1、Unit 4 Scientists who changed the world Reading () How to explain terms using appositives Examples from the news report Tu Youyou has become the first female scientist of the Peoples Republic of China to receive a Nobel Prize, awarded for her contribution to the fight against malaria, one of the dea
2、dliest diseases in human history. In November 1972, through trial and error, they successfully discovered qinghaosuthe most effective part of the qinghao extract. Definition of appositives An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames, further identifies or explains another noun. It allows wri
3、ters and speakers to move from the general to the specific or vice versa. The position of appositives The marvel of the machine age, the electronic computer has been in use only since 1946. 电子计算机这一机器时代的奇迹只是从1946年才开始 投入使用的。 The simplest atom, the hydrogen atom, contains one proton and one electron. 最
4、简单的原子，即氢原子，含有一个质子和电子。 An appositive can appear either before or after the noun it defines. 1. An appositive can be introduced by some specific words or punctuation marks. viz. and that is namely for example in other words or rather a comma a dash a colon How to recognize appositives Our bodies are m
5、ade up of five parts, namely, the head, neck, trunk, arms and legs. 人体由五部分组成，即头、颈、躯干、上肢和下肢。 Mans first real invention, and one of the most important inventions in history, was the wheel. The distance equals two kilometres1.243 miles. 这个距离等于两公里，即1.243英里。 Different kinds of waves have each the same th
6、ree characteristics: amplitude, frequency and length. 不同的波各自都有三个相同的特性：振幅、频率和波长。 车轮是人类第一个真正的发明，同时也是人类历史上最重要 的发明之一。 2. An appositive can be simply a noun or a combination of nouns. Water, a compound, can be decomposed into the gaseous elements hydrogen and oxygen. Colour television breaks down the pic
7、tures into three coloursred, green and blue. 水是一种化合物，它能分解为气体元素氢和氧。 彩色电视把图像分解为三种颜色红、绿、蓝。 3. A complex appositive is often followed by an attributive or an attributive clause. The baby eels are carried by the Gulf Stream to Europe, a journey which takes two and a half years. 幼鳗被墨西哥湾水流带往欧洲，这一游程需要历时两 年半
8、。 A computer work out long, complicated and difficult problemsproblems otherwise impossible to solve. 计算机能够解决冗长而复杂的难题，而这些难题用其 他办法则无法解决。 To repeat the initial noun To use pronouns (one, ones, that, those, something ) To use a superordinate or a general word Different forms of appositives + modifier T
9、o write a complex appositive With either process, energy is releasedenergy in very very big amounts. 这是一种计算上的错误，这种错误肯定是非常少 见的。 Its an accounting error _ _ thats certainly very uncommon. anerror 石油（未精炼过的原油）是一种十分重要的原料。 Crude oil, _ that has not yet been refined, is an extremely important raw material.
10、 oil 1. To repeat the initial noun Recent research shows that even moderate temperature sources can operate turbines using a substance other than water one with a lower boiling point. 许多医师正在对慢性病进行研究，所谓慢性病是 指病程长或不能治愈的疾病。 Many doctors are working on chronic diseases, _ that last a long time or cannot
11、be cured.those 2. To use pronouns Some studies indicate that beta-carotene, a substance the body converts to vitamin A, may be the chief protective substance. 到了20世纪70年代末期，神经学家们转而认为梦仅仅是 人们头脑中的噪音是在睡眠中进行的神经修复过程 中随机产生的副产品。 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of dreams as just “mental noise”_ _
12、 _ of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. therandom by-products 3. To use a superordinate or a general word Tu Youyou has been awarded for her contribution to the fight against malaria, one of the deadliest diseases in human history. malaria, one of the deadliest diseases that causes f
13、ever and shivering caused by the bite of some types of mosquito. They successfully discovered qinghaosuthe most effective part of the qinghao extract. qinghaosuthe most effective part of the qinghao extract which helps cure malaria. Rewrite the explanation of the medical terms in the news report. Ex
14、ercise 1 Explain terms using complex appositives. The doctor asked me to have a good rest and take some aspirin, _. aspirin, a drug used to reduce pain, fever and inflammation. After surgery, the man was sent to ICU, _. ICU, the part of a hospital which provides intensive care. Exercise 2 One of the
15、 most famous Chinese medical treatments is Chinese acupuncture, _. acupuncture, a method of treating pain and illness using special thin needles which are pushed into the skin in particular parts of the body. An efficient way to add information and details without destroying the sentence structure. Summary
