1、Grammar and Usage I Modal verbs Unit 4 Exploring literature To solve the problem of “what shall I read ?” (1) (2)(3)(4) Look through the collections in library. Get ideas from different sources. Develop your own taste. Ask friends, parents, and teachers to recommend books. Read book reviews in newsp
2、apers, in magazines or online. Look for books on topics that interest you. Suggestion Ability Necessity Possibility What shall I read? you can get ideas from different sources You can also read book reviews in newspapers in magazines or online. Teachers in particular can provide suggestions for inte
3、resting reading materials that can be found in the library or bookshop easily. A book review can also tell you whether a book is worth reading or not. what books you ought to read. However, you must also decide for yourself what kind of books to read. You do not have to read a book just because ever
4、yone recommends it. You might have asked yourself this question more than once. These ideas should point you in the right direction. you may find yourself better able to seek out books to your taste Working out the rules Model verbs can express ability or necessity. They can also make suggestions or
5、 describe the probability of an event. The same modal verb can have different functions. Modal verbs can be followed by _. You can choose more than one answer for the blank. a do(the base form) d be done(the passive voice) b doing(the verb-ing form) e be doing(the continuous form) c did (the past fo
6、rm) f have done (the perfect form) a, d, e, f 情态动词的语法特征情态动词的语法特征 1. 情态动词情态动词 不能单独做谓语不能单独做谓语。 2. 情态动词情态动词没有人称，时态和数的变化没有人称，时态和数的变化，但有些，但有些 情态动词，如情态动词，如can, may, will, dare也有一般式和也有一般式和 过去式的变化。过去式的变化。 常见的常见的情态动词情态动词 Modal verbs （4组）组） can / could, may / might, shall / should, will / would （4对）对） have to
7、, had better, ought to, used to （3个）个） must, need, dare 考点一：情态动词的基本用法考点一：情态动词的基本用法 （一）（一）can/could 1. 表能够做某事（具备某种表能够做某事（具备某种）；）；could主要指过去能主要指过去能 够够； Two eyes can see more than one. Could the girl read before she went to school? 2. 表表；用于；用于疑问句中表请求疑问句中表请求（could表示的语气更加表示的语气更加 委婉）；用于委婉）；用于否定句中表不允许否定句中表
8、不允许。 Can I have a look at your new pen? You cant wear jeans at work. 3. 表表，多用于否定或疑问句中；若用于，多用于否定或疑问句中；若用于 肯定句中表常有的行为和情形肯定句中表常有的行为和情形，意为，意为“有时会有时会/可能可能”； That cant be Maryshes in New York. He can be stubborn sometimes. It can be cold here in winter. 4. 表表等情绪等情绪，意为意为“究竟能；难道会；到究竟能；难道会；到 底是底是”。 What can
9、they be doing? 他们究竟在干些什么？ Where can she have put it? 她到底把它放哪了？ （二）（二）must 1. must 用于用于肯定句肯定句中表说话人的中表说话人的； 或坚决要求某人做某事；或坚决要求某人做某事；否定否定mustnt 表禁止表禁止。 I must go to the bank and get some money. Cars mustnt park in front of the entrance. 2. 在以在以must 开头的疑问句中，肯定回答用开头的疑问句中，肯定回答用must; 否定回答用否定回答用neednt 或或dont
10、have to。 Must we hand in our exercise books now? Yes, you must. / No, you neednt. / No, you dont have to. 3. 表示可能性或肯定的表示可能性或肯定的。意为。意为“想必、准是、一定想必、准是、一定”等，等， 只用于肯定句。只用于肯定句。 He must be ill. He looks so pale. Shes wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money. 4. 表说话人表说话人的情绪，意为的情绪，意为“偏要；非得偏要；
11、非得”。 Must you interrupt now? Cant you see Im on the phone? Sorry, sir, but its urgent. 5. 用于短语用于短语 if you must (do sth) ，表虽然不赞同但可允许，表虽然不赞同但可允许， 意为意为“如果你一定要如果你一定要 的话的话”。 Can I smoke here? If you must. （三）（三）will/ would 1. 表表，用于各种人称的陈述句，用于各种人称的陈述句; I will do anything for you. They wont lend us any mor
12、e money. 2. 表表，用于疑问句，用于疑问句; Will you send this letter for me, please? Would you mind leaving me alone for a few minutes? 3. 表表 She will listen to music, alone in her room, for hours. He would spend hours on the telephone. 4. 主语为物时，多用于否定句中，意为主语为物时，多用于否定句中，意为“不起作用不起作用”。 The door wont open. （四）（四）may/
13、might 1. 表表，might可以指过去时间可以指过去时间或或现在时间，语气更委婉。现在时间，语气更委婉。 You may take whatever you like. May (Might) I ask for a photo of your baby? 2. 表表（事实上）（事实上）。might可以指过去时间可以指过去时间或或现在时间，但现在时间，但 语气更加不肯定。语气更加不肯定。 He may be at home, but Im not sure. She may/might not know about it. 3.may还可表还可表。 May you succeed! （五
14、）（五）shall 1. shall用于用于二、三人称的陈述句二、三人称的陈述句，表，表“命令、威胁、警告、命令、威胁、警告、 强制、允诺、决心强制、允诺、决心”等等。 You shall do as I say. (命令) You shall have my answer tomorrow. (允诺) Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan. (决心) 2. shall用于用于一、三人称的疑问句一、三人称的疑问句，表征询意见或请求允许，表征询意见或请求允许, 多与多与I或或we连用连用。 What shall we do this w
15、eekend? 3. shall 常用于主语是常用于主语是第三人称第三人称的条约、法律法规、规章制度的条约、法律法规、规章制度 等文件中表等文件中表“义务义务”或或“规定规定”。 One of our rules is that every student shall wear school uniform while at school. （六）（六）should 1. 表义务表义务, 意为意为“应该应该”（某件事宜做），用于各种人称（某件事宜做），用于各种人称； You should be polite to your teachers. You shouldnt waste any ti
16、me. 2. 表推测，意为表推测，意为“想必一定、照说应该、估计想必一定、照说应该、估计”等；等； The film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors. They should be home by now. 3（表示不确定）万一；（表示不确定）万一； If I should see him, Ill tell him. If it should rain tomorrow, the sports meeting would be postponed. 4. should 可以用来表示意外，常意为可以用来表示意外，
17、常意为“竟然；居然竟然；居然”。 I find it astonishing that he should be so rude to you. (七七) ought to 表义务，意为表义务，意为“应该应该”（因责任、义务等该做）（因责任、义务等该做），语气比，语气比 should稍重。稍重。 You are his father. You ought to take care of him. You oughtnt to smoke so much. （八）双性动词双性动词need, dare 1. need 可以作实义动词或情态动词。可以作实义动词或情态动词。 eg: We need t
18、o finish the job before dark. You neednt hurry as theres plenty time left. 2. dare可以作实义动词或情态动词。可以作实义动词或情态动词。 eg: He dared to travel abroad when he was young. How dare you let your little child go out alone? 考点二：表推测的情态动词考点二：表推测的情态动词 1. 对现在或客观事实的肯定推测对现在或客观事实的肯定推测 What are you doing this Saturday? Im n
19、ot sure, but I might/may go to the cinema. Good morning. Ive got an appointment with Miss Smith in the Personnel Department. Ah, good morning. You _ be Mrs. Peter. A. might B. must C. would D. can 2.对现在情况或客观事实的否定推测对现在情况或客观事实的否定推测 cant：不可能；推测的语气相当有把握 couldnt：不可能；语气较委婉 may(might) not:可能不；也许不，推测表不大有把握
20、It cant be the postman at the door. Its only five oclock. The younger people might not like the idea. 3. 对过去情况的推测对过去情况的推测 Since nobody gave him any help, he _ have done the research on his own. A. can B. must C. would D. need Why are your eyes so red? You _ have slept well last night. A. cant B. mus
21、tnt C. neednt D. wont 考点考点三三：情态动词情态动词+ have done 的其他用法的其他用法 1. may/might + have done 表示对不太把握的表示对不太把握的过去情况过去情况的可能性的可能性推测，表示推测，表示“可能可能/大概大概已经做了某事已经做了某事”。 Tom may have gone to Shanghai, but Im still not sure about it. 汤汤姆可能已经去了上海，但是我还不能肯定。姆可能已经去了上海，但是我还不能肯定。 育 Jack didnt come on time. He may/might have
22、 missed the bus.2 表示对过去发生的事情或表示对过去发生的事情或行为比较行为比较有把握的推测、肯定的推断，译为有把握的推测、肯定的推断，译为 “一定一定做了某事做了某事；准是；准是做了某事做了某事”等。否定意义用等。否定意义用cant/couldnt have done表示。表示。 The ground is rather wet, so it must have rained last night, didnt it? 地面地面很湿，所以昨晚很湿，所以昨晚一定下雨一定下雨了，对不对？了，对不对？ 因为没有人给他提供帮助，他一定是自己完成了研究。因为没有人给他提供帮助，他一定是
23、自己完成了研究。育育 2. must + have done 3. should/ought to + have done 表示表示过去本应该做过去本应该做却却没有做没有做的情况，表示说话人后悔、遗憾或责备的语气。的情况，表示说话人后悔、遗憾或责备的语气。 I really regret wasting the hours when I should have studied hard. 我我真的很后悔该努力学习的时候浪费了太多时间。真的很后悔该努力学习的时候浪费了太多时间。 你你本应该好好准备本应该好好准备的，而你却用了所有的时间玩电脑游戏。的，而你却用了所有的时间玩电脑游戏。 4. sho
24、uldnt/oughtnt to + have done 与前面的相反，与前面的相反，shouldnt /oughtnt to + have done表示表示本本不该做某事却不该做某事却 已经做了已经做了，也表示说话人后悔或责备的语气。，也表示说话人后悔或责备的语气。 You shouldnt have watched TV last night. 你们你们昨晚本不应该看电视的。昨晚本不应该看电视的。 我我不该看不该看那部电影的，它会让我晚上做噩梦的。那部电影的，它会让我晚上做噩梦的。 5. neednt + have done 表示表示过去做了不必要过去做了不必要的事，可译为的事，可译为“本
25、可不必本可不必”等等。 You neednt have visited my uncle, as he has been all right for long. 其实你其实你不必不必去探望我叔叔的，因为他已经痊愈了好长一段时间了。去探望我叔叔的，因为他已经痊愈了好长一段时间了。 在去新学校之前我在去新学校之前我本不必担心的本不必担心的，因为我的同学对我很友好。，因为我的同学对我很友好。 6. could + have done “本来可以本来可以/能够做却没做能够做却没做”，表示懊恼和惋惜。，表示懊恼和惋惜。 You could have done better，but you were to
26、o careless. 你你本来能够做本来能够做得更好，但你太粗心了。得更好，但你太粗心了。 他他本可以逃跑本可以逃跑的，但是他选择留下来战斗。的，但是他选择留下来战斗。 7. cant/couldnt + have done 是是must have done 的否定式，表示的否定式，表示“一定没有做过某事一定没有做过某事, 不可能做过某事不可能做过某事 ”。 Without your guidance, I couldnt have spent such a happy time. 没没有你的指导，我不可能度过如此愉快的时间。有你的指导，我不可能度过如此愉快的时间。 Mr Smith can
27、t have gone to Beijing, for I saw him in the library just now. 史密斯史密斯先生不可能去北京了先生不可能去北京了, 我刚才还在图书馆见过他。我刚才还在图书馆见过他。 为什么你的眼睛这么红？你昨晚为什么你的眼睛这么红？你昨晚一定没有一定没有睡好。睡好。 构成构成意义意义 may/might have done“可能可能已经做已经做了某事了某事” “一定做过某事一定做过某事” “本应该做某事本应该做某事，却，却没做没做” “本不应该做某事本不应该做某事，却做了却做了” “本不必做某事本不必做某事, , 却做了却做了” “过去本来能够做某事过去本来能够做某事，却却没做没做” “过去不可能做某事过去不可能做某事” must have done should/ought to have done shouldnt/oughtnt to have done neednt have done could have done cant/couldnt have done Finish exercises B1, B2 on P49 & C on P76 & the additional exercises.
