1、Useful words and Useful words and expressionsexpressions Unit 4 History and traditions 1. Why do you think William said his hometown was similar to Qufu? p be similar to sb./sth. 与某人物相似与某人物相似 p be similar in (price/size/color/age) 在（在（方面）相似方面）相似 p similarity/similarities (between/to/in) C 智力游戏；智力游戏；
2、vt. 使使.迷惑迷惑/困惑困惑(=confuse) ppuzzled adj. 感到感到迷惑迷惑/困惑的困惑的=confused pbe/feel/look/seem puzzled (by/at/about/ as to./that 从句从句) (因因/对对.) 感到迷惑感到迷惑/困惑困惑; ppuzzling adj. 令人困惑的令人困惑的=confusing p(stare/look at) in puzzlement 【C】迷惑迷惑 地，困惑地地，困惑地(疑视、看着疑视、看着)=in confusion pdo puzzles 猜谜猜谜 pbe/remain a puzzle to
3、sb. 对某人来说是对某人来说是/ 仍然是一个谜仍然是一个谜 ppuzzle over/about sth. 苦苦思索；仔细苦苦思索；仔细 琢磨琢磨 ppuzzle sth. out 苦苦思索解决苦苦思索解决/找出答案找出答案 The reasons for his actions remain a _ to historians. The reasons for his actions still _ historians. The reasons for his actions remain/are still _. Historians remain/are still _ about
4、the reasons for hs actions. puzzle puzzle puzzling puzzled What_ scientists is how these creatures can survive such severe conditions. It _ scientists how these creatures can survive such severe conditions. Scientists are _ about/as to how these creatures can survive such severe conditions. Scientis
5、ts are trying to _how these creatures can survive such severe conditions. puzzles puzzled puzzles puzzle out =work/find/figure out Over the years, scientists have been _ how these creatures can survive such severe conditions. Alice read the letter with a _ expression on her face. The children showed
6、 a _ lack of curiosity about the new baby. I came back to find my classmates staring at me. I looked at all six faces in _. puzzling over/about puzzled puzzling puzzlement 7. , the nearby country of Wales was joined to the Kingdom of England. p nearby adj. 附近的附近的 (作前置或后置定语作前置或后置定语) adv. 在附近在附近 (作表语或
7、状语作表语或状语) a nearby hospital =a hospital nearby 附近的一家医院附近的一家医院 be/live/stand/work.nearby 在在/住在住在/站在站在/工作在附近工作在附近 p near adj. 近的近的 prep. 在在/往往.附附近近(=close to) adv. 近地，靠近近地，靠近 (to) (=close) 用用nearby, near, close 填空：填空： He lives in a _ town/a town _. He lives in a town _ the beach / _ to the beach. My s
8、chool is _. Its just two blocks (街区街区) away. My school is quite/very/so _ (to the gym). Its just two blocks away. He lives/works _. He lives/works _ the beach /_ to the beach. nearby near/close nearby nearby near near/close nearby =close by near/close near A football match is being played _. Im warn
9、ing youdont come/go/get/ move any _(to the river). Where is the _ restaurant? The problems is unlikely to be solved in the _ future. They are (coming) _ to solving the puzzle/crying/tears/death. But if Im talking to someone who isnt very _ to me, I must make my request longer. near nearer/closer nea
10、r/close nearest close (接近某种状态接近某种状态) (关系亲密的关系亲密的) nearby =close by 8. Finally, in the 20th century, the southern part of Ireland broke away from the UK, which resulted in the full name we have today: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . 复合句，划线部分为复合句，划线部分为关系代词关系代词which引导引导 的的非限制
11、性定语从句非限制性定语从句，which指代指代前面前面整整 个主个主句，并在句，并在在从句中作在从句中作resulted in主语主语； 斜体字部分斜体字部分为定语从句；为定语从句； 冒号之后冒号之后部分部分为为the full name 的同位语。的同位语。 1) which 引导非限制性定语从句时，可引导非限制性定语从句时，可 以指代前面整个主句或主句的一部分，以指代前面整个主句或主句的一部分， 同时在从句中充当主语或动宾或介宾。同时在从句中充当主语或动宾或介宾。 Hes really rude, _ is why people tend to avoid him. She wore he
12、r swimming things in the office, _ shocked her boss. Carol said the work would be done by October, _ personally I doubt very much. He was very generous with his time, for _ I was very grateful. which which which which 2) result in sth. (sb./sb.s doing) 导致，引起导致，引起 某事某事(某人做某事某人做某事)=cause, lead in pres
13、ult from 由由.导致导致/引起引起 =be caused by pas a result 结果结果 pas a result of 因为，由于因为，由于=because of The accident _ the death(s) of two passengers / two passengers () dying. Ninety percent of the deaths _ injuries to the head. resulted in resulted from A large number of new machines were introduced from abro
14、ad, _ (result) in an increase in production. We are still dealing with problems _(result) from errors made in the past. _ the pilots strike, all flights have had to be cancelled. The pilots are on strike. _, all flights have had to be cancelled. resulting resulting As a result of As a result (现在分词短语
15、作定语现在分词短语作定语) (现在分词短语作结果状语现在分词短语作结果状语) 3) break away (from) 脱离脱离(组织组织)；摆脱；摆脱 (传统传统/习俗习俗)；挣脱；挣脱(约束约束) However, the Southern part Ireland was unwilling and broke away to form its own government. break (broke, broken) 习惯搭配习惯搭配: pbreak through (in sth.) vt./vi. 取得突破取得突破 pbreak up vt. 驱散驱散 (聚会聚会/人群人群/ 打斗
16、等打斗等)；(婚姻等关系婚姻等关系) 破裂，结束破裂，结束 pbreak down vt. 财物财物 In manhy cases, the clothes people wear identify them as belonging to a particular social class. 很多情况下，人们的穿着显示出他们的很多情况下，人们的穿着显示出他们的 特定社会阶层。特定社会阶层。 pidentify sb ./sth. as sb./sth./doing sth. 确认出、鉴别出确认出、鉴别出.是身份；显示、表明某是身份；显示、表明某 人具有、属于身份人具有、属于身份 11. Th
17、ey use the same flag, known as the Union Jack, as well as share the same currency and military defence. 它们它们( (四国四国) )既既有同样的货币和军事防御，有同样的货币和军事防御， 又又使用共同的使用共同的被称为被称为“米字旗米字旗”的的国旗。国旗。 简单句，含有简单句，含有known as.过去分词短语过去分词短语 作作后置定语后置定语。相当于非限制性定语从句。相当于非限制性定语从句。 which is known as . 1) (be) known as 被称为被称为 I have
18、 heard that this museum _ (know) as a “Chinese treasure house”! which is is known The high regard for the Chinese writing system can be seen in the develpment of Chinese characters as an art form, _ (know) as Chinese calligraphy, which has become an important part of Chinese culture. 2) A as well as
19、 B (n./pron./adj./adv./prep./do/ doing) 与与B一样一样; 除了除了B之外之外, 还有还有A; 不光不光B, 而且而且A =besides B =in addition to B =not only B, but also A known 注注意意: 1. A as well as B 一般连接两个相同的成一般连接两个相同的成 分、词性或形式，但意义上强调分、词性或形式，但意义上强调A。 2. A 作句子主语时，谓语要跟主语作句子主语时，谓语要跟主语A保保 持人称和数的一致。持人称和数的一致。 3. as well as 后面的动词可以一直是后面的动词可以
20、一直是 doing sth. WeChat, as well as telephones, _ (play) an important role in daily communication. (+n.) is playing The child is _ (既健康又活泼既健康又活泼). (+adj.) The organization provides help and support for people in need, as well as _(raise) funds for local charities/ for charity. (+谓语动词或谓语动词或 doing) I ha
21、ve also been put into robots and used to make mobile phones as well as _(help) with medical operations. (+不带不带to的动词不定式或的动词不定式或doing) help/helping raises/raising lively as well as healthy 3) defence/defense U 防御防御, 保卫保卫; 国防国防(体体 系系) ; 辩护辩护 C 防御防御物物/设施设施(a defence against sth.) pl (某地的某地的) 防御能力防御能力/力量
22、力量 p(die/fight/speak/write.) in sb.s defence /in defence of sb./sth. (做某事做某事)以保卫以保卫/捍卫捍卫.、为、为.辩护辩护 increase the defence spending (by 5%) 增加国防开支增加国防开支(5%) strengthen the nations defences 增强国防力量增强国防力量 pdefend (sb/oneself/sth.) against/from (disease/attack/charge指控指控) 保卫保卫/捍卫捍卫 (.)以免受以免受.; 为为.辩护以免受辩护以免
23、受.; 防御、抵御防御、抵御 The Great Wall was a famous military _ against enemies in ancient times. Hundreds gave their lives _ (以保卫以保卫) freedom/their country. All our residents are being trained _(以抵御以抵御) virus attacks. in defence of to defend to defend (themselves) against defence Defensive measures are being
24、 taken _ the city _ attack. (保卫保卫.免受免受.) udefend/protect/safeguard/preserve/guard More than 8,000 statues were made in the third century BCE _ the tomb of the Chinese Emperor Qinshihuang! Were doing whatever we can _ _ our environment from/against pollution / being polluted. against/from to defend t
25、o pretect preserve/safeguard to guard (守卫守卫/看守看守) (保护，免受伤害、破坏保护，免受伤害、破坏) They also hope to further educate people about the importance of _ historic and cultural relics for future generations to understand and appreciate. protecting/preserving/safeguarding (保护，免受伤害、破坏保护，免受伤害、破坏) 4) military adj. 军队军
26、队 (the) The military has/have threatened to take military action/to use military force to achieve its military aims/targets. to break up the meeting. 军队已经威胁采取军事行动、使用军事军队已经威胁采取军事行动、使用军事 力力量量 以以达到它的军事目标。达到它的军事目标。 以以驱散集会。驱散集会。 join the military 参军参军 12. Almost everywhere you go in the UK, you will be s
27、urrounded by evidence of four different groups of people who took over at different times throughout history .你都会发现历史上有四种不同的人在你都会发现历史上有四种不同的人在 不同的时期统治过英国不同的时期统治过英国的遗迹（证据）的遗迹（证据）。 复合句，含有从属连词复合句，含有从属连词everywhere 引导引导 地点状语从句，和关系代词地点状语从句，和关系代词who 引导定引导定 语从句。语从句。 1) surround vt. 围绕围绕, 环绕；包围环绕；包围; 围住围住 ps
28、urround sb./sth. with sb./sth. 用用.包围、围住、环绕包围、围住、环绕. pbe surrounded by/with sb./sth. 被被.包围、包围、 环绕环绕 psurrounding adj. 周围的，附近周围的，附近的的 psurroundings n. (某人某人/物周围的物周围的) 环境环境 Tall trees _ the West Lake. The West Lake _ tall trees. Theyve quickly _ the building _ police/troops. Can you name the beautiful
29、woman _ by admirers. Can you name the states _ Colorado? surround is surrounded by/with surrounded with surrounding surrounded He found himself_ by an admiring crowd. Lucy was sitting on the floor _ by toys. People say (that) it is Canadas most beautiful city, _ (surround) by mountains and the Pacif
30、ic Ocean. The hotel is conveniently located for visiting the city and the _ area. It took me a few weeks to get used to/to adapt to my new _. surrounded surrounded surrounding surroundings surrounded （宾补）（宾补） （伴随状语）（伴随状语） （原因状语）（原因状语） 2) (a piece of/some/much/little) evidence (of/for/against/that从句从
31、句/to support) There is no/little clear/further/ evidence (for the existence) of life on other planets. that there is life on. for the idea/to support the idea. against the two men. 没有、几乎没有明显、进一步证据支持其没有、几乎没有明显、进一步证据支持其 它星球存在生命、支持这种思想、指控者它星球存在生命、支持这种思想、指控者 两人有罪。两人有罪。 evidence U evident(ly) adj. (adv.)
32、 明显的明显的(地地) 2) take (sth) over (as/from.) (作为作为.、从、从.手里手里) 开始接管、接手、掌开始接管、接手、掌 控、控制、承袭控、控制、承袭 (事物、公司、政党、国事物、公司、政党、国 家、传统等家、传统等) (begin to take control of or adopt, borrow) The military is/are threatening to take over (power/the government/city) if the political strike continues. Who will take over (t
33、he company/job) (as manager) now that Ewing has resigned/retired (辞职辞职 、退休、退休)? Romans took over from the Greeks / their ancestors not only their philosophy but their arts as well. =their arts as well as their philosophy (从从.承袭承袭.) 13. achievement C 引进（动植物）（到某地）引进（动植物）（到某地） We intend to introduce th
34、e most updated technology into schools. Tougher measures are being introduced by the government to battle against crime. (2) introduce sb. to sth. 使某人初次了解使某人初次了解, 体验体验, 尝试尝试 (B2, P10, Ex.1) The lecture/exhibition will provide an unique opportunity to introduce you to traditional Chinese culture. 3)
35、introduce sb./oneself (to sb.) (向某人向某人)介绍某人介绍某人/自己自己 15. leave sb./sth behind (有意有意)留下，忘记留下，忘记 带走；遗留带走；遗留; 把把.抛在后面抛在后面 He set out for the big city, _ (leave) the children behind with their mother. Britain is being _ (leave) behind in the race for new markets. leaving left It wasnt until she was half
36、way home _ she realized that shed left her purse behind. 16. location C 地点，地方，位置地点，地方，位置 (=place, spot, site, position) ；定位；定位 Several locations have been suggested for the new office block (大楼大楼) . 已经建议好几个新办公大楼的选址。已经建议好几个新办公大楼的选址。 p be (conveniently) located/situated at/ in/near. 位于位于.（很方便）（很方便） th
37、at 17. conquer vt. 征服征服(take control of by force); conquer the world/a city/a people/a mountain Napoleon的野心的野心(ambition)是要征服欧洲。是要征服欧洲。 Napoleons ambition is _ (conquer) Europe. (比赛中比赛中) 战胜战胜 (对手对手) (defeat, beat overcome ); 克服克服, 克制克制 (情绪情绪) (overcome, get over) to conquer conquer a challenger/ones
38、fear/shyness 战胜挑战者战胜挑战者/害怕害怕/害羞害羞 在在(某地某地)大获成功大获成功 (=become very popular or successful in) In the last few years, the company _ (succeed) in conquering the European market. pconquest n. 征服，征服， 占领占领 pconqueror n. 征服者，胜利者征服者，胜利者 has succeeded 16. They had castles built all around Eng- land, and made c
39、hanges to the legal system. 1) have/get sth. done (built/repaired/moved /cut/painted/delivered/finished/started.) 使使某事被做，请别人做某事或自己组织、某事被做，请别人做某事或自己组织、 参与做某事参与做某事 Where do you normally have you hair _ (cut/do)? Later, Catherine II had the Amber Room _(move) to the palace outside St Petersburg _ she s
40、pent her summers. cut/done moved where We must get the task _ (complete) on schedule/by Friday. 2) have/get sth. done (stolen/damaged/ injured/broken.) 蒙受蒙受.不幸的遭遇不幸的遭遇( (他人的行为后果他人的行为后果) ) He _(手指被割手指被割 断了断了) at work. The player _(腿腿 被摔断了被摔断了) while playing football. He _ (车被困了车被困了) in the mud. compl
41、eted had/got his finger cut off had/got his leg broken had/got his car caught/stuck/trapped 3) made changes (to sth.) 对作出修改、改变、改革对作出修改、改变、改革 The organization cannot survive _ we make some major changes. unless 17. enter into sth. 是是.的一部分；的一部分； 是是.一个原因一个原因, 影响影响 Music has entered into our life. Money
42、 didnt enter into my decision to quit my job. 18. .make your visit much more enjoyable/worthwhile/beneficial. pmake sb./sth.+宾补宾补 adj (happy/difficult) n. (monitor/a rule) do sth. (laugh.) done (known/heard) 使使. 变得变得 成为成为 做某事做某事 被做被做 19. ., as it is an ancient port city that has a history dating all
43、 the way back to Roman times. 因为它是一个古老的港口城市，具有一因为它是一个古老的港口城市，具有一 直追溯到罗马时代的历史。直追溯到罗马时代的历史。 as引导原因状语从句，引导原因状语从句， 含有含有that引导定引导定 语从句，语从句，dating为现在分词短语作定语为现在分词短语作定语 画线部分可以改为画线部分可以改为 with a history dating all the way back to. (with sb./sth.doing sth.) 20. The UK is a fascinating mix of history and modern
44、 culture, with both new and old traditions. 英国历史和文化交融，新旧传统并存，引英国历史和文化交融，新旧传统并存，引 人入胜。人入胜。 简单句，介词短语简单句，介词短语with.作后置定语，作后置定语， 修饰修饰 a fasicinating mix 1) be a .mix/mixture of . 是是.的混合、融合（体）的混合、融合（体）; 兼有兼有. The town offers/is _ _ (新旧结合，很有魅新旧结合，很有魅 力力). a fascinating mix of (the) old and new Futuroscope
45、is not only for individuals, but is also the perfect mix of fun and learning for class outings (班级郊游班级郊游). 2) fascinating adj. 有极大吸引力的，迷人有极大吸引力的，迷人 的的 (extremely interesting and attractive) I fail to see _ women find so fascinating about him. pfind sth. fascinating 发现做某事有趣极了发现做某事有趣极了 pIt is fascinat
46、ing to do sth. 做某事真是有趣极了做某事真是有趣极了 what 21. If you keep your eyes open, you will be surprised to find that you can see both its past and its present. 1) keep ones eyes open 睁大眼睛睁大眼睛 You must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip the United Kingdom worthwhile！ pkeep sb./sth.+宾补宾补adj.
47、(open/fit/clean) doing (waiting) done (amused/closed) adv./prep.(away/in shape) 使使.保持某种状态保持某种状态 【拓展拓展】 pkeep up with sb./sth. 跟上某人（步伐、速度）；跟上某人（步伐、速度）；跟上（变跟上（变 化、发展、时尚、增长）；持续了解化、发展、时尚、增长）；持续了解 pkeep on doing sth. 继续继续(干干); 坚持坚持(干干) pkeep sb. from (doing) sth. 阻止某人做阻止某人做 某事某事 pkeep sb./sth. out (of.)
48、不让某人进入不让某人进入 某地某地 2) be/feel/get surprised/amazed/shocked pleased/disappointed interested/excited/confused worried/upset/puzzled happy/glad/sad/sorry to find/see/learn/hear that （不定式短语做原因状语）（不定式短语做原因状语） (某人某人)因因发现发现/看见看见/了解了解/听到听到 而感到惊奇而感到惊奇 22. get our car battery charged/recharged 把我们的汽车电池充电把我们的汽车
49、电池充电 pcharge/recharge a battery/phone 给（电池、手机）充电给（电池、手机）充电 pcharge (sb.)(money) for sth. (books/ delivery) 向（某人向（某人）收取（商品收取（商品/服务）服务）(.)费用费用 p(provide/deliver sth.) at no charge/free of charge 免费地（提供、递送免费地（提供、递送.） pcharge sb. with (murder/theft/giving false evidence) 指控某人指控某人(谋杀谋杀/盗窃盗窃) ptake charge
50、 of sth. (开始开始)掌控、掌管掌控、掌管. =take control of sth. (非延续性动词非延续性动词) p(be) in charge (of sb./sth.) 在在负负责管理、照料责管理、照料(.) （延续性状态）（延续性状态） pleave sb. in charge (of sb./sth.) 让某人负责让某人负责管理、照料管理、照料(.) （非延续性）（非延续性） p(sb./sth.) (be) in/under sb.s charge / the charge of sb. （延续性）（延续性） (某人、事某人、事)由某人由某人负责管理、照料负责管理、照料
