1、 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software Engineering数理逻辑与软件工程习题整理数理逻辑与软件工程习题整理全册配套课件全册配套课件 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software Engineering Chapter 1 Software and Software Developing 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software Engineering 1.1 Software 1.2 The Present Situation of Software Developing 1.3 The features for Software Dev
2、eloping 1.4 Influences brought by Net 1.5 Wassermans Discipline of Software Engineering 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software EngineeringThe knowledge is power Francis Bacon The way ahead is long and difficult, however high and low Ill search with my will unbending. Quyuan Poem about the sadness of seperatio
3、n “路漫漫其修远兮路漫漫其修远兮,吾将上下而求索吾将上下而求索” 屈原屈原 离骚离骚 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software Engineering1.1 Software1、What is software?2、The Present Situation of Software Developing3、The features of Software Developing4、The Essential Feature of Software 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software Engineering 1、What is software?Softwa
4、re = Program + Document Program: The Software Systems described in computer language, Can run on the computer and give result.Document: The auxiliary declaration for software described in natural language.Software is the crystal of human knowledge andexperiences, represented accurately, is a product
5、 made by brain of knowledge. 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software EngineeringThe carrier of software: paper, disk, tape, U-plate Of course, the carrier is not important, the content stored in carriers, knowledge is important.Software is the knowledge, which can run directly. The formula in which we can solv
6、e the unitary quadratic equation is knowledge, to use it the student must first learn, however if we write it in program, we can solve equation use the equation directly. Software is mysterious artifact! 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software EngineeringThe features of software as knowledge productsadvantage：
7、 It is strict and accurate. Its cost to copy is low. It is can be improved constantly It is easy to propagate, inherit Its applications is very wide. Nearly all fields of national economy Software bring huge change to our life, study, society and industry ,State defence . 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Softwar
8、e EngineeringThe features of software as knowledge productDisadvantages: Essentially, the software is comprised of binary codes, and built level by level, so it is very complicated It is not easy to understand. It is easy to make wrong. It is hard to find the faults in it, and it is also hard to rev
9、ise faults in it. In net environment, its soundness and security is a large problem. 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software Engineering1.2 The Present Situation of Software Developing(1) Now there are a lot of software, which run in the fields such as financial, Communication, aeronautics and space aviation(2
10、)The application fields of software are widened constantly, extended to the commerce, traffics and electrical products for home. 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software Engineering(3)The size and complexity of software is increasing constantly.(4)The requirements for software standards appear(5)Cross and combi
11、nation with other computer fields is going on.(6)The automation and intelligentition of software 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software EngineeringThe Role of Artificial Intelligence in Software EngineeringMark HarmanCREST Centre,University College London,Malet Place, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章
12、 Software EngineeringMark Harman is Professor of Software Engineering and head of the Software Engineering Group at the Department of Computer Science,Kings College, London, where he also directs the work of the Centre or Research on Evolution, Search and Technology (CREST). 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Soft
13、ware EngineeringHe has worked extensively on program slicing, transformation and testing andmore recently he was instrumental in founding the field of search based software engineering. Prof. Harmans work is funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), the European Un
14、ion, DaimlerChrysler, Berlin and Vizuri Ltd., London. 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software EngineeringAbstractThere has been a recent surge in interest inthe application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques toSoftware Engineering (SE) problems. The work is typifiedby recent advances in Search Based So
15、ftware Engineering, but also by long established work in Probabilistic reasoning and machine learning for Software Engineering. This paperexplores some of the relationships between these strands of closely related work, arguing that they have much in common and sets out some future challenges in the
16、 area of AI for SE. 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software EngineeringSoftware Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel/Distributed ComputingInternational 2013. 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software EngineeringThe essential feature of software(1) Substitution feature for the mind of brain 对脑力思维的替代
17、性Software can substitute the brain mind of human beingsBefore the appearance of computer, all mechanical, electrical and electronic products can only substitute the physical labors of mankind Software is a crystal of knowledge, we must recognize this point, and pay attention to that, absorb the expe
18、riences of specialists in different fields. For example, In the developing of Jilin Building budget-85. 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software Engineering(2) Constructional feature 构造性No other engineering fields has stronger constructional feature than software field, especially recent year, in order to devel
19、op a new software, you must spend a lot of time to search for a good schemes, tools, objects toIntegrate a system, (3) Evolutional feature 演化性， The products in other fields, are are stable in size structure, performance, etc. and its performance is worse along with the time, till it can not used. Bu
20、t the software can be improved constantly.For example Windows and Words。 And better and better.Mechanical and electronical products do not possess the feature. 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software Engineering(4)Rapidness feature of propagation of software 软件传播的迅速性。 If a software developing is success, you n
21、eed not to developing another same software. The software can propagate rapidly. 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software Engineering 1.3 The features for Software Developing （1）The scope of application of software is increasing continually, software is going to become the basis of the modern society. （2）The re
22、maining software will continue to play its role. need to further to improve （3）The soundness and security of software is becoming more important.软件的可靠性与安全性日趋重要 (4) The software in the net environment is critical for developing. 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software EngineeringThe quality of software How to e
23、valuate a software(1) Correctness(2) Reliability(3) Efficiency(4) Integrity(5) Usability(6) Maintainability(7) Testability(8) Flexibility(9) Portability(10) Reusability(11) Interoperability 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software Engineering1.4 Influences brought by Net (1) The net terminals (computers, movabl
24、e phones) enter every corners of the world. Present new requirements for software. electrical commerce, send orders on net. numeral home. Office on net, etc (2) The person, who work in the field of computer, must deal with his software project from single computer to net environment. The software is
25、 much more complicated. (3) There occur some important critical problems, such as soundness and security. 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software Engineering1.5 Wassermans Discipline of Software Engineering-The fields of SE. (1) Abstraction An abstraction is a description of a problem at some level of generali
26、zation that allows us to concentrate on the key aspect of the problem without getting mired in the details. (2) Analysis and Design Methods and Notations To obtain a whole design, the designers must communicate their idea each other and users. The notations are the languages in which they do communi
27、cation, for example, blueprint for building, flowchart for computer. Analysis and design offer us more than a communication medium, They allow us to build models and check them. 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software Engineering (3) User Interface Prototyping User Interface is the most effective and direct mo
28、de to interact to users Building a small version of a system for users, demonstrate feasibility and partial functions. help the user identify the key requirements acquire the improvement ideas from users. (4) Software Architecture How to build a software. Modular decomposition Data-oriented decompos
29、ition Event-oriented decomposition Outside-in design Object-oriented design 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software Engineering (5) Software process The process of developing software Different types of software need different processes For small or medium-sized system, we can use rapid application development
30、. Use tools and small database. For large complex system, we should use controlled development. Need more structure, check and balance. (6) Reuse reusing items from previous development. Reuse is an exclusive character for software developing, It can raise the quality and efficiency strikingly. Howe
31、ver, we should be discreet to reuse. 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software EngineeringThe problems needed to consider when reusing a component of software Is it faster to build a small component than to search for one in a repository of reusable components? How to guarantee the correctness and safety? for re
32、usable components? How to write documents? How to test a reusable components? How to estimate the high cost of maintenance? it is impossible to read code to search for a location of faults. the advantages of reuse are evident , the troubles brought by reuse are also explicit. 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Sof
33、tware Engineering (7) Measurement Measurement play very important role in engineering. It gives an objective quantitive measures and evaluation about size, rate of advance, materials, cost about a project. Make a project under precise plan control. However it is difficult to measure a software. It i
34、s a product of mental action. It is difficult to measure in quantity. It is similar to evaluate a teachers by number of papers (8) Tools and Integrated Environments Tools can raise the efficiency and quantity in engineering. The tools in software engineering include platforms, design tools, test too
35、ls. 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software EngineeringChapter 1. 问题 1. 谈谈目前软件开发所面临的形势.2. 在软件开发中应注意哪些问题?3. 网络对软件开发有哪些影响?4. 评价软件产品的质量应从哪些方面考虑？ 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software EngineeringThank YouThe end of Chapter 1 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software Engineering Chapter 2 Planning of Software Engineering 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第
36、 1 章 Software Engineering 2.1 The steps for software developing 2.2 A software application system 2.3 The Trend of Software 2.4 Some changes in software developing needed to pay attention 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software Engineering2.1 The steps for Software Developing1、Capturing the Requirements2、Desig
37、ning the system3、Considering the objects4、writing the programs5、Testing the programs 6、Testing the system 7、Delivering the system8、maintaining the system9、Other problems needed to consider 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software Engineering2.1 The steps for Software Developing1、Capturing the Requirements What
38、is of requirement acquirement The importance of requirement acquirement The advices of requirement acquirement The verification of requirement acquirement 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software EngineeringThe process of system requirementProblemanalysisProblemdescriptionPrototypeAnd checkdocumentverificatione
39、licitationRequirementspecification 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software EngineeringThe process of capturing requirement is very important.The hard single part of building a software system is deciding what to build, No other parts of the conceptual work is as difficult as establishing the detailed technical
40、 requirements, including all the interface to people, to machines and to other software systems. No other parts of the work so cripples the resulting system if done wrong. No other part is more difficult to rectify later. Brooks 1987 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software EngineeringRodney Allen Brooks (born
41、December 30, 1954) is an Australian roboticist, Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science, author, and robotics entrepreneur, most known for popularizing the actionist approach to robotics. He was a Panasonic Professor of Robotics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and former director of
42、 the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. He is a founder and former Chief Technical Officer of iRobot1 and co-Founder, Chairman and Chief Technical Officer of Rethink Robotics (formerly Heartland Robotics). Outside the scientific community Brooks is also known for his appear
43、ance in a film featuring him and his work, Fast, Cheap & Out of Control 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software Engineering软件系统是计算机界的艺术品, 软件系统是知识的表达方式, 是知识的结晶. 软件系统是知识产品. 要想做好一个软件系统,软件工程师首先要学习, 然后需要创造, 要像画家创作一幅优秀的绘画作品, 作曲家创作大众喜欢的歌曲那样醉心自己的软件作品的制作. 姜云飞 关于建筑预算系统85的工作总结 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software EngineeringWhy
44、is the process of capturing requirement difficult.1. The aim of the process is to give a goal of software system, which the user often is not clear. in bridge building and house building the goal is generally definite and explicit.2. The gap between software engineers and users of other fields， espe
45、cially the knowledge they possess are radical difference. 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software Engineering3. There are some important reforms, which are accompanied by using software system for application field, such as work flow, format of data. Tasks and duties of people.4. There are some influence comin
46、g from society and government office. 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software EngineeringAnalyzing requirements involves much more than merely writing down the customer wants.We need to discuss with the customers repeatedlyBefore the discussion you should contemplatethe project, having yourself idea. You need
47、to hear the others suggestions. especially the critical opinionsThe useful advice often makes you discomfortable, but It benefits to you.The eulogy, as sounding a melodious song only give your heart pleasant. Can not give you practical guidesThese sayings are common, beyond the SE. 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1
48、 章 Software EngineeringContents of requirement acquisition1. Requirement elicitation2. Requirement specification 3. Requirement verification4. Requirement revision5. Requirement document6. Requirement signature Requirement is a blue print of software system 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software EngineeringHo
49、w to do requirement acquisition? There is no Code as House Building Domains have. There are only some suggestions given by relevant books There are less confined, so there are imagination and creative space. 超级计算学院 高级软件工程 第 1 章 Software EngineeringMy experience, and advices 1. Pay high attention req
50、uirement acquisition. 2. Do not hurry , quality is far more important than speed. If you rush to do the software requirement, and push the later steps of the development, before long you will found you fall into a mire you must to return the start point and begin again. Not only this doing again was
