1、 Word formation Using language butterfly When you open a dictionary , you often come across a lot of unfamiliar words. You might think this is a bit scary. But many of them are formed using other simpler words. This is called word formation. Words formed by combining other words are called compounds
2、, for example, _ ( a friend that you contact by writing, traditionally using a pen) and _(known by many people). penfriend well- known forget-me -not ladybird touch-me-not dragonfly firefly It is impossible to know the meaning of every word, but knowing about word formation can help us guess their m
3、eanings. 1 Compounding 合成法合成法 2 Derivation 派生法派生法 3 Conversion 转化法转化法 4Abbreviation 缩略法缩略法 Star+fish=starfish 1 1合成词汇展厅合成词汇展厅 合成名词： seafood n.+n. greenhouse a.+n. handwriting n.+doing waitingroom doing+n. pain-Killer n.+v.(er/or) pickpocket v.+n. turn-off v.+adv. output adv.+v. afternoon prep/adv.+n
4、. 合成动词：合成动词： overcome adv.+v. whitewash a.+v. sleepwalk n.+v. 合成合成形形容词容词 snow-white n.+a. English-speaking n.+doing man-made n.+done high-class a.+n. light-blue a.+a. good-looking a.+dong warm-hearted a.+n.+ed second-hand num.+n. hard-working adv.+doing well-known adv.+done underground prep.+n. 合成副词
5、合成副词 however adv.+adv. anywhere pron.+adv. downstairs adv.+n. anyway pron.+n. 合成代词合成代词 something someone everything anybody nobody 2 2 Derivation派生法派生法 前缀前缀prefix 后缀后缀suffix 否否定前缀定前缀 其它前缀其它前缀 名名词词后后缀缀 形形容词容词后后缀缀 副副词后缀词后缀 动动词后缀词后缀 Prefixes and suffixes often have fixed meanings. If you add un- or in-
6、 to a word, the new word usually means the opposite. For example, if something isnt correct its _, and if someone isnt happy theyre _. Words with suffixes ment and ness are often nouns. For example, if somebody has improved a lot, they have made great _. incorrect unhappy improvement 前缀（前缀（A A）表表示否定
7、的前缀示否定的前缀 un- unfair unhappy non- nonsmoker non-stop in- invisible inactive indirect dis- disagree disappear im- impolite impossible(b,p,m) il- illegal ir- irreal irregular ab- abnormal (B)(B)表示错误或失当的前缀表示错误或失当的前缀 mis- misjudge misdirect (C) (C) 表示向背的前缀表示向背的前缀 pro- ( (亲亲 支持支持) ) pro-Chinese anti- ( (
8、阻止阻止) ) antiwar (D)表示程度表示程度, ,大小的前缀大小的前缀 super- superstar supermarket over- overhead overeat mini- minibus miniskirt under- underground semi- ( (半半, ,部分部分) ) semicircle (E)表示时间的前缀表示时间的前缀 pre- prewar preview post- postwar postgraduate fore- foretell forecast foresee (F)表示方位的前缀表示方位的前缀 sub- subway subm
9、arine inter- international interclass trans- ( (横过横过, ,通过通过, ,进入进入) ) transport transplant transatlantic 改变词性的前缀改变词性的前缀 en- enable em- embody( (表现表现, ,体现体现) ) be- befriend a- asleep(v.-a.) afire(n.-a.) 后缀后缀 (A)名词名词后后缀缀 1 1形成抽象形成抽象n.n. -age( (度度, ,量量) ) percentage -dom ( (状态状态) ) freedom wisdom -ful
10、( (所容的量所容的量) ) mouthful handful -hood( (表示状态或时段表示状态或时段) ) childhood -ing( (某种活动某种活动, ,材料材料) ) swimming, farming -ism( (某种道义某种道义, , 主义主义) ) socilism, captitalism -ship（某种状态或品质）（某种状态或品质）friendship -ee( (受受的人的人) )interviewee examinee -eer( (从事从事的人的人) )engineer -er,-or,-ar actor teacher beggar -ess wait
11、ress headmastress -t(s)ion decision admission -ist( (某种技能的人某种技能的人) ) communist artist -ing savings earings -ment development enjoyment -ness( (状态状态, ,品质品质) ) carelessness -an American Canadian -sh -ch British French -ese Chinese Japanese 2形成具体名词形成具体名词 3形成国家名词形成国家名词 (B)形容词后缀形容词后缀 1 n.-a. -ed kind hea
12、rted one-eyed -ful harmful beautiful -ish boyish Spanish -less hopeless lifeless -like dreamlike -ly daily friendly -y dirty rainy windy bloody cloudy -ous humorous glorious 2 v.-a. -able/-ble comfortable -ive active creative (c)副词后缀副词后缀 -ly happily badly -wards eastwards -wise otherwise lengthwise(
13、 (纵向地纵向地, ,纵长地纵长地) ) (D) 动词后缀动词后缀 -en darken shorten -fy/-ify beautify clarify -ize computerize( (计算机化计算机化) ) Some nouns and adjectives can be used as verbs, or the other way round. When we calm somebody down, they become _. And we can give someone a present by _ it. calm presenting 转化法转化法conversion
14、 Never trouble trouble until trouble troubles you! taste v. It tastes very good. n. It has a good taste. hand v. Please hand me the book. n. We always walk hand in hand. wrong a. There is something wrong with the car. n. He didnt know the difference between right and wrong. clean a. Please keep tidy
15、 and clean. v. You have to clean the blackboard after class And sometimes a word is made up of the first letters of several words: “World Trade Organization” can be referred to as _, and _ is short for “ as soon as possible.” WTO ASAP 缩略法缩略法 VIP Very Important Person SOS save our ship WWW world wide
16、 web NPC National Peoples Congress WTO World Trade Organisation UFO Unidentified flying object CET College English Test AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 给下列单词加上前缀给下列单词加上前缀 dis-, un-,in- or im- 构成意思相反的词构成意思相反的词. . 1 agree 2 complete 3 healthy 4 important 5 able 6 cover 7 known 8 practical 9 t
17、idy 10 possible 11 perfect 12 visible 13 fit 14 normal 15 likely 16 familiar 按括号内的要求改写下列单词按括号内的要求改写下列单词: : rain_(a.) agree_(n.) nation_(a.) farm_(n.) recent_(adv.) friend_(a.) hope_(a.) back_(a.) visit_(n.) home_(a.) eight_(O.N.) true_(n.) China_(a.) America_(a.) similar_(n.) shame_(a.) confuse_(n.)
18、 curious_(n.) Global warming would be more severe than expected by 2100 unless governments take concrete moves to cut greenhouse gas emissions( (排放排放) ) ,French scientists warned on Tuesday. They recommended” Very significant mitigation ( (减少减少 排放排放) )efforts” to immediately cut greenhouse gas emiss
19、ions to reach carbon neutrality ( (平衡平衡) )over the globe by 2060. American and British English Look at the pictures and get to know the American English words and their British equivalents. second floor / first floor bus / coach grain / corn fall/ autumn rock / stone candy/ sweets flashlight / torch
20、 corn/ maize 1 theatre 2 theater 3 gas 4 highway 5 petrol 6 motorway 7 elevator 8 lift 9 subway 10underground 11 apartment 12 flat Its not as confusing as it seems:usually people from the two countries can understand each other from the context. But that doesnt stop them having a friendly argument a
21、bout which word is the “right ”one! Unfamiliar English expressions Each year, many addition are made to English dictionaries. Recent additions include “ selfie”( a phtograph that you take of yourself, usually with a mobile photo) and “netizen”( a citizen who uses the Internet). Some messaging abbrev
22、iations have also been added, for example, BRB( be right back) , COZ( because) and G2G(got to go). aConversation 3 bConversation 1 cConversation 2 a b c Listen to three conversations and match them to the pictures. Listen again and complete the table. 1 Chinese food 2 the Guangdong dialect 3 cellfish 4 cellphone 5 selfish 6 LOL 7 “laugh out loud” Work in pairs. Find new words and their meanings on the Internet, and have a similar conversation. Thank you!
