1、梁玉军梁玉军中国地质大学中国地质大学材料科学与化学工程学院材料科学与化学工程学院观察到改进后的 按激发过程的不同分为:按激发过程的不同分为:(1)注入式电致发光:直接由装在晶体上的电极注入电子)注入式电致发光:直接由装在晶体上的电极注入电子和空穴,当电子与空穴在晶体内再复合时,以光的形式和空穴,当电子与空穴在晶体内再复合时,以光的形式释放出多余的能量。注入式电致发光的基本结构是结型释放出多余的能量。注入式电致发光的基本结构是结型二极管(二极管(LED););(2)本征型电致发光:又分为高场电致发光与低能电致发)本征型电致发光:又分为高场电致发光与低能电致发光。其中高场电致发光是荧光粉中的电子或
2、由电极注入光。其中高场电致发光是荧光粉中的电子或由电极注入的电子在外加强电场的作用下在晶体内部加速,碰接发的电子在外加强电场的作用下在晶体内部加速,碰接发光中心并使其激发或离化,电子在回复到基态时辐射发光中心并使其激发或离化,电子在回复到基态时辐射发光。光。1. 交流粉末电致发光(交流粉末电致发光(ACEL);2. 直流粉末电致发光(直流粉末电致发光(DCEL);3. 交流薄膜电致发光(交流薄膜电致发光(ACTFEL);4. 直流薄膜电致发光(直流薄膜电致发光(DCTFEL)。)。 1、高场交流电致发光显示、高场交流电致发光显示图 ACEL结构图 通常对电致发光薄膜器件采用多层式的金属绝缘体半
3、导体绝缘体金属(MISIM)结构。在典型的ACEL-MISIM器件中,发光的半导体并不和电极直接接触。衬底为玻璃,薄膜沉积在可带有预定花样的透明In-Sn氧化物(1TO玻璃)上,再用后电极(A1)覆盖。 这种薄膜式ACEL器件具有非常好的亮度、稳定性、视角和效率,因此发展很快。典型的三层式的ACEL器件截面图 可以在电场可以在电场(110 (110 V Vcmcm-1-1) )下激发而不被击穿下激发而不被击穿; ;在发光的阈值电压下介电材料的行为类似于在发光的阈值电压下介电材料的行为类似于绝缘体绝缘体; ;能设法将磷光体沉积成薄膜能设法将磷光体沉积成薄膜( (如用溅射、蒸如用溅射、蒸发、化学气
4、相沉积和分子柬外延法等发、化学气相沉积和分子柬外延法等) )。2、高场薄膜电致发光(、高场薄膜电致发光(TFEL)图 ACTFEL结构示意图1金属电极;2绝缘层;3发光层;4绝缘层;5透明电极;玻璃衬底 目前的目前的ACTFELACTFEL多采用双绝缘层薄膜结构。器件由多采用双绝缘层薄膜结构。器件由三层组成,如图所示。三层组成,如图所示。 器件由三层组成,发光层夹在两绝缘层间,起消器件由三层组成,发光层夹在两绝缘层间,起消除漏电流与避免击穿的作用。除漏电流与避免击穿的作用。 掺不同杂质则发不同的光,其中掺掺不同杂质则发不同的光,其中掺MnMn的发光效率的发光效率最高,加最高,加200V200V
5、,5000Hz5000Hz电压时,亮度高达电压时,亮度高达5000cd/m25000cd/m2。 ACTFELACTFEL具有记忆效应,通常室内光照度下,记忆具有记忆效应,通常室内光照度下,记忆可维持几分钟,在黑暗中可保持十几个小时。可维持几分钟,在黑暗中可保持十几个小时。 记忆效应可以解释为:脉冲电压产生强电场,使发光层中电子加速。在这些电子穿过发光层时,激发锰发光中心。已穿过发光层的电子便在发光层与绝缘层的界面上积累起来,这些电子在电场移去后仍将留在界面处,于是在发光层两边形成极化电荷。如果下一个脉冲与上一个脉冲同方向,则极化电场将抵消脉冲电压产生的电场的大部分,所以发光亮度变小。反过来,
6、如果下一脉冲方向反转,则极化电场与脉冲电压产生的电场叠加,总电场变大,所以发光亮度增加。利用记忆效效可以制成具有灰度级的记忆板,作为视频显示板用的记忆板能够具有帧储存的能力。 ACTFEL优点是寿命长(大于2万小时),亮度高,工作温度宽(-55+125),缺点是只有掺Mn的发光效率高,且为橙黄色,对全色显示要求三基色研制高效的发光材料是当今研究的课题。EL器件目前已被应用在背光源照明上,在汽车、飞机及其他设备仪器仪表、手机、手表、电子钟、LCD模块、笔记本电脑显示器等方面获得应用。也作为交通安全标志,公司标志,出口通道等发光指示牌上的发光显示器件。ZnSZnS基无机发光材料基无机发光材料的制备
7、及交流粉末电致发的制备及交流粉末电致发光性能的研究光性能的研究Korea Institute of Energy Research ZnS phosphor as green emitting was prepared with copper activated zinc sulfide by combustion method. ZnS (host crystal) + Cu(NO3)2 (activator) + BaCl2, MgCl2, NaCl (flux) = ZnS:Cu,Cl Firing is made at about 900oC in an inert atmospher
8、e. The excess flux is removed by washing. Experimental Experimental Mixing with BaCl2, MgCl2, NaCl Milling to a fine powder Firing at 900oC for 2-5hrs Washing with hot water drying ZnS + Cu(NO3)2 Powder Crystalline material PhosphorResults and discussion 010203040506070809002004006008001000Cu (ppm)I
9、ntensity(cd/m2)ZnS:Cu phosphor with various Cu2+ concn. prepared at 900 oC Intensity of spectra Results and discussion01020304050607080900200400600800100012001400Temperature(oC)Intensity(cd/m2)ZnS:Cu phosphor with 485 ppm Cu2+ concn. at different firing temperatures Intensity of spectraResults and d
10、iscussion ZnS:Cu phosphor with 485 ppm Cu2+ concn. prepared at different firing temperatures a) 500oCc) 900oCb) 700oCd) 1000oCResults and discussion W avel engt h (nm )I ntensi tyW avel engt h (nm )I ntensi tyW avel ength (nm )I ntensi tyW avel ength (nm )W avel ength (nm )I ntensi tyZnS:Cu phosphor
11、 with various Cu2+ concn. prepared at 900oC Emission spectruma) 164 ppmb) 485 ppmConclusion Green emitting phosphor ZnS:CuCl is the most efficient photoluminescence, when prepared at 900oC Wavelength of main emission peak is 509nm Green emitting phosphor ZnS:CuCl is the most efficient photoluminesce
12、nce, when Cu amount is 485ppmInOCH(CH3)23(Indium-iso-propoxide)Iso- C3H7OH(Isopropyl alcohol)Alkoxide solution of InZnS phosphorH2O Iso- C3H7OHSolutionCoating layerHydrorisis by churning at 80oC for 2hrsMixing at 80oC at N2Drying by Rotary EvaporatorA flowchart of coating process of In2O3 by sol-gel
13、 method ExperimentalZnS phosphorIso-propyl alcoholAl(OC3H7)3 (Aluminium -iso-propoxide)Iso-propyl alcoholsolutionGelation add waterstirring heating at 90oCDrying at 450oC for 24hrsCoated phosphorA flowchart of coating process of Al2O3 by sol-gel method ExperimentalInOCH(CH3)23 + AlOCH(CH3)23(Indium
14、+Aluminium -iso-propoxide)Iso- C3H7OH (Isopropyl alcohol)SolutionCoating layerHydrorisis by churning at 50oC for 2hrsDrying by Rotary EvaporatorZnS phosphorH2O Iso- C3H7OH (Isopropyl alcohol)Coating process of In2O3 + Al2O3 by sol-gel method Experimentala) uncoatedb) Al coatedc) In coatedd) In+Al co
15、atedSEM micrographs of ZnS:Cu phosphor coated with different materials Results and discussion Relative intensity of ZnS:Cu phosphor coated with different materials against without coating phosphor 0 02020404060608080100100120120140140no coatedno coatedcoated Alcoated Alcoated Incoated Incoated Al+In
16、coated Al+Incoated materialscoated materialsrelative intesity(%)relative intesity(%)Results and discussion Schematic of Thick-ELD fabricatedAgMaskingMaskingInsulatorInsulatorPhosphorSubstrateITOAgZnS:CuPET filmITOAgPET+BaTiO3PET+Ciano resin Epoxy EpoxyAgExperiment 1.ITO film Front electrode Front in
17、sulatorPhosphorw.back insulatorBack electrodeMasking Washing with alcohol and DI water Drying Silver paste Drying PET transparent ink Ciano resin Drying ZnS:Mn:Cu, ZnS:Cu PET transparent ink PET transparent ink BaTiO3 PTF paste silver Drying Epoxy DryingScreen coated speedometer 0 02 24 46 68 810101
18、2121414161618188080100100120120150150200200Voltage (V)Voltage (V)Relative intensity (%)Relative intensity (%)uncoateduncoatedAl coatedAl coatedIn+Al coatedIn+Al coatedIn coatedIn coatedResults and discussion Relative intensity of ZnS:Cu phosphor coated with different materials Resultsa)Emission spectra of thick film EL devices applied green & yellow phosphor at 100V, 400Hz b)PL spectra of thick film devicesZnS:Cu (green)ZnS:Mn:Cu (yellow)abResultsSpecimen of automobile speedometer prepared by screen-coating method c) Switch on modea) Screen coated speedometer