1、Useful words and Useful words and expressionsexpressionsUnit 4 Space Exploration1. procedure C & U (正常或通常的正常或通常的) 程序，步骤，程序，步骤，手续手续(for sb./sth./doing sth.) the selection procedure for astronauts 宇航员的宇航员的选拔选拔程序程序Whats the procedure for applying for a visa? 申请签证的程序是什么？申请签证的程序是什么？Its important to f
2、ollow the regular procedure. 遵守惯常程序很重要遵守惯常程序很重要2. mental(ly) adj.& adv. 精神上的精神上的(地地) ， 思想上的思想上的(地地) ， 心理上的心理上的(地地) pphysicial(ly) adj.& adv. 身体上的身体上的(地地) do a lot of mental and physical training 进行大量的心理和身体训练进行大量的心理和身体训练 She was suffering from _ and _ exhaustion(精疲力尽精疲力尽). 她当时心身精疲力尽。她当时心身精疲力尽
3、。 =She was exhausted, both _ and _. He was in good health both _ and _.mentalphysicalmentallyphyciallymentallyphycially3. train (sb.) in (first aid/dance/customer service skills) to do sth. (to deal with emergency situations) to be a doctor as a doctor for the Olympics/marathon vt. & vi. （接受）训练，
4、（被）培训（接受）训练，（被）培训a well/highy/specially trained workforce 训练有素的、经过特别训练的劳动力训练有素的、经过特别训练的劳动力pdo/receive/undergo training in sth. 在某方面进行、接在某方面进行、接受训练受训练pbe in training for sth. 为为.而进行训练而进行训练 She _ (train) _ an singer/ _ singing under a famous professor of music as a child. Every morning John spends two
5、 hours _ (train) _ the race. Employees _ (train) to deal with emergency situations. McColgan is currently _ _ （进行训练）（进行训练） for the new Nork marathon. After taking a _ (train) course, a team of _ (train) volunteers will be available to help. On the course we _（接受培训）（接受培训） in every aspect of the job.(
6、was) trainedas/to beintrainingfor(are/were) trainedare/were training/are/were being trained(in/doing) trainingtrainingtrainedtrained/reveived training4. be .cm/metres/kg in height/length/width/depth/weight . . 高、长、宽、深、重高、长、宽、深、重5. First of all, you must be intelligent enough to get a related college
7、 degree.pintelligent adj. 有智慧的，有智慧的， 聪明的，悟性强的聪明的，悟性强的(clever, smart, bright, brilliant, wise, gifted, talented, brainy)pintelligence U 智慧，智慧， 智力，智力， 聪明聪明 a highly intelligent child 非常聪明的孩子非常聪明的孩子 a child of high/average/low intelligence 智力高智力高/一般一般/低下低下的孩子的孩子6. Although scientists try to make sure (
8、that) nothing goes wrong, accidents can still happen.复合句，含有从属连词复合句，含有从属连词although 和和(that)引导的让步状引导的让步状语从句和宾语从句，语从句和宾语从句， 不定式短语不定式短语to make sure.作宾语。作宾语。p go wrong (things/everything/nothing) 出问题出问题, 不对头不对头The party was going well _ my parents arrived, then everything went wrong. _ (look) back on it,
9、 I still cant figure out what went wrong.untilLooking (machine/system) 出故障毛病出故障毛病 My cell phone has gone wrong. 我的手机出毛病了。我的手机出毛病了。 =Somethings gone wrong with my cell phone.(person) 出错出错 (=make a mistake) Follow these instructions _ you cant go wrong. 如果按照这些吩咐去做，你不会出错的。如果按照这些吩咐去做，你不会出错的。 and7. They
10、also really wish to discover other planets (that are) suitable enough to support life.1) be suitable to do sth. (to support life) to do (to use in very hot weather/to wear for a party) for sb. (children/a large family) for sth. (the job/post) 适合适合做某事、被做，做某事、被做， 适合适合某人、事、某人、事、（所具备的特性适合某人、某目的或某情况）（所具备
11、的特性适合某人、某目的或某情况）be fit to sth. to do for sth.（健康、质量、素质、能力）适合（健康、质量、素质、能力）适合 I dont have anything suitable _ (wear) for the party.We need to find someone suitable _ (send) as Corbetts replacement. I dont think it is a suitble place/time _ a picnic /_ (discuss) the problem. 2) support life/fish/cattle
12、 维持维持.的生存的生存support oneself/ones family/children 养活养活, 赡养，抚养赡养，抚养 =feed, provide forsupport sb./ones proposal/demands 支持，支持， 拥护拥护.support a charity/project 资助，资助， 援助援助.support a theory/an idea 证实，证明证实，证明.support a roof 支撑，承受支撑，承受.的重量的重量 to sendforto discussto wear8. After many experiments, they succ
13、eeded in making rockets that could escape Earths gravity.pescape Earths gravity 摆脱地球的引力摆脱地球的引力 vt.pescape death/punishment/injury (by seconds) （相差数秒）逃避，避开，（相差数秒）逃避，避开， 避免避免 （死亡、惩罚、受伤）（死亡、惩罚、受伤） vt.p(narrowly) escape being killed/punished/injured（勉强）逃避，（勉强）逃避，避开，避开， 避免避免 （被杀害、（被杀害、惩罚、受伤惩罚、受伤） vt.pesc
14、ape unhurt/unharmed 安然逃脱安然逃脱 vi.pescape from/to/into/through. 从从.逃走逃走; 逃到逃到/进进. ; 穿过穿过.逃走逃走 vi.After visiting the southern part of Yuannan, I have to admit that it is the best region of China _(escape) the cold winter.to escape9. Looking up at the stars, peple have always wanted to learn more about
15、space, and scientists work hard to find answers.并列句，划线部分为现在分词短语作时间状语。并列句，划线部分为现在分词短语作时间状语。1) have/has always/often/seldom done sth. 从过去到现在（现在之前）总是、经常、很少坐某事从过去到现在（现在之前）总是、经常、很少坐某事phad always/often/sendom done sth. 从过去到另一过去（从过去到另一过去（过去之前）过去之前）总是、经常、很少坐总是、经常、很少坐某事某事Daisy had always longed to help endan
16、gered species of wildlife. Daisy 曾经总是渴望帮助野生动植物物种。曾经总是渴望帮助野生动植物物种。2) learn about space （较（较详细详细)了解了解.plearn of ones death/arrival （大致）了解（大致）了解.plearn the truth/news/secret 了解，获悉了解，获悉 （具体的事情）（具体的事情）plearn that/wh- 了解，获悉了解，获悉 （具体的事情）（具体的事情）10. They make vehicles to carry brave people into space to find
17、 out the secrets of the universe 两个两个不定时短语作目的状语不定时短语作目的状语Mankind is exploring space in the hope of finding out more about the universe.1) carry/send/launch.into space 把把.送进了太空送进了太空2) find out the secrets of the universe/truth 弄清、查明宇宙的秘密、真相（具体的事情弄清、查明宇宙的秘密、真相（具体的事情)find (out) answers 找出答案找出答案find out
18、 the times of the trains for Beijing 弄清前往北京的列车时间弄清前往北京的列车时间（具体的事情（具体的事情)Compare:find out (much/more) about the unviverse 了解（很多、更多）有关宇宙的情况了解（很多、更多）有关宇宙的情况（大致情况）（大致情况）find out about the trains for Beijing 弄清前往北京的列车情况弄清前往北京的列车情况 （大致情况）（大致情况） 3) in the hope of doing sth./in the hope that 同位语从句同位语从句 抱着抱着
19、.的希望的希望 =hoping to do / hoping that. Police are carrying out a house-to-house search _（抱着（抱着.希望）希望）finding in the hope of finding the missing girl. Weve postponed the game until Monday _（抱着（抱着.希望）希望） the weather will imporve.pin the belief that.认为，相信认为，相信in the hope ofin the hope that11. Before the
20、mid-20th century, most peple felt travelling into space was an impossible dream.1) feel that宾从宾从 觉得，认为觉得，认为 sb./sth. (to be) n./adj. 觉得，认为觉得，认为 .是是 sb./sth. do/doing sth. 感觉某人做了、正在做某事感觉某人做了、正在做某事 sb./sth. (being) done 感觉某事被做了（正在被做）感觉某事被做了（正在被做） adj. (happy/soft/strange) 感到；感到； 感觉起来，摸起来感觉起来，摸起来 like
21、+sth./从句从句/doing/ 感觉好像，摸起感觉好像，摸起像像来；想要来；想要做某事做某事2) be an impposible dream 是不可能实现的梦想是不可能实现的梦想p be a dream come true 梦想成真梦想成真p realize/fulfil ones dream of (going to) university to do sth. 实现某人做某事的梦想实现某人做某事的梦想pOnes dream is to do sth. 某人的梦想就是做某事某人的梦想就是做某事pdream of/about sb./sth./doing sth. 梦见某人、事；梦想梦见
22、某人、事；梦想，希望希望做某事做某事pdream that从句从句 梦见；梦想，梦见；梦想， 希望希望However, some scientists were determined to help humans realise their dream to explore space. （不定时短语分别做状语、宾补、定语）（不定时短语分别做状语、宾补、定语）12. On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik 1 satellite was launched by the USSR and successfully orbited around Earth.1) launch
23、 a satellite/rocket/missile (from sp.) （从某地）发射从某地）发射( (卫星、火箭、导弹卫星、火箭、导弹) ) p launch an attack on sb./sth. an inquiry/investigation into sth. （问询、调查）（问询、调查） a campaign to do sth. (to raise money) 发动，发起，开始从事（大型或重要活动）发动，发起，开始从事（大型或重要活动）plaunch a company/new book/novel/drug(首次）开办，首次）开办， 创办（公司）；发行，上市（新书，
24、新产品）创办（公司）；发行，上市（新书，新产品）the launch of (a rokect/a new magazine)a new product launch 火箭的发射，火箭的发射， 新杂志、新产品的发行新杂志、新产品的发行3) orbit (around/round) the earth/sun 沿着沿着.轨道运行；围绕轨道运行；围绕.运动运动 The earth takes a year to orbit the sun.the earths orbit around the sun 地球环绕太阳的轨道地球环绕太阳的轨道(be) in orbit (around/round th
25、e moon/earth) 在在.环绕的环绕的轨道上（运行）轨道上（运行） go into/put .into orbit (around/round the moon/earth) 进入进入/把把.放入环绕放入环绕.的轨道上的轨道上13. focused on sending people into space 重点放在把人送入太空重点放在把人送入太空14. the first person in the world to go into space 时间上第一位进入太空的人时间上第一位进入太空的人 （不定式做定语（不定式做定语)15. .American astronaut Neil Ar
26、mstrong stepped onto the moon, famously saying, “.”1) step onto the moon 踏上月球踏上月球2) famously saying 说了句名言，说了句名言， 现在分词短语作伴随状现在分词短语作伴随状语语As he famously said at a press conference, life is unfair. 他在一次新闻发布会上说得好：生活是不公平的。他在一次新闻发布会上说得好：生活是不公平的。16. following prep. after, as a result of 在之后；在之后； 由于由于pfollow
27、ing this =after this He took charge of the family business following his fathers death.Thousands of refugees (难民难民) left the country following the outbreak of civil war(内战内战).17. achieve a/ones goal/aim/objective/target/ambition 实现目标、抱负实现目标、抱负pachieve success/the desired effect/result 取得成功、所想要的效果、结果
28、取得成功、所想要的效果、结果18. For example, Americas NASA space agency launched Coyager 1 on 5 Seotenber 1977 to study deep space, and still transmits data today.1) agency C （政府的（政府的) 机构，机构， 局，局， 部，部， 处；处； （商业）（商业）服务机构服务机构, 代办处，代办处， 中介处中介处p agent C 代理人，经纪人代理人，经纪人the space/news agency 太空、新闻局太空、新闻局the trave/advert
29、ising/employment/housing agency 旅游、广告、就业、房屋中介旅游、广告、就业、房屋中介2) data (information, facts) 数据，材料，资料数据，材料，资料 (单复数同形单复数同形) This data on consumer prices is very interesting. These data on consumer prices are very interesting.pcollect/gather much data from. 从从.收集许多数据收集许多数据3) transmit sth (from .to.) vt. (tr
30、ansmitted, transmitting, transmission) 传输，传送，发送（电子信号）传输，传送，发送（电子信号）(=broadcast); 传播，传递，传播，传递， 传染（知识、观念、习俗、疾病等）传染（知识、观念、习俗、疾病等） (=spread) The ceremony/match_live by/via satellite _ over fifty country/all over the world. Then the data _ scientists on Earth. AID/The virus _ by sexual contact/ through t
31、he blood. Schools _ both knowledge and culture _ students.was transpmitted tois transmitted totransmittois transmited19. These disasters made everyone sad and disapponted, but the desire to explore the universe never died.并列句，并列句，sad and disappointed 为形容词和过去分词作为形容词和过去分词作make 的宾语补足语的宾语补足语(make+sb./st
32、h. +adj./done); 划线部分为划线部分为不定式短语作不定式短语作the desire 定语。定语。1) Everyone was saddened and disapponted by these disasters.2) disappoint vt. 使使.失望失望 pdisappoint ones hopes/expectations/plans 使某人的希望、期望、计划破灭使某人的希望、期望、计划破灭pdisappointing adj.令人失望的令人失望的p(be) disappointed (at/by/about/in/with sth. / in/with sb.)
33、to see/hear/find. (that) 从句从句 感到失望的感到失望的pdisappointment U 失望，扫兴，沮丧失望，扫兴，沮丧(at/with/over./ that); C 令人失望的人令人失望的人/事事pexpress/hide ones disappointment with/at/over. sth. 对对.表示表示失望失望; 掩盖某人对掩盖某人对.的失望的失望pto sbs diappointment 使某人感到失望的是使某人感到失望的是pbe a disappointment to/for sb. 对某人来说是一件失望的对某人来说是一件失望的事事 =be di
34、sappointing for sb.让某人失望让某人失望 Her decision _(cancel) the concert is bound /sure _her fans. Jackson canceled the concert, _ （使（使.感到失望）感到失望）his fans. Lucy _ （对（对.深感失望）深感失望） not being chosen for the team. Labor unions _（对（对.表示很失望）表示很失望） the presidents proposal. My parents will _ （对（对.感到感到失望）失望）me if I
35、fail the exam。 Visitors _ to find the musem closed.to cancelto disappointto the disappointment of=which disappointedwas deeply/very disappointed at/by/aboutexpressed their (great) disappointment at/withbe disappointed in/withwere disappointed Hundreds of _ fans were unable to get tickets for the gam
36、e In summary, this was a _ performance. Progress in the peace talks has been rather _. The teams performance has been a _ for the fans. The play was built up to be (被吹捧为被吹捧为) a masterpiece but I found it very _ . The new government had soon _ (disappoint/ lose/ raise/express) the hopes of its suppor
37、ters.disappointeddisappointingdisappointingdisappointmentdisappointingdisappointed3) the/a/ones desire to do sth./for sth. (定语定语) that 同位语从句同位语从句(should)+do sth.（某人）做某事、获取某物的欲望，渴望，愿望（某人）做某事、获取某物的欲望，渴望，愿望pexpress/show a desire to do sth./for sth./that 从句从句 表示想要做某事、获取某物表示想要做某事、获取某物phave a great/strong
38、/burning /no/little desire to visit/travel / for power/happiness/knowledge 有强烈的、热切的、没有、几乎没有做有强烈的、热切的、没有、几乎没有做/获得某事的欲望获得某事的欲望psatisfy ones desire to do sth./for sth. 满足某人做某事满足某人做某事/获得某物的欲望获得某物的欲望pIt is ones desire that 主从主从 (should)+do sth. 某人的愿望是某人的愿望是. I am inspired by her courage and strong desire
39、 _ (succeed)/ for _(succeed) The two leaders spoke of their desire for _ (improve) relations. _ (solve) the crisis peacefully. _ （和平解决）（和平解决）to the crisis. He expressed a desire _ (see) the documents/that the documents (should) _ (make) public.to succeedsucccessimprovedto solvefor the peaceful solut
40、ionto seebe madeReading satisfies my desire _ (keep) learning._（Harold的愿望是）的愿望是） he should be buried next to his wife.4) desire sth. to do sth. sb. to do sth. that宾从宾从(should)+do sth.We all desire health and happiness. to see you. you to return at once. that you (should) return at once. to keepIts H
41、arolds desirevt. 渴望，盼望，热望渴望，盼望，热望=want sth. very much to do sth. sb. to do sth. 表示表示“渴望渴望”的同义词：的同义词： Im longing/dying/eager for the chance to speak to him in private. to see you at once. Im longing for you to return at once.20. This is because people believe in the importance of carrying on space ex
42、ploration despite the huge risks.复合句，复合句，because引导表语从句引导表语从句 =The reason is that表语从句表语从句 1) believe in sth./doing sth. 相信相信的存在的存在/有价值有价值/重要重要/有用有用pbelieve in sb. 信任信任/信赖某人信赖某人(为人为人/品质品质)(=trust)pbelieve sb. /that/wh- 相信某人的话或某事相信某人的话或某事 Do you _ him/what he said? Yes, but I still dont _ him. He _ tak
43、ing plenty of exercise. Do you _ God?believebelieve inbelieves inbelieve in I strongly _ that the business will be a success. He strongly _ the three principles: nationalism; peoples rights; peoples livelihood.2) carry on (with) space exploration/ones work =carry on exploring space/working 继续、坚持做某事继
44、续、坚持做某事pcarry on as normal/usual 像正常、往常那样继续像正常、往常那样继续/坚持干坚持干believebelieve in21. An example of this ongoing work is the International Space Station. It orbits Earth and has astronauts from different countries on board, providing a contiunous human presence in space.划线部分为现在分词短语作状语，起补充说明作用，划线部分为现在分词短语
45、作状语，起补充说明作用， 相当于非限制性定语从句：相当于非限制性定语从句：which provides a .。意为：。意为： “使得人类持续存在于太空使得人类持续存在于太空”1) An (good/typical) example of . is sth. /that. 一个（很好、典型的）例子就是一个（很好、典型的）例子就是.2) this ongoing work/debate/discussion/process 持续或仍在进行、存在的持续或仍在进行、存在的/发展的发展的. (continuing or continuing to exist or develop) It was on
46、ly due to the ongoing support of his wife, family and friends _ he eventually found the will to live again. The police investigation (调查调查) is still ongoing.3) on board (the ship/plane/train/spaceship) 在轮船、飞机、宇宙飞船上在轮船、飞机、宇宙飞船上 (=aboard.)phave / there be / with sb./sth. on board (.) 有有.在在轮船、飞机、火车、宇宙飞
47、船上轮船、飞机、火车、宇宙飞船上The ship went down with all its crew on board.that（It was.that.为强调句型）为强调句型）pbe/get/go/come on board (the ship.) 在在/登上（轮船登上（轮船/飞机飞机/宇宙飞船）宇宙飞船）(= board. vt.)pHave the passengers gone board yet? 4) a human/police/military presence in/at sp. （人类、警察、人类、警察、军队的）军队的）在某地的在某地的存在存在，驻扎，进驻驻扎，进驻 T
48、he government is maintaining a heavy police presence in tha area/at the march.（.在在.维持大批警力）维持大批警力） There is still a large/huge U.S military presence in the region. （在（在.存在大批驻军）存在大批驻军） (presence n. 派驻人员的存在，驻扎派驻人员的存在，驻扎) Small amounts of the gas are present in the atmosphere. （ be present in sth. adj.
49、存在于）存在于） How many people were present at the ceremony/ meeting? （be present at sth. adj. 出席，到场）出席，到场）5) continuous/continued/continuing adj. 持续不断的持续不断的We are grateful for your continued/continuing/ continuous support.22. make progress in sth./doing sth. 在在.某方面取得某方面取得(.)进步进步/进展进展 towards sth. 朝着朝着.取得
50、取得(.)进步；朝着进步；朝着.(.)前进前进(great/good/much/rapid/steady/slowsignificant) We are making steady/radpid progress (正在取得稳步正在取得稳步/ /快速进展快速进展) ) in controlling heart disease. towards a peaceful settlement(协议协议). on human rights issues.=We are steadily/rapidly progressing . We made good progress despite the snow. towards (mee
