1、Section B Learning about Language circumstance economic circumstances 经济状况经济状况 in/ under the circumstances 在这种情况在这种情况 下；既然如此下；既然如此 in/ undercircumstances 在在情况下情况下 under any circumstances 在任何情况下；在任何情况下； 无论如何无论如何 in/ under no circumstances 决不；无论决不；无论 如何都不如何都不 练习：练习：You should fit your style of living
2、to your _. circumstances Tu Youyous team examined_ _ _, and evaluated _ _ _. How was artemisinin discovered? They found a medical text suggesting_ _ _ _ _. They tested_ _ _ _. They tried_ _ _ _, but_ _. They medicine became_ _ for malaria. They tested the medicine on_ _. They tested the medicine _ t
3、o see if safe. They used a _ _the sweet wormwood extract. (over 2, 000) old medical texts 280,000 plants (for their medical properties) using the extract from sweet wormwood to treat a fever (a collection of) dried wormwood leaves boiling fresh wormwood and using the liquid this did not work either
4、lower temperature to draw outon themselvesmalaria patients a standard treatment Write down the word that matches each definition. Then find the sentences containing these words in the text. 1. _ cook something in very hot water 2. _ relating to plants 3. _ qualities or characteristics of something 4
5、. _ a kind of substance that flows freely, such as water or milk 5. _ physical material that exists boil botanical properties liquid substance 1. boil: They then tried boiling fresh wormwood but this did not work either. 2. botanical: In 1969,she to find traditional botanical treatments for the dise
6、ase. 3. properties: Her team examined for their medical properties. 4. liquid: They then tried. using the liquid obtained from this to treat malaria, 5. substance: Using a lower temperature to draw out the extract, she found a substance that worked. Tu Youyou and her team first tried _ sweet wormwoo
7、d and used the _ obtained, only to find it didnt work since its medical _ were destroyed. It was not until she used a lower temperature that the _ named artemisinin, a _ treatment for malaria, was successfully extracted. boiling botanical properties liquid substance Guess the meaning of the underlin
8、ed words. Then fill in the blanks with words that have the same roots. 1. The two flowers are quite distinct from one another, so it is easy to make a _ between them. 2. Scientists need to _ how valuable it is. 3. A talented scientist well known for his _ how the new material stands up to wear and t
9、ear to prove to his country, Huang Danian committed himself to his research in geophysics. distinctio n evaluate commitment Guess the meaning of the underlined words. Then fill in the blanks with words that have the same roots. 4. A: Did you come to any conclusions? B: Yes, we _ that by drawing out
10、the extract at a low temperature, we could find the substance that we needed to complete the experiment. 5. She spends a lot of time _ her patients dreams. This analysis is very helpful, explaining their daily behaviour very well. concluded analysing 构词法中的派生法（derivation），又名缀合法 （affixation），是指在词根上加前缀
11、（prefix）或 后缀（suffix）构成新词的方法。多数情况下，加 前缀改变原词词义（如indistinct），加后缀改变原 词词性（如commitment）或词义（如valueless）。 distinct, value, commit, conclude, analyse To pursue his _ of life, Huang Danian gave up his well-paid job in Britain and returned to China when his country needed him. As a professor, he tried to _ and
12、 meet his students _ needs. As a researcher, he _ himself to developing many devices needed for deep-Earth exploration. No wonder people _ that he was a scientist and educator who is worth our admiration. value analysedistinct committed conclude Read the passage about Lu Xun. Fill in the blanks with
13、 the correct forms of the words in the box. insist obtain objective acknowledge apparently crucial Lu Xun, _ as one of the greatest modern writers in China, was born in Zhejiang Province in 1881. In 1904, he went to Japan and became a medical student, with the _ of improving peoples health and savin
14、g lives. However, he changed his mind when he saw in a photo a Chinese man about to be killed by a Japanese soldier. It struck him that the other Chinese men in the photo _ did not care about what was happening to their fellow countrymen. From this, he concluded that the _ problem in China was not p
15、hysical illness, but the spiritual illness of people at that time. Following this, he quit medical school. When he returned to China in 1908, he _ a teaching job. In 1917, a friend _ that he help write for a magazine called New Youth. That was how his first famous short story A Madmans Diary got pub
16、lished. acknowledged objective apparently crucial obtained insisted Suggested answers: Bingbing: In order to achieve success in life, I think it is crucial to work hard. Hongmei: I agree, but I think it is vital to also work hard doing the right things. Bingbing: What do you mean? Hongmei: Well, som
17、e people apparently try to get ahead by being dishonest and lying. Even though they are working hard, what good will it do? In pairs, discuss how people can achieve success, using words and expressions you have learnt in this unit. Bingbing: Thats right. And even more people are working hard with wr
18、ong objectives. They just want to obtain money or become famous. Hongmei: But what is a good reason? Bingbing: I think it is good to work to make the world a better place, or to help other people with difficulties. Hongmei: I see what you mean. In pairs, discuss how people can achieve success, using
19、 words and expressions you have learnt in this unit. 一、定语从句的定义：一、定语从句的定义： 用来修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定用来修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定 语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从 句一般是由关系代词或关系副词来引导的。相句一般是由关系代词或关系副词来引导的。相 当于名词和形容词的作用。当于名词和形容词的作用。 eg：1. They tested hundreds of Chinese medical treatments that showed promise i
20、n the fight against the disease. 2. Tu Youyou went to Hainan where malaria was more common to study malaria patients. 语法：定语从句语法：定语从句 语法：定语从句语法：定语从句 二、关系代词和关系副词的作用：二、关系代词和关系副词的作用： 1、引导作用、引导作用 2、替代作用、替代作用 3、在定语从句中担当某个成分的作用、在定语从句中担当某个成分的作用 eg：Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize which is considered on
21、e of the highest international honours a person can receive. 三、定语从句的类型：三、定语从句的类型： 限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句 意义上意义上 从句与主句关系紧凑，从句对 先行词起修饰限定作用，缺少 从句会影响句意的完整 从句与主句的关系相对松散，从 句对先行词或主句起补充说明作 用，去掉不影响句意的完整 功能上功能上修饰先行词修饰先行词或整个句子 结构上结构上 1. 主句与从句之间不用逗号 2. 关系词作从句的宾语可省略 3. 可用that 引导 1. 主句与从句之间多用逗号隔开 2. 关系词作从
22、句的宾语不可省略 3. 不能用that引导 语法：定语从句语法：定语从句 四、引导非限制性定语从句的关系词四、引导非限制性定语从句的关系词 1. 引导非限制性定语从句的关系词引导非限制性定语从句的关系词 关系代词关系代词which, who, whom, whose, as 关系副词关系副词when, where Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses. 水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。 He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free
23、. 他将把野餐推迟到他将把野餐推迟到5月月1日，那时他将有空。日，那时他将有空。 语法：定语从句语法：定语从句 四、引导非限制性定语从句的关系词四、引导非限制性定语从句的关系词 2. 关系词在句中所作的成分：关系词在句中所作的成分： 关系代词：主语、宾语、表语、定语关系代词：主语、宾语、表语、定语 关系副词：状语关系副词：状语 The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard. 这个男孩，他的爸爸是一位工程师，学习很努这个男孩，他的爸爸是一位工程师，学习很努 力。力。 Once more I am in Boston, where
24、I have not been for years. 我再次来到波士顿，我多年没来了。我再次来到波士顿，我多年没来了。 四、引导非限制性定语从句的关系词四、引导非限制性定语从句的关系词 3. 非限制性定语从句中关系词的用法非限制性定语从句中关系词的用法 （1）who, whom, whose引导的非限制性定语从引导的非限制性定语从 句。句。 关系代词关系代词who, whom引导的非限制性定语从引导的非限制性定语从 句修饰人句修饰人 关系代词关系代词who在定语从句中作主语、宾语或在定语从句中作主语、宾语或 表语；表语；whom作宾语；介词后用作宾语；介词后用whom，不用，不用 who Ou
25、r guide, who was a French Canadian, was an excellent cook. 我们的向导，一个法裔加拿大人，擅长烹调。我们的向导，一个法裔加拿大人，擅长烹调。 Mr Smith, from whom I have learned a lot, is a famous scientist. 史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家，我从他那儿史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家，我从他那儿 学了很多东西。学了很多东西。 四、引导非限制性定语从句的关系词四、引导非限制性定语从句的关系词 3. 非限制性定语从句中关系词的用法非限制性定语从句中关系词的用法 （1）who, whom
26、, whose引导的非限制性定语从引导的非限制性定语从 句。句。 whose作定语，先行词是人时，作定语，先行词是人时，whose + n.相相 当于当于the + n. + of whom。先行词是物时，。先行词是物时， whose + n.相当于相当于the + n. + of which The books on the desk, whose covers are shiny, are prizes for us. 桌子上的书是我们的奖品，书的封皮很亮。桌子上的书是我们的奖品，书的封皮很亮。 四、引导非限制性定语从句的关系词四、引导非限制性定语从句的关系词 3. 非限制性定语从句中关系
27、词的用法非限制性定语从句中关系词的用法 （2）which, as的用法的用法 两者在定语从句中作主语或宾语两者在定语从句中作主语或宾语 Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses. 水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。 Our country has sent up another man-made earth satellite, as is reported in the papers. 报纸上报道，我国又发射了一颗人造地球卫星。报纸上报道，我国又发射了一颗人造地球卫星。 四、引导非限制性定语从句的关系词四、引导非
28、限制性定语从句的关系词 3. 非限制性定语从句中关系词的用法非限制性定语从句中关系词的用法 （2）which, as的用法的用法 as, which引导非限制性定语从句的区别引导非限制性定语从句的区别 aswhich 指代指代 引导的从句只能指代整个主句 的内容 引导的从句既可指代整个主句的 内容，又可指代主句的一部分 位置位置可位于主句之前、之中或之后引导的从句不能位于主句之前 意义意义正如这，那 四、引导非限制性定语从句的关系词四、引导非限制性定语从句的关系词 3. 非限制性定语从句中关系词的用法非限制性定语从句中关系词的用法 （3）when, where的用法的用法 关系副词关系副词wh
29、en在非限制性定语从句中在非限制性定语从句中 作时间状语，指代主句中表示时间的词作时间状语，指代主句中表示时间的词 语语 关系副词关系副词where在非限制性定语从句中在非限制性定语从句中 作地点状语，指代主句中表示地点的词作地点状语，指代主句中表示地点的词 语语 when/ where有时可以换成有时可以换成“介词介词 +which” 四、引导非限制性定语从句的关系词四、引导非限制性定语从句的关系词 3. 非限制性定语从句中关系词的用法非限制性定语从句中关系词的用法 （3）when, where的用法的用法 Well put off the picnic in the park until
30、next week, when the weather may be better. 我们打算把在公园里的这次野餐推迟到下周，那时天我们打算把在公园里的这次野餐推迟到下周，那时天 气可能会更好。气可能会更好。 Opposite is St. Pauls Church, where you can hear some lovely music. 对面是圣保罗教堂，在那里你能听到好听的音乐。对面是圣保罗教堂，在那里你能听到好听的音乐。 I left on Sunday, when/ on which everyone was at home. 我星期日离开的，当时人人都在家。我星期日离开的，当时人
31、人都在家。 四、引导非限制性定语从句的关系词四、引导非限制性定语从句的关系词 3. 非限制性定语从句中关系词的用法非限制性定语从句中关系词的用法 （4）介词）介词+ 关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句 在在“介词介词+关系代词关系代词”中，关系代词用中，关系代词用whom指人，用指人，用 which指物。指物。 He worked in a car factory for four years, after which he founded his own company in his hometown. 他在一家汽车厂工作了他在一家汽车厂工作了4年，之后在他的家乡建立了自己年，之后
32、在他的家乡建立了自己 的公司。的公司。 We are short of two people, without whom we will need three more days to finish the work. 我们缺少两个人，没有他们，我们还需要三天的时间来我们缺少两个人，没有他们，我们还需要三天的时间来 完成这项工作。完成这项工作。 五、使用非限制性定语从句的注意事项五、使用非限制性定语从句的注意事项 1. that不能引导非限制性定语从句。不能引导非限制性定语从句。 在非限制性定语从句中，用在非限制性定语从句中，用who，whom指人，用指人，用 which指物指物 She wa
33、s very fond of speaking French, which indeed she spoke wel1. 她很喜欢讲法语，而且讲得确实很好。她很喜欢讲法语，而且讲得确实很好。 2. 当先行词是专有名词或被物主代词、指示代词修当先行词是专有名词或被物主代词、指示代词修 饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性定语从句。饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性定语从句。 They went to London, where they lived for six months. 他们去了伦敦，在那儿住了六个月。他们去了伦敦，在那儿住了六个月。 五、使用非限制性定语从句的注意事项五、使用非限制性定
34、语从句的注意事项 3. 非限制性定语从句可以补充说明整个主句。非限制性定语从句可以补充说明整个主句。 In the presence of so many people he was a little tense, which was understandable. 在那么多人面前他有点紧张，这是可以理解的。在那么多人面前他有点紧张，这是可以理解的。 4. 非限制性定语从句表原因时，不用非限制性定语从句表原因时，不用why引导，而引导，而 用用for which代替代替why I had told them the reason, for which I didnt attend the me
35、eting. 我已经告诉了他们我没有参加会议的原因。我已经告诉了他们我没有参加会议的原因。 1. Sarah, _ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty. 2. Peter, _ you met in London, is now back in Paris. 3. Isobel, _ brother was training for the match, had heard the joke before. 4. By boat i
36、s the only way to get here, _ is how we arrived. 5. _ can be seen from his face, he is quite pleased. who whom whose which As 6. He will put off the picnic until May 1st, _ he will be free. 7. They went to London, _they lived for six months. 8. She gave me two books, both of _ I didnt like. 9. In 19
37、63 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation. when where which whose Read the following sentences and underline the relative clauses. Then name the two types of clauses and state their functions. 1. They tested hundreds of Chinese medical treatments
38、 that showed promise in the fight against the disease. restrictive, describe the kind of medical treatments they tested 限制性定语从句。从句限制性定语从句。从句“that showed promise in the fight against the disease”表明他们所测试的是有望对抗疾病的中医表明他们所测试的是有望对抗疾病的中医 药治疗方法，而并非所有的治疗方法。从句起着重要的限制药治疗方法，而并非所有的治疗方法。从句起着重要的限制 作用，故用限制性定语从句。作用，
39、故用限制性定语从句。 Read the following sentences and underline the relative clauses. Then name the two types of clauses and state their functions. 2. Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize, which is considered one of the highest international honours a person can receive. non-restrictive, give extra informati
40、on about Nobel Prize 非限制性定语从句。诺贝尔奖的权威性和唯一性众所周知，非限制性定语从句。诺贝尔奖的权威性和唯一性众所周知， 所以所以“which is considered one of the highest international honours a person can receive”只起补充信息的作用，故用非限只起补充信息的作用，故用非限 制性定语从句。其中，先行词为制性定语从句。其中，先行词为the Nobel Prize，关系代词，关系代词 which在定语从句中充当主语。在定语从句中充当主语。 Read the following sentences
41、 and underline the relative clauses. Then name the two types of clauses and state their functions. 3. Tu Youyou went to Hainan, where malaria was more common, to study malaria patients. non-restrictive, give extra information about Hainan 非限制性定语从句，非限制性定语从句，where引导的从句只是说明屠呦呦到海南引导的从句只是说明屠呦呦到海南 进行研究的原因
42、，所以进行研究的原因，所以“where malaria was more common”并并 不起重要的限制作用，故用非限制性定语从句。其中，先行不起重要的限制作用，故用非限制性定语从句。其中，先行 词为词为Hainan,关系副词关系副词where在定语从句中充当地点状语。在定语从句中充当地点状语。 Read the following sentences and underline the relative clauses. Then name the two types of clauses and state their functions. 4. Later, the medicine
43、 was tested on malaria patients, most of whom recovered. non-restrictive, give extra information about the patients 非限制性定语从句，非限制性定语从句，whom引导的从句只是补充说明这些病人引导的从句只是补充说明这些病人 治疗后的效果，所以治疗后的效果，所以“most of whom recovered”不起限制作用。不起限制作用。 其中，先行词为其中，先行词为malaria patients，关系代词，关系代词whom在定语从句在定语从句 中充当介词中充当介词of的宾语。的宾语
44、。 Rewrite the sentences using non-restrictive relative clauses. How do the sentences flow differently? 1. We were very impressed by the old man. He was not willing to acknowledge defeat. We were very impressed by the old man, who was not willing to acknowledge defeat. 2. Afterwards, Einstein had to
45、flee Germany. Hitler was in power there. Afterwards, Einstein had to flee Germany, where Hitler was in power. Rewrite the sentences using non-restrictive relative clauses. How do the sentences flow differently? 3. There is nothing we can do to help Linda. Her circumstances are beyond our control. Th
46、ere is nothing we can do to help Linda, whose circumstances are beyond our control. 4. The teacher asked us to listen to a speech by his favourite novelist, J. K. Rowling. It inspired us a lot. The teacher asked us to listen to a speech by his favourite novelist, J. K. Rowling, which inspired us a l
47、ot. Rewrite the sentences using non-restrictive relative clauses. How do the sentences flow differently? 5. The building under construction was designed by I. M. Pei-a famous Chinese-American architect. He was born in Guangzhou, China. The building under construction was designed by I. M. Pei-a famo
48、us Chinese-American architect, who was born in Guangzhou, China. 6. I was asked to explain the project with the help of a flow chart. It was a big challenge for me. I was asked to explain the project with the help of a flow chart, which was a big challenge for me. Complete the sentences using non-re
49、strictive relative clauses to give extra information. Then share them with your group members. 1. I would like to travel around, 2. What impressed me most, 3. My favourite scientist is, 4. Finally we arrived at, 5. My grandparents like, 6. I wish to obtain, 7. My best friend, Suggested Answers: 1. I
50、 would like to travel around Sichuan Province, where Jiuzhaigou locates. 2. What impressed me most about the film was the ending, which was quite moving. 3. My favourite scientist is Nikola Tesla, who was quite brilliant but also had some crazy ideas. 4. Finally we arrived at the zoo, which was clos
