抄自原文 第二挡（6- 10） l理解有误差，仅涵盖半数要点 l有些语法结构和词汇方面错误，影响了意义表达 l较少使用语句间的连接成分，全文内容缺少连贯性 l出现两句以上整句抄自原文 第一挡（1- 5） l没有理解原文，造成概要内容与原文主题不符 l有较多语法结构和词汇方面错误，严重影响了意义表达 Present your ow
29、n version and score it With smartphones becoming increasingly important in peoples lives, human beings are gradually losing three basic abilities (要点1). The abilities include remembering phone numbers, the sense of directions and the social skills.(要点2) A research on students confirms that lacking f
30、ace- to-face communication results in the loss of important social skills.(要点3) Luckily, people can regain these abilities with some effective solutions like keeping a certain distance from electronic devices.(要点4) Possible version: 检查修改符合要求和语言得体 Summary:概要写作解题步骤： Tips1:篇章阅读确定文体和篇章结构 Tips2:要点提取提取主要点和次要点 主要点：关注主题句、信号词句和过渡句；主要点：关注主题句、信号词句和过渡句； 次要点：关注连接词，并列结构次要点：关注连接词，并列结构 Tips3:语言改写词语替换和句子重组 1.同义替换法：近义词、反义词、词性转换等同义替换法：近义词、反义词、词性转换等 2.句式转换法：改变主语、运用非谓语动词、句式转换法：改变主语、运用非谓语动词、with结构结构 3.压缩长句法：笼统代替具体，运用并列结构等。压缩长句法：笼统代替具体，运用并列结构等。 Tips4:逻辑衔接篇章结构和逻辑衔接 Tips5:检查修改符合要求和语言得体 Homework: 概要写作练习卷
