1、生物医学电子学全册配套生物医学电子学全册配套 完整精品课件完整精品课件1 医科大学医科大学 生物医学电子学生物医学电子学 主要内容主要内容 1.1.什么是生物医学电子学什么是生物医学电子学; ; 2.2.生物医学电子学的应用生物医学电子学的应用 3.3.生物医学电子学课程和与相生物医学电子学课程和与相 关课程的关系关课程的关系 4.4.课程内容，目标与要求课程内容，目标与要求 5.5.教材与参考书教材与参考书 1.什么是生物医学电子学什么是生物医学电子学 电子学电子学 是一门以应用为主要目的的科学和技术。它主要是一门以应用为主要目的的科学和技术。它主要 研究电子的特性和行为，以及电子器件的物理
2、研究电子的特性和行为，以及电子器件的物理学学 科科。电子学涉及很多的科学门类，包括，物理、。电子学涉及很多的科学门类，包括，物理、 化学、化学、数学数学、材料科学等。、材料科学等。 电子技术电子技术则是应用电子学的则是应用电子学的原理原理设计和制造电路设计和制造电路 、电子器件来解决实际问题的科学。、电子器件来解决实际问题的科学。 什么是生物医学电子学什么是生物医学电子学 生物医学电子学生物医学电子学 应用电子技术解决生物医学中的问题，从生命体本 身的特殊性出发，来研究生物医学信号的检测、 处理、显示与记录等电子学在生物医学应用中的 理论、方法与手段。 Bioelectronics： A di
3、scipline in which biotechnology and electronics are joined in at least three areas of research and development: biosensors, molecular electronics, and neuronal interfaces. 相关的课程：相关的课程： 生物电子学生物电子学 Neurons-on-a-chips Multi-channel recording 2 生物医学电子学应用生物医学电子学应用 1）现代医学发展）现代医学发展 2）疾病诊断）疾病诊断 3）疾病治疗）疾病治疗
4、4）对电子学的发展）对电子学的发展 Nobel prizes awarded closely related to biomedical electronics YearName of recipientNationalitySubject of research 1924Willem EinthovenThe Netherlandsdiscovery of electro- cardiogram mechanism 1932Edgar Douglas Adrian Sir Charles Sherrington Britain Britain discoveries regarding fu
5、nction of neurons 1944Joseph Erlanger Herbert Spencer Gasser U.S. U.S. researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibers 1963Sir John Eccles Alan Lloyd Hodgkin Andrew Fielding Huxley Australia Britain Britain study of the transmission of nerve impulses along a nerve fibre 1967Ragnar Arthur Gran
6、it Haldan Keffer Hartline George Wald Finland U.S. U.S. discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye 1970Julius Axelrod Sir Bernard Katz Ulf von Euler U.S. Britain Sweden discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmission 1981David Hunter Hubel Torsten Nils Wiesel
7、 U.S. Sweden discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system 1991Erwin Neher Bert Sakmann Germany Germany discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells 1 ）现代医学发展）现代医学发展 Lord Edgar Douglas Adrian (British; 18891977) formulated the allornothing law of the neura
8、l cell in 1912 (Adrian and Lucas, 1912; Adrian, 1914) and measured the electric impulse of a single nerve 1926. Adrian and Sherrington won the Nobel Prize in 1932 Edgar Adrian (1889-1977) pThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932 He was the first to record action potentials from single sensory
9、 and motor nerve fibers by a delicate dissection technique, and by the use of vacuum tube amplification and a more rapidly moving oscillograph, the capillary electrometer ; “All-or-none” impulse frequency modulation, 20 years later was introduced in radio technique (FM) as the safest way of communic
10、ation. Joseph Erlanger (1874-1965) Herbert Spencer Gasser(1888-1963) pFor their discoveries regarding the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibers； Joseph Erlanger Herbert Spencer Gasser Joseph Erlanger (1874-1965) Herbert Spencer Gasser(1888- 1963) Before the work of Erlanger 1911-199
11、9 ) lIn 1952, Paul Zoll found: a single electrical stimulus to the surface of the chest could produce a heart beat in patients with heart block .Repeated stimuli enabled him to maintain an effective cardiac rhythm for long periods of time when there were no intrinsic ventricular beats. For the first
12、 time, it became possible to keep such a patient alive during standstill lasting for hours or days . 3 ）疾病治疗）疾病治疗 是诸多学科的源：电学，电化学，电生理 差分放大器； 触发器 4 ）对电子学的发展）对电子学的发展 3. 课程和与相关课程的关系 p生物医学电子学是生物医学工程专业的专业基础 课程。 p既是电子学的后续和提高课程，又是生物医学仪 器课程的基础课程。是电子学和医学仪器课程之 间的连接课程。 Definition of Biomedical Engineering: (fro
13、m Whitaker) pBiomedical engineering is a discipline that advances knowledge in engineering, biology and medicine, and improves human health through crossdisciplinary activities that integrate the engineering sciences with the biomedical sciences and clinical practice. It includes: 1. The acquisition
14、 of new knowledge and understanding of living systems through the innovative and substantive application of experimental and analytical techniques based on the engineering sciences. 2. The development of new devices, algorithms, processes and systems that advance biology and medicine and improve med
15、ical practice and health care delivery. pAs used by the foundation, the term “biomedical engineering research” is thus defined in a broad sense: It includes not only the relevant applications of engineering to medicine but also to the basic life sciences. The key areas of biomedical engineering pBio
16、informatics Biotechnology,Genomics, Proteomics pBioMEMS,Biomaterials, Micro and Nanotechnology pBiomechanics pBiosignal Processing pClinical Engineering pImaging and Image Processing pInformation Technology in biomedicine, Robotics in Surgery, Telemedicine pInstrumentation, Sensors, and Measurement
17、pNeural Systems and Physiological Systems Modeling pNeural Engineering ,Rehabilitation Engineering Instrumentation, Sensors, and Measurement involves the hardware and software design of devices and systems used to measure biological signals. pdevelop sensors that can capture a biological signal of i
18、nterest p Apply methods of amplifying and filtering the signal so that it can be further studied, to dealing with sources of interference that can corrupt a signal, pBuilding a complete instrumentation system such as an x-ray machine or a heart monitoring system. 4 本课程应包括的主要内容本课程应包括的主要内容 Measurement
19、 pMeasurement is the experimental process of acquiring any quantitative information. When doing a measurement, we compare the measurable quantity measurand - with another same type of quantity. This other quantity is called measurement unit pMeasurand a physical quantity, property, or condition whic
20、h is measured 测量与仪器 p从上面看，仪器和测量不可分，生物医疗仪器是生物医 学工程研究成果的载体。大致可分为检测与监护，临床 实验室，成像和治疗四大类(我个人认为）。 p本课程侧重生物医学测量的一般原理，而生物医学仪器 课程是侧重具体测量装置。 p生物医学测量的一般原理包括那些？ Blood Pressure Monitor DSP-based Hearing Aid Block Diagram Three ECG electrodes connected to patient using CMOS devices with 5-V single supply. Electro
21、cardiogram (ECG) Front End Portable Blood Gas Analyzer Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Perceptible output Output display Control And feedback CPU Data transmission Data storage Signal Conditiong SensorMeasurand Radiation, electric current, or other applied energy Calibration signal Power source 生物医
22、学测量系统的框图生物医学测量系统的框图 A/D 本课程应包括的主要内容 p上述四种生物医学仪器的共同点：都包括生物医学数据 的采集。 p传感器，计算机处理，生物医学信号的算法在前面的传 感器课程，微机与接口技术，生物医学信号处理已经学 习过。 p本课程侧重解决数模混合电路的设计的瓶颈。以运放为 主要元器件，围绕着运算放大器设计电路。 Course Titles Names of Courses Numbe r Biomedical Instrumentation, Bioinstrumentation or Bioengineering Instrumentation31 Biomeasure
23、ments, Biomedical Measurements, Biophysical Measurements, Medical Measurements, Biomedical Engineering Measurements, Biomedical Signals and Measurements, or Biomedical Electronics and Measurements 9 Biomedical Electronics (with Lab)4 Biomedical Engineering (or Bioengineering) Laboratory3 Bioinstrume
24、ntation and Measurements2 Measurements and Instrumentation Laboratory2 Biomedical Engineering2 Bioelectricity and Bioinstrumentation1 Medical Instrumentation and Imaging1 Bioengineering Instrumentation and Signal Analysis1 Bioinstrumentation Laboratory1 Biomedical Measurements and Analysis Laborator
25、y1 Bioelectrical Design1 Biosensors1 Biomedical Sensors and Instrumentation, Biomedical Transducers and Instrumentation2 Biomedical Transducers1 Miscellaneous2 Textbooks Textbook Number of Courses Medical Instrumentation by Webster17 Bioinstrumentation by Webster3 Electronic Circuit Analysis and Des
26、ign by Neamen2 Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuit by Coughlin and Driscoll2 Principles of Electronics by Fortney1 Introductory Electronic Devices and Circuits by Paynter1 Biomedical Digital Signal Processing by Tompkins1 Biomedical Transducers and Instruments by Togawa, Tamura and
27、Oberg1 The Art of Electronics by Horowitz and Hill1 Principles of Bioinstrumentation by Normann1 Introduction to Instrumentation and Measurements by Northrop1 Principles of Applied Biomedical Instrumentation by Geddes and Baker1 Semiconductor Sensors by Sze1 3.课程内容 本课程以生物电信号的源为起点，到检测到 模拟信号转变为数字信号输出为
28、终点，讲授生物 电信号测量各个环节电路设计的技术，分别介绍 生物医学电信号的产生，生物电信号检测中的噪 声与干扰；生物电信号测量用电极；生物电信号 的放大、隔离；生理信号检测中用到的滤波器， 运算处理、变换和传输电路设计的基本理论与方 法，最后介绍A/D和D/A转换器和生物医学信号的 遥传。 教学内容 p第一章 生物医学电子学概论2 p第二章 生物电信号源、噪声和干扰6 p第三章 生物电极技术8 p第四章 信号放大 4 p第五章 信号滤波 8 p第六章 信号运算 6 p第七章 信号线性变换4 p第八章 信号非线性处理 4 p第九章 模数和数模转换 6 p第十章 信号遥传 4 p复习与考试2 p
29、课时总计54 实验内容实验内容 p实验一：实验一：Multisim 应用基础；应用基础； （4学时）学时） p实验二：有源滤波器的设计实验实验二：有源滤波器的设计实验 ； （6学时）学时） p实验三：实验三：D/A转换的转换的Multisim仿真实验；仿真实验； （4学时）学时） p实验四：调制和解调实验。实验四：调制和解调实验。 （4学时） 阅读与演示（Reading and presentation) p弥补教材中与生物医学工程联系不密切的缺点。 p巩固课堂教学内容的应用 p提高科学文献的阅读能力，建立课堂教学与科学研究的联 系 p提高外语水平 p锻炼演讲能力 p增加学习主动性 两人一组，
30、一篇外文文章（ hence used in ECG electrodes! Standard potential - standard condition Measuring Half Cell Potential Common electrode materials at 25 When referenced to the hydrogen electrode, the metal undergoing the reaction shown has the sign and potential. C 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 22 3 AlAle ZnZne CrCre HHe AgClA
31、gCle CuCue AgAge AuAue - - - - - - - - 1.706 0.763 0.744 0 0.223 0.268 0.522 0.799 1.68 - - - Metal and ReactionPotential ，V Polarization If there is a current, the observed half-cell potential is often altered. The difference is due to polarization of the electrode. Polarization was defined as the
32、departure of the electrode potential from the reversible value upon the passage of faradaic current Polarization Overpotential The potential includes ohmic, concentration, and activity potential. Semipermeable membrane potential The potential is determined by temperature and ionic activity. Liquid-j
33、unction potential The potential is determined by mobility. The polarization potential includes : Overpotential Overpotential Difference between observed and zero-current half cell potentials Resistance Current changes resistance of electrolyte and thus, a voltage drop results. Concentration Changes
34、in distribution of ions at the electrode- electrolyte interface Activation The activation energy barrier depends on the direction of current and determines kinetics ACRp VVVV Note: Polarization and impedance of the electrode are two of the most important electrode properties to consider. Ohmic overp
35、otential, Vr pIf current flows through an impedance na voltage drop occurs pConsider two different electrodes nin a common electrolyte with different E0s pConnect these together with wire ncurrent flows NOTE: system does not necessarily obey Ohms law Electrode #2Electrode #1 E0 = -0.763 V E0 = 0.223
36、 V Volt drop around circuit Most of voltage drop in electrolyte Concentration overpotential, Vc pNet current flow implies nREDOX reactions are not balanced nOxidation or reduction predominates pCharge distribution will be altered nChanges observed half-cell potential nDifference from E0 is overpoten
37、tial, Vc - oxidation reduction CCeC+ A- C+ A- C+ A- C+ A- C+ A- C+ A- C+ A- C+ A- C+ A- C+ A- C+ A- C+ C+ C+ C+ C+ C+ C+ C+ Activation overpotential, Va pSimple theory assumes REDOX is perfectly reversible nbut it is not pOxidation of metal atoms requires energy nOften referred to as the work functi
38、on, pReduction of a cation also requires energy nbut not necessarily the same as pDepending on direction of current nOxidation or reduction predominates nso potential barrier changes - Va - reduction CCe - oxidation CCe OverpotentialPolarization pThe three components sum nOverpotential, Vp = Vr + Vc
39、 + Va pAll three components depend on current direction nsometimes referred to as a polarization potential pHave to be careful using the term nCan have completely different meaning Need to re-define polarization with reference to the reactions at the interface Ohmic, concentration, and activation Oh
40、mic : The overpotential is a direct result of the resistance of the electrolyte. Concentration : The overpotential results from changes in the distribution of ions in the electrolyte in the vicinity of the electrode-electrolyte interface. Activation : This difference in energy appears as a differenc
41、e in voltage between the electrode and the electrolyte. Semipermeable membrane potential When two aqueous ionic solutions of different concentration are separated by an ion-selective semipermeable membrane, an electric potential exists across this membrane. Nernst equation : 1 2 ln R Ta E n Fa - Whe
42、re and are the activities of the ions on each side of the membrane. 1 a 2 a uThe standard half-cell potential is determined at a standard temperature; the electrode is placed in an electrolyte containing cations of the electrode material having unity activity. uAs the activity changes from unity (as
43、 a result of changing concentration), the half-cell potential varies according to the Nernst equation: 0 ln() n c RT EEa nF Semipermeable membrane potential where E =half-cell potential E0 =standard half-cell potential n=valence of electrode material Can+ =activity of cation Cn+ BA DC aa aa nF RT EE
44、ln 0 For the general oxidation-reduction reaction - neDCBA The Nernst equation for half cell potential is where E0 : Standard Half Cell Potential E : Half Cell Potential a : Ionic Activity (generally same as concentration) n : Number of valence electrons involved Note: interested in ionic activity a
45、t the electrode (but note temp dependence Semipermeable membrane potential Liquid-junction potential If two electrolytic solutions are in contact and have different concentrations of ions with different ionic mobilities. ln j RTa E nFa - - Though liquid-junction potentials are generally not so high
46、as electrode-electrolyte potentials, they can easily be of the order of tens of millivolts. Polarizable and Non-polarizable Electrodes Theoretically, two types of electrodes are possible: uPerfectly polarizable uPerfectly nonpolarizable. This classification refers to what happens to an electrode whe
47、n a current passes between it and the electrolyte. Polarizable and Non-polarizable Electrodes pPolarizable: nNo charge carriers crosses the electrode- electrolyte interface nall current flow is displacement current nthe electrode behaves as though it were a capacitor nthere are overpotentials Polari
48、zable and Non-polarizable Electrodes pNon-polarizable: nCharge carriers are free to cross the electrode-electrolyte interface nwith no energy expenditure nthe electrode behaves as though it were a wire nthere are no overpotentials Clearly these are ideals that are not realizable Ideal polarizable el
49、ectrode pNo charge crosses the interface nInterface looks like a capacitor nRedistribution of charge by electrostatics nNo REDOX reactions pNo half-cell potential pNo response at dc nCould not be used for rectal mucosa measurement pOverpotentials nOhmic yes nConcentration yes (charge on capacitor) n
50、Activation no A more appropriate term is non-electrochemically reversible Ideal non-polarizable electrode pCharge free to cross the interface nNo bulk resistance nRedistribution of charge instantaneous nREDOX reactions completely reversible pResponse at dc nCan be used for membrane potential measure
