1、Unit 4 NATURAL DISARSTERS destruction destuctive 4.affect vt 影响；（疾病）侵袭；使感染；深深打动 be affected by.被.侵袭；被.感动 effect n 影响 have an effect/influence on.对.有影响。 in effect: 实际上 take effect：开始实行、开始生效 bring/put sth into effect 使某物开始使用。 come into effect:开始实施。 eg:One of her lungs _ (affect) a little so that she h
2、as to rest. I think the _ (affect) patient needs to be isolated(隔离） 5.shelter n 避难处；居所；庇护 vt 保护；掩蔽 vi躲避（风雨和危险） under the shelter of 在.的庇护下 provide shelter for.为.提供庇护。 give shelter to.给予.庇护的地方 eg:The church gave shelter_ people on winter nights. Though she was a common person,she_(shelter)by the USA
3、is affected affected to sheltered 6.ruin. n/vt 毁坏、破坏 in ruins: 严重受损；破败不堪 be reduced to ruins：沦为废墟 come/fall into ruin：严重受损；破败不堪；崩溃；垮掉 bring sth to ruin：使.失败；使.毁坏 ruin oneself :自取灭亡 ruin ones fame/health eg:The city laid in ruins after the earthquake 辨析：damage、destroy、ruin 1).damage: n/ v通常指部分性损坏，往往暗
4、示损坏后价值、效率、功能会 降低。 2).destroy:v通常指彻底毁掉或毁灭，往往暗示无法或很难修复。 3.ruin:指彻底毁坏，破坏的原因通常指自然现象、年龄 疏忽等。 eg:The car was only slightly _in the accident. My life was _ by the bad man. The house was completely_in the hurrican. damaged destroied ruined 7.shock.n 震惊、令人震惊的事 vt 使震惊 shocked adj:感到震惊的 shocking：令人震惊的 in shock
5、 ：震惊、吃惊 to ons shock= to ones surprise：令某人震惊的是. be shocked by/at.对.感到震惊 be shocked to do sth:震惊地做某事。 eg:I was shocked by the way(in which/that/省略) he treated his own mother（先行词the way 在定语从句中作状语） I dont like the way he speaks to me I want to know the way (that) he told you yesterday He has given you
6、the way that is best to solve the problem. He has never recovered from the shock of his fathers death. 8.trap vt 使落入险境，使落入圈套 n.险境；陷阱 be trapped in/under.被困于. set a trap:设置圈套，布下陷阱 trap sb into doing sth诱骗某人干某事 fall into trap:落入圈套 eg: They were trapped _ the burning hotel. The fox and the dog both fel
7、l into _trap set by the farmer. 9.bury vt 埋葬、安葬；使沉浸；使专心 bury.in.把.埋到.里 bury oneself in.=be buried in.埋头于，专心于. bury ones face/head in ones hands:双手掩面/抱头 表示专心于.的短语： be lost in devote oneself to=be devoted to concentrate on be absorbed in. focus on. eg:His head was buried _ the book he was reading. 10.
8、breathe vt vi 呼吸 breathe in:吸气；吸入 breath n 呼吸 breathe out呼气；呼出 in a in hold ones breath:屏住呼吸 out of breath：上气不接下气 take a breath：歇口气、歇会儿 lose ones breath：上气不接下气，气喘吁吁 11.effort n 努力，艰难的尝试；尽力 make an effort to do =make every effort to do sth=make efforts to do sth:尽一切努力做某事。 spare(备用、空闲的）no feeort to do
9、 sth不遗余力的做某事 in an effort to do sth:努力做某事、企图做某事 with effort :努力地 without effort：毫不费力地；容易地 eg:1)The prisoner made an effort _(escape),but he couldnt climb the prison wall. 2) They spared no effort to improve peoples life 3) She took a deep breath and sat up slowly with great effort. 4) All his effort
10、s were of no avail(若强调一次一次具体的努力，通常 可数，常与all、these连用） to escape 12.suffer. vt 遭受、蒙受 vi （因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等）受苦 suffer from.受.的折磨；患.病 suffering n 痛苦、苦恼、让人痛苦的事 sufferer: 患病的人、遭受痛苦的人 eg:Many people are still suffering from starvation. He suffered many defeats before success. 辨析：suffer和suffer from：suffer后常跟名词多指抽象
11、的损害和痛苦如： suffer pain/defeat/losses/hardship/damage suffer from常加具体的不幸和痛苦的名词，表示遭受战争、自然灾 害、疾病带来的痛苦，如：suffer from hunger/flood/fever/cold/disease等。 13.supply：n 供应量和补给（pl)补给品 vt:供应、补给 supply chain :供应链 supply and demand:供求关系 in short supply :供应不足 a supply of :一批、许多 supply sb with sth =supply sth to sb :
12、提供给某人某物 offer sb sth= offer sth to sb:提供给某人某物 provide sth for sb=provide sb with sth提供给某人某物 14、survive：vi 生存、存活 vt 生存、艰难度过 survivor：生还者、幸存者 survival： n 幸存、残存 survive on(=live on)靠.活下来；靠.生存 Human life is regarded as part of nature,and the only way for us_(survive) is to live in harmoney with nature.
13、The language points about text: 1. set up.设立；建立 set off:出发、动身、开始 set out:出发、动身 set about doing sth:开始做某事。 eg: Have great changes taken place in your village _yes, A nw school was set _in the village. We set about _(paint) the whole house but finished only the front part that day. to survive up paint
14、ing e to an end:结束、终止 at the end of.在.的尽头 by the end of.到.末尾为止（常和完成时态连用） in the end 注意：come to an end的主语是物，不用于被动语态，若表示“使.结束”， 用bring sth to an end The summer vocation came to an end at last He managed to bring the terrible situation to an end. 3.nothing but除.外，什么也没有；只有；仅仅 eg: I can do nothing but ob
15、ey it. He did nothing but sleep all day long. anything but:绝不，根本不 I was anything but happy about going(我一点也不愿意出去） 4.tens of thousands of数以万计的 hundreds of thousands of成千上万的. hundreds and hundreds of：成百上千的 hundreds of:数以百计 thousands of：数以千计 millions of:数以百万计 eg:Thousands of people left the cuntryside
16、to work in the city. 5.dig out：掘出；发现 dig into：挖掘；深入钻研 dig up=find out:找到；查明真相 eg:I must remember to dig _ that book for you . 6.Chickens and even pigs were too nervous to eat,and dogs refused to go inside buildings 注意：这是有and 连接的两个并列句 Too.to.太.而不能 eg:The toys are too high for children to reach. Its t
17、oo hot a day to work 1)too.to 在下列情况下是肯定意义； out 与某些表示心情的或描述性的形容词放在一起连用时，too相当于very， 意为“非常”此类常见的形容词有：happy、glad、easy、willing、 nervous、good、kind、surprise等，该用法中，too前面常加only、 but、all、simple或just来加强语气。 eg:Tom is (only) too glad to help you. They are (all) too willing to take the opinions of others. 2) too
18、 前面有not、never、cant等否定词修饰时构成双重否定，表示 肯定意义，意为“并非太.不会太.”再.也不过分 English is not too difficule to learn Its never too late to learn You cant be too careful to do your homework 7.It seems as if the world were coming to an end. as if 引导的从句在句子中作表语，as if “仿佛，好像“ It seemed as if .看起来好像 as if = as though even if
19、 = even though 若as if/as though引导的从句可能是真实的事情和情况时，用陈述语气； 若与事实相反就用虚拟语气。表示与现在事实相反，从句的谓语动词用过去 时，动词用were；表示与过去事实相反，从句的谓语动词用过去完成时；表 示与将来事实相反，谓语动词用would/could/might+动词原形。 1)as if/though 引导表语从句： eg:The clouds are gatherig, it looks as if it is going to rain. 2）as if /though引导方式状语从句 He talks as if he were th
20、e owner of the world. He talks as if he had been to the moon He talks and talks as if she would never stop 注意：as if 引导方式状语从句时可以用省略形式，后面接名词、形容词、副 词、介词短语，也可跟分词和不定式。 eg:He talks as if a teacher. The lady cried and laughed as if mad. Tom dropped his head and didnt dare say a word,as if not knowing the a
21、nswer. He talks as if drunk Tom opened his mouth as if to say nothing. 8.Thousands of children were left without parents. 注意：without parents是介词短语，在句中作主语补足语，表示主语的 状态。 leave 表示“使处于.状态”时，可构成“leave+宾语+宾补”结构，其中 的宾补可以由名词、形容词、副词、过去分词、现在分词、介词短语等充 当。 eg:You shouldnt have left all the windows open when you we
22、re sleeping. He ran away, leaving her mother in the rain alone Its impolite of you to leave the guest standing outside for half an hour. The guests left most of the dishes untouched,because they didt taste delicious. 9.The number og people who were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than
23、400,000. 1)这是一个主从复合句，句中 who were killed or badly injured in the quake是who引导的定语从句，先行词是people，who是关系代词，代替 先行词并在句中作主语。 2）the number of 意为“.的数目”后接可数名词的复数形式，作主语时， 谓语动词用单数。 Today the number of people learning English in China is increasing rapidly。 a number of 等同于many意为：“许多的”修饰可数名词复数形式，当其 所修饰的名词作主语时，谓语动词用
24、复数形式。 Quite a number of young people believe that money is a passport of hapiness. The rest of language points in this unit: 1.calm:adj镇静的；沉着的；平静的 calmly：adv 平静地 calm down:使.平静下来，使.镇定下来 keep / stay /be calm:保持镇定、安静 calm“平静的、沉着的”，指无风浪或人的心情不 激动 silent“寂静的；沉默的；不出声的”指没有声音或 者不讲话 quiet“宁静的；安静的”指无声、不吵闹或心里无
25、 烦恼 still“静止的；不动的”指没有动作或运动的状态 eg: We tried to calm him_, but he kept shouting I can quite understand that,he said_(calm) Please keep _while others are studying He couldnt speak English and was completely_during the visit He remained _throughout the earthquake Standing _ for hours would be very diffi
26、cult. 2.aid n 援助、帮助；救援物质 V ： 帮助、援助 give sb first aid :给某人进行急救 come/go to ones aid:帮助某人 with the aid of.在.的帮助下 aid sb (in) doing sth:在某方面帮助某人 aid sb with sth :用某物帮助某人 aid sb to do sth:帮助某人做某事 eg:_the aid of our English teacher,we have made great progress this term A dictionary can aid you _(learn) En
27、glish well They aided the poor _ food and clothes. down calmly quiet silent calm still with to learn with 3.crash.v 碰撞、撞击、坠毁 n.撞车、碰撞 A truck went out of control and crashed into the back of the bus. Six people were killed yesterday in the car crash. 4.sweep v ( swept/swept) 打扫、清扫 sweep away：消灭、彻底消除
28、sweep over： 涌上心头、扫视 sweep up :清扫 1）We would like to be able to sweep _those harmful rumors(谣言） 2）Lets pile up the fallen leaves and sweep _ the floor 3) His eyes Swept _ the fields and saw a dam in the distance. 5.wave: n 海浪、波浪。 V 挥手、招手 give sb a wave:向某人挥手 wave sb goodbye=wave goodbye to sb a wave
29、of :一阵. wave to/at 向.招手 wave (to) sb to do sth:挥手 示意某人做某事 away up over 6.strike. V (struck, struck/stricken)侵袭；突击； 击打；罢工 n.罢工、罢 课、袭击 striker：罢工者、前锋、射手 It stikes/stuck sb that.某人突然想到. be stuck by.被.打动/迷住了 strike.into ones heart 使.刻骨铭心 strike sb + in/on + the + 身体 部位：打某人的某处 be on strike:在罢工 go on stri
30、ke:举行罢工 eg: It struck me_everone unusually silent. 7.deliver.v 递送、传达、接生、发表、生产。delivery：n 传递、交给、分 娩、演讲。 deliver sth to sb:传送某物给某人 deliver a speech:发表演说 deliver a baby:接生婴儿 deliver sb/sth over to sb:把某物移交给某人 He delivered my message to his brother.(不用deliver sb sth) that 8.effect n (effctive有效的)和affect
31、 V(affection,爱慕）的区别： affect= have an effect on:对.有影响 affect vt 影响、感染 effect:n 结果、效果 How will these changes affect us? These pills didnt have any effect on me. have an/no effect on. put.into effect：使.生效 come into effect：开始生效 in effect ：实际上 side effect ：副作用 9.on hand:现有；临近；在手边 by hand:靠人工 手工 hand in h
32、and:手拉手；连在一起地 on the one hand.on the other hand:一方面.另一方面 give sb a hand ：帮某人一个忙 9.carry out :执行、实施；实现；完成 carry off :夺走 carry on : 继续 carry through:把.进行到底 She needed a clear head to carry out her instructions 10.The most powerful earthquake in the past 40 years caused a tsunami that crashed into coas
33、tlines across Asia yesterday,killing more than 6500 people in Indonedsia,India,Thailand,Malaysia,and at least four other countries. 句子结构分析：这是一个主从复合句，主句是The most powerful earthquake in the past 40 years caused a tsunami;that crashed into coastlines across Asia yesterday是定语从句修饰前面的先行词 a tsunami,关系代词tha
34、t在定语从句中作主语，killing more than.four other countries是现在分词短语在句中作结果状语。 常位于句末，可以变成一个含有并列谓语的简单句 eg:His father died,leaving him a lot of money 注意：现在分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语必须保持一致 eg:Hearing the news,he turned red. Hearing the news,his face turned red(逻辑主语错误） 不定式作结果状语时表示出乎意料的结果，其前可加 only表示强调。 We hurried to the station,
35、only to find that the train had left. 11.Fisherman,tourists,hotels,homes,and cars were swept away by huge waves caused by the strong earthquake that reached a magnitude of 9.0 句式分析：这是一个主从复合句。主句是Fisherman.were swept away by huge waves;caused by the strong earthquake是过去分词做后置定 语，相当于定语从句：which/that were
36、 caused by the strong earthquake.that reached a magnitude of 9.0修饰先行词earthquake， 关系代词that在定语从句中作主语。 2)过去分词（短语）作定语的用法： 1.可表示被动和完成 2.单个的过去分词作定语时多前置，过去分词短语作定语多后置 3.过去分词短语作后置定语时可以转化为定语从句 eg:A balanced diet provides nutrition for your body. Have you read the novels written by Dickens You cant accept an o
37、pinion offered to you unless it is based on facts. 定语从句专项语法（The attributive clause) 1.定义：定语从句是在句子中担任定语的功能，修饰主句中某一名词和代词 的句子。被定语从句所修饰的名词、代词称为先行词；引导定语从句的词称 为关系词。关系词连接先行词与定语从句，并代替先行词在从句中作一定的 句子成分，有关系代词和关系副词两种。 2.构成：先行词+关系词+定语从句 关系词的作用：连接主句和从句、指代先行词、在从句中充当句子成分。 3.定语从句的分类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 4.关系词：关系代词：that、
38、which、who、whom、whose、as 关系副词：when、where、why 关系代词的具体用法： 关系代词先行词在从句中所作的成 分 that人、物主语、宾语、表语 which物主语、宾语 who人主语、宾语 whom人宾语 whose人、物定语 as人、物主语、宾语、表语 1).that即可指人也可指物，在定语从句中可作主语、宾语和表语，作宾语时 可以省略 eg:The number of people that come to visit this city each year raechs one million. 2).which 指物，在定语从句中可作主语和宾语，作宾语时
39、可以省略 eg:The river which runs through the centre of the city has been polluted seriously. 3).who指人，在定语从句中可作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略 eg:Danny was the man who we rescued from the ruins 4).whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略，也可用who替代 Rose is the person who/whom you should care about 5).whoes即可指人也可指物，表所属关系，在定语从句中作定语 I know the
40、person whose house was completely destroyed in the earthquake. you are the only one whose advice he might listen to 5.that和which在定语从句中使用的区别：我们常用that而不用which来引 导定语从句的情况 1）.当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词或最高 级时。 The first thing you should do is call the police right away. This is the most delicious food t
41、hat I have ever had. 2).当先行词是all、any、little、few、much、everything、anything、 nothing、none等不定代词或被这些词修饰时 All that can be done has been done Please send us any information that you have about the subject. 3).当先行词被the only、the very、the last、the same等修饰时。 The only thing that she could do was to go to the po
42、lice for help This is the very book that I want to buy. 4）.当先行词即包括人又包括物时。 Someties we should ignore the persons and things that upset us. 5).当主语是以who或者which开头的特殊疑问句时。 Which of the books that you bought is the most useful for my writing? 常用which而不用that引导定语从句的情况： 1）.引导非限制性定语从句时。 Football,which is an i
43、nteresting game,is very popular all over the world. 2).当关系代词前有介词时。 This is the house in which Mo Yan once lived. 3).当先行词本身就是that时 That which you told him is what we want to know. 4).在限制性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系代词是 that，那么另一句的关系代词要用which Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which
44、 was newly open. 常用who而不用that引导定语从句的情况： 1）.当先行词是指人的不定代词时，如：one，ones，anyone,no one,nobody,anybody,none等 Is there anyone in your class who is good at singing? 2）.在There be结构中，先行词指人时。 There is a young lady who is in a state of shock. 3）.当先行词是people、those时。 People who want to abroad should apply for a p
45、assport first. The students you should learn from are those who graduated from famous unversities. 4）.一个句子中带有两个定语从句且先行词都为人时，其中一个定语从句 的关系代词是that，另一个要用who The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard. 定语从句中的主谓一致问题： 1）.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词的单复数形式根 据先行词的形式确定。 The old town
46、 has narrow steets and small houses that are built close to each other. The boy who is sitting under the tree is my brother. 2).one of +复数名词+英语从句（谓语动词用复数） The only one of +复数名词+定语从句（谓语动词用单数） He is one of the studens who have a good command of French. He is the only one of the students who has a good
47、 command of French. 关系代词 as引导的定语从句。 1）.as即可指人也可指物，在定语从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。它常用 在 the same.as,such.as.等结构中，as不能省略。 Ill buy the same dictionary as you have. Such reasons as we give can persuade him to give up his foolish plan. This is the same bike that I lost two months ago.(同一辆自行车） This is the same bike as
48、I lost two months ago.(同样的自行车，但不是 一辆） 2）.as引导的非限制性定语从句，代替整个句子的内容，从句可以放在句首、 句末或者句中 As we all know,he is a good student. My grandfather is fond of talking about the good old days,as is often the thing with old people. 关系副词的用法： 关系副词在定语从句中作状语，常用的关系副词有where、when、why 1.where代替表示地点的先行词，在定语从句中作地点状语，此时常用in w
49、hich ，on which，at which,to which等取代。 Nowadays people are more concerned about the enviroment where they live. Potato can be grown in places where /in which it is too cold to grow rice. 2).when代替表示时间的先行词，在定语从句中作时间状语，此时常用on which、in which、at which、during which替代。 I shall never forget the days when/in which we worked on the farm. 3).why 一般跟在先行词reason后，在定语从句中作原因状语，可以用for which代替，引导非限制性定语从句时可以用for which，但是不能用 why . Can you tell me the reason why/for which the car broke down. I have come around to explain the reason why/for which I was absent from the meeting.
