1、制冷原理全册配套完整制冷原理全册配套完整教学课件教学课件2Principles of Refrigeration制冷原理制冷原理Introduction绪绪 论论3/18/20223Notes for my class 1. Quiz: 10 times. (10%)2. Experiment: two weekends. (10%)3. Homework: solve 10 special problems. (20%)4. Exam: at the end of this semester. (40%)5. Discussion Class: five issues. (20%)3/18/
2、20224Textbooks 1. 制冷与低温原理，浙江大学主编 2. “Principles of Refrigeration” ，剑桥大学出版社3. 制冷原理与设备 ，西安交通大学主编 4. 制冷与低温设备 ，西安交通大学主编 5. 制冷及低温技术(上、中、下) ，西安交大主编 3/18/20225Refrigeration 制冷FrostIce从低于环境温度的空间或物体中吸收热量，并将其转移到温度高于它的介质中去的过程Air热量从温度较低物体转移到温度较高物体3/18/20226Cooling 冷却? vs Refrigeration 制冷? WaterIce使物体温度下降的过程热量从温
3、度较高物体转移到温度较低物体热量从温度较低物体转移到温度较高物体3/18/20227Refrigeration 制冷? vs Cooling 冷却?热量从温度较低的物体转移到温度较高的物体热量从温度较高的物体转移到温度较低的物体冷源的获取IceRefrigerant3/18/20228Cooling = temperature dropping= Obtaining low temperature environmentWaterIceIceIceRefrigeration冷源的获取冷环境的获取Refrigeration and CryogenicsRefrigeration普冷普冷Cryog
4、enics低温低温制造人工低温环境3/18/202210Contents 目目 录录ContentsTime绪绪 论论Introduction3 Weeks第一章第一章制冷与低温的热力学基础制冷与低温的热力学基础1 Thermodynamic fundamentals of refrigeration and cryogenics第二章第二章制冷与低温工质的性质制冷与低温工质的性质2 Properties of working substances used in refrigeration and cryogenics2 Weeks第三章第三章蒸汽制冷循环蒸汽制冷循环3 Vapor refr
5、igeration cycles3 Weeks3/18/202211Homework_11. What is the definition of refrigeration in your opinion? Please compare the functions of the ice in the following two processes? We get ice by evaporating the refrigerant in a refrigerator. We get iced beer by adding some ice in the bear. 3/18/202212回收机
6、械振动能量的泵水装置3/18/202213回收机械振动能量的泵水装置3/18/202214回收机械振动能量的泵水装置3/18/202215节能型家用真空干衣机3/18/202216节能型家用真空干衣机1 Thermodynamic fundamentals of refrigeration and cryogenic engineering1.1 Methods of refrigeration1.1.1 Refrigeration by phase change第一章 制冷与低温的热力学基础第一节 制冷的方法一、相变制冷3/18/202218William Cullen and his st
7、udent Joseph Black ( 1755, English ) IceEtherVacuum pumpEtherVacuum pump3/18/202219Refrigeration by phase change 相变制冷MeltingSublimatingPhase changePressure dropNormal Boiling PointCritical PointTb（K）tb（）Tc（K）tc（）C2H6O351.578.3516.2243.0Ether307.834.6467.2194SO2263.2-10430.7157.5NH3239.9-33.3406.2133
8、.0CO2194.8-78.4304.331.1C2H4169.5-103.7282.59.3CH4111.7-161.5190.5-82.7O290.3-182.9154.8-118.4N274.4-198.8126.3-146.9H220.4-252.833.3-239.9He4.3-268.95.3-267.93/18/202220TaTTcTbTf1atmRefrigeration by phase change 相变制冷Melting Vaporizingdukinetic = du - dupotential 0Pressure dropPhase changedu = (hg -
9、 u)dm/m (hg - hl)dm/m = dm/m 0The first law: Q = dU + W + (h+c2/2+gz)dmout - (h+c2/2+gz)dminSince: (hdm)out= hgdmThus: -hgdmout =hgdm = dU= d(mu) = mdu +udm mdu = (hg - u)dm3/18/202221TaTTcTbTf1atmVaporizingRefrigeration by phase change and pressure drop相变制冷 EvaporatingSublimatingMelting3/18/202222T
10、aTaTaTaTf1atmNormal boiling point and saturated passure 标准沸点和饱和压力Normal Boiling PointCritical PointTb（K）tb（）Tc（K）tc（）C2H6O351.578.3516.2243.0Ether307.834.6467.2194SO2263.2-10430.7157.5NH3239.9-33.3406.2133.0CO2194.8-78.4304.331.1C2H4169.5-103.7282.59.3CH4111.7-161.5190.5-82.7O290.3-182.9154.8-118.4N
11、274.4-198.8126.3-146.9H220.4-252.833.3-239.9He4.3-268.95.3-267.9EtherO2、 N2 H2、 HeNH3CO23/18/202223TaTTcTbTf1atmM. Van Marum ( 1787, Holland ) LiquefyingNH3p1/p2=V2 /V1Boyles lawBoyles law波意尔波意尔- -马略特定律马略特定律NH3RefrigeratingCooling3/18/202224TaTaTaTaTf1atmliquefaction by pressurization and phase chan
12、ge by underpressure 加压液化和降压相变Normal Boiling PointCritical PointTb（K）tb（）Tc（K）tc（）C2H6O351.578.3516.2243.0Ether307.834.6467.2194SO2263.2-10430.7157.5NH3239.9-33.3406.2133.0CO2194.8-78.4304.331.1C2H4169.5-103.7282.59.3CH4111.7-161.5190.5-82.7O290.3-182.9154.8-118.4N274.4-198.8126.3-146.9H220.4-252.833
13、.3-239.9He4.3-268.95.3-267.9EtherO2、 N2 H2、 HeNH3CO23/18/202225Cascade systems and Permanent gases复叠式系统和永久气体Normal Boiling PointCritical PointTb（K）tb（）Tc（K）tc（）C2H6O351.578.3516.2243.0Ether307.834.6467.2194SO2263.2-10430.7157.5NH3239.9-33.3406.2133.0CO2194.8-78.4304.331.1C2H4169.5-103.7282.59.3CH411
14、1.7-161.5190.5-82.7O290.3-182.9154.8-118.4N274.4-198.8126.3-146.9H220.4-252.833.3-239.9He4.3-268.95.3-267.9TaTaTaTaTf1atmEtherO2、 N2 H2、 HeNH3CO2C2H4NH32000 atm3/18/202226C. C. de La Tour ( 1821, French ) , M. Faraday ( 1823, English ) and critical pointsAlcohol 119atmGlass ball Liquid chlorineChlor
15、ide CrystalsCoolingCooling3/18/202227C. C. de La Tour ( 1821, French ) , M. Faraday ( 1823, English ) and critical pointsTaTf1atmTTcTbVaporizingAlcohol 119atmGlass ball 63atm, 243Van der Waals (1873, Holland )论气态和液态的连续性论气态和液态的连续性Liquid chlorineChloride CrystalsCoolingTaTTcTbTf1atm3/18/202228Guillaum
16、e Amontons (1663-1705, French ) and the absolute zeroAmontons Law: p1/p2=T1 /T2查理定律查理定律zeroTp0 p1/T1= (p1 - p2) / (T1 - T2) = p/TzerozeroTpppp0010000100(p100 1.417p0 )Tzero= - 240 1.1 Methods of refrigeration1.1.1 Refrigeration by phase change1.1.2 Refrigeration by gas expansion1.1.2.1 Refrigeration
17、 by gas release第一节 制冷的方法一、相变制冷二、气体膨胀制冷1.1 Methods of refrigeration1.1.1 Refrigeration by phase change1.1.2 Refrigeration by gas expansion1.1.2.1 Refrigeration by gas release第一节 制冷的方法一、相变制冷二、气体膨胀制冷1. 绝热放气制冷3/18/202231Cascade systems and Permanent gases复叠式系统和永久气体Normal Boiling PointCritical PointTb（K）
18、tb（）Tc（K）tc（）C2H6O351.578.3516.2243.0Ether307.834.6467.2194SO2263.2-10430.7157.5NH3239.9-33.3406.2133.0CO2194.8-78.4304.331.1C2H4169.5-103.7282.59.3CH4111.7-161.5190.5-82.7O290.3-182.9154.8-118.4N274.4-198.8126.3-146.9H220.4-252.833.3-239.9He4.3-268.95.3-267.9TaTaTaTaTf1atmEtherO2、 N2 H2、 HeNH3CO2C2
19、H4NH32000 atm3/18/202232L. Galletet ( Dec., 1877, French ) and liquefaction of oxygenO2 300atmTapSO2 -29TaTTcTbTf1atmLiquefying3/18/202233R. Pictet ( Dec., 1877, Swiss ) and liquefaction of oxygenO2 320atm, -140TapCO2SO2Normal Boiling PointCritical PointTb（K）tb（）Tc（K）tc（）SO2263.2-10430.7157.5CO2194.
20、8-78.4304.331.1O290.3-182.9154.8-118.43/18/202234Z. F. Wroblewski, K. S. Olszewski (1883, Poland )Oxygen 320atm, -140TapCO2SO2Liquid O2(-130)C2H4O2(320atm)Liquid chlorineChloride CrystalsCooling3/18/202235Z. F. Wroblewski, K. S. Olszewski (1883, Poland ) and M. Faraday ( 1823, English ) TaTcTbTf1atm
21、O2Liquid O2(-130)C2H4O2(320atm)ChlorineNormal Boiling PointCritical PointTb（K）tb（）Tc（K）tc（）SO2263.2-10430.7157.5CO2194.8-78.4304.331.1O290.3-182.9154.8-118.4Liquid chlorineChloride CrystalsCooling3/18/2022361.1.2.1 Refrigeration by gas releasedukinetic 0p、vTh、udu = (h - u)dm/m= pvdm/m 0The first law
22、: Q = dU + W + (h+c2/2+gz)dmout - (h+c2/2+gz)dmindul = (hg - ul)dm (hg - hl)dm = dm/m 膨胀作功膨胀作功 低压气体排出汽缸低压气体排出汽缸A 压缩过程压缩过程 B 冷却过程冷却过程 C 回热过程回热过程 D 膨胀过程膨胀过程3/18/202240Refrigeration by a work-producing device等熵膨胀制冷u = upotential + ukineticdu = -W /m 0dukinetic 0The first law: Q = dU + WdU = -W 膨胀作功膨胀作功
23、 低压气体排出汽缸低压气体排出汽缸upotential 03/18/202241Differential (integral) isentropic expansion coefficient微分（积分）等熵效应p、vTh、upTvpcTpTsaS21ppsdpaT0pTv0sD 膨胀过程：高压气体进入汽缸膨胀过程：高压气体进入汽缸 膨胀作功膨胀作功 低压气体排出汽缸低压气体排出汽缸微分等熵效应：微分等熵效应：积分等熵效应：积分等熵效应：0T3/18/202242Refrigeration by gas expansion气体膨胀制冷（等熵膨胀和绝热放气制冷）Wmpv绝热放气绝热放气等熵膨胀等
24、熵膨胀3/18/202243TaTaTaTaTf1atmNormal boiling points and critical points标准沸点和临界点Normal Boiling PointCritical PointTb（K）tb（）Tc（K）tc（）C2H6O351.578.3516.2243.0Ether307.834.6467.2194SO2263.2-10430.7157.5NH3239.9-33.3406.2133.0CO2194.8-78.4304.331.1C2H4169.5-103.7282.59.3CH4111.7-161.5190.5-82.7O290.3-182.9
25、154.8-118.4N274.4-198.8126.3-146.9H220.4-252.833.3-239.9He4.3-268.95.3-267.9EtherO2、 N2 H2、 HeSO2CO21.1 Methods of refrigeration1.1.1 Refrigeration by phase change1.1.2 Refrigeration by gas expansion1.1.2.1 Refrigeration by gas release1.1.2.2 Refrigeration by a work-producing device1.1.2.3 Refrigera
26、tion by Joule-Thomson expansion第一节 制冷的方法一、相变制冷二、气体膨胀制冷1. 绝热放气制冷2. 等熵膨胀制冷3. 节流膨胀制冷3/18/202245Joule-Thomson effect ( 1852, English ) 焦耳-汤姆逊效应The first law: q = h + w + c2/2 + gzh = 0 h1 = u1 + p1v1h2= u2 + p2v2uK p1v1p2v2 uPh1 = h23/18/202246Differential (integral) Joule-Thomson coefficient 微分（积分）节流效应
27、hhpTapphcvTvTa微分节流效应：微分节流效应：积分节流效应：积分节流效应：h1 = h2uK p1v1p2v2 uP3/18/202247Refrigeration by Joule-Thomson expansion节流膨胀制冷CoolingHeatingIdeal gasReal gashhpTaInversion curseuK p1v1p2v2 uPTTaTcTbTf1atmExpansionh1 = h2微分节流效应：微分节流效应：CoolingHeatingInversion curse3/18/202248Refrigeration by Joule-Thomson e
28、xpansion节流膨胀制冷3/18/202249Inversion points转化曲线Normal Boiling PointCritical PointInversion PointTb（K）Tb（）Tc（K）Tc（）Tmax（K） tmax（）N274.4-198.8126.3-146.9604331H220.4-252.833.3-239.9204-69He4.3-268.95.3-267.946-227TTaTcTbTf1atmExpansionCoolingHeating3/18/202250J. Perkins ( 1834, American )EvaporatorEther
29、CondenserCompressorExpansion valves压缩机压缩机冷凝器冷凝器节流阀节流阀蒸发器蒸发器3/18/202251Linde-Hampson cycle ( 1895, German-English )Recuperator3/18/202252Inversion points转化曲线Normal Boiling PointCritical PointInversion PointTb（K）Tb（）Tc（K）Tc（）Tmax（K） tmax（）N274.4-198.8126.3-146.9604331H220.4-252.833.3-239.9204-69He4.3-
30、268.95.3-267.946-227TTaTcTbTf1atmHydrogenExpansion3/18/202253Sir J. Dewar ( 1898, English ) and liquefaction of hydrogen杜瓦和氢的液化Minds are like parachutes. They only function when they are open.Normal Boiling PointCritical PointInversion PointTb（K）Tb（）Tc（K）Tc（）Tmax（K） tmax（）N274.4-198.8126.3-146.96043
31、31H220.4-252.833.3-239.9204-69He4.3-268.95.3-267.946-2273/18/202254H. K. Onnes ( 1908, Holland ) and liquefaction of helium氦的液化H2HeH2CH3ClC2H4O2Air3/18/202255Refrigeration by gas expansion气体膨胀制冷Wmpvpv3/18/202256Refrigeration by expansion of working substances工质膨胀制冷3/18/202257References_ Chapter 11.1
32、.绝对零度的探索绝对零度的探索 : : 低温物理趣谈低温物理趣谈 / / K. K. 门德尔松著门德尔松著 ; ; 张长贵张长贵, , 孙大坤孙大坤, , 秦允豪译秦允豪译. . 北京北京 : : 科学普及科学普及出版社出版社, , 1987 1987 2.2.向绝对零度挑战向绝对零度挑战 / / 陈狱生著陈狱生著. . 北京北京 : : 开明书店开明书店, , 1951 1951 3/18/202258Homework_22 2、请根据热力学一般关系式推导微、请根据热力学一般关系式推导微分等熵效应和微分节流效应的定义式分等熵效应和微分节流效应的定义式（1-41-4）和（）和（1-181-18
33、）。）。3/18/202259 课程网站 http:/ Methods of refrigeration1.1.1 Refrigeration by phase change1.1.2 Refrigeration by gas expansion1.1.3 Refrigeration by Ranque-Hilsch effect1.1.4 Refrigeration by Peltier effect第一节 制冷的方法一、相变制冷二、气体膨胀制冷三、气体涡流制冷四、热电制冷五、去磁制冷六、稀释制冷七、热声制冷八、激光制冷3/18/2022621.1.3 Refrigeration by Ra
34、nque-Hilsch effect (1931, French) 兰克管3/18/2022631.1.3 Refrigeration by Ranque-Hilsch effect (1931, French) 兰克管Hot outlet(130)Flow inletsCold outlet(-50)OrificeValve1.1 Methods of refrigeration1.1.1 Refrigeration by phase change1.1.2 Refrigeration by gas expansion1.1.3 Refrigeration by Ranque-Hilsch
35、effect1.1.4 Refrigeration by Peltier effect第一节 制冷的方法一、相变制冷二、气体膨胀制冷三、气体涡流制冷四、热电制冷五、去磁制冷六、稀释制冷七、热声制冷八、激光制冷3/18/2022651.1.4 Refrigeration by Peltier effect(1934, French) 热电制冷ElectronPeltier effect (珀尔帖 1834) : 当直流电流通过两种不同导电材料组成的闭合线路时，就会使一个接点变冷，另一个变热。Seebeck effect (塞贝克 1821) : 发现在两种不同金属组成的闭合线路中，如果两接触点的
36、温度不同，有一个电动势存在。Electronhole3/18/2022661.1.4 Refrigeration by Peltier effect(1934, French) 热电制冷Cold endElectronholeElectronHot endsPeltier effect (珀尔帖 1834) : 当直流电流通过两种不同导电材料组成的闭合线路时，就会使一个接点变冷，另一个变热。Seebeck effect (塞贝克 1821) : 发现在两种不同金属组成的闭合线路中，如果两接触点的温度不同，有一个电动势存在。铜康铜Cold endHot end3/18/2022671.1.4 R
37、efrigeration by Peltier effect (1934, French) 热电制冷Cold endHot endPeltier effect (1834) : 当直流电流通过两种不同导电材料组成的闭合线 路时，就会使一个接点变冷，另一个变热。一般23级（温差100），最多8级（温差140160）。3/18/202268小型风力驱动冷却法获取淡水装置Cold endHot end1.1 Methods of refrigeration1.1.5 Refrigeration by adiabatic demagnetization 1.1.6 Refrigeration by d
38、ilution 1.1.7 Refrigeration by thermoacoustic effect1.1.8 Refrigeration by laser第一节 制冷的方法一、相变制冷二、气体膨胀制冷三、气体涡流制冷四、热电制冷五、去磁制冷六、稀释制冷七、热声制冷八、激光制冷3/18/202270Refrigeration by expansion of working substances ( 1908 ）Normal Boiling PointCritical PointInversion PointTb（K）Tb（）Tc（K）Tc（）Tmax（K） tmax（）N274.4-198
39、.8126.3-146.9604331H220.4-252.833.3-239.9204-69He4.3-268.95.3-267.946-227TTaTcTbTf1atmHelium0.01atm0.83K3/18/2022711.1.5 Refrigeration by adiabatic demagnetization 绝热去磁制冷 P.Debye (1926, Germany) and W. F. Giauque (1933, Canada) 磁热效应磁热效应顺磁性物质顺磁性物质磁畴磁畴3/18/2022721.1.5 Refrigeration by adiabatic demagn
40、etization 绝热去磁制冷 P.Debye (1926, Germany) and W. F. Giauque (1933, Canada) CompressedCooledExpanded3/18/2022731.1.5 Refrigeration by adiabatic demagnetization 绝热去磁制冷W. F. Giauque (1933, Canada) and DPMc Dougall (Canada) CompressedCooledExpanded0.25k 10-7K硫酸钇硫酸钇 (1.5K)1.1 Methods of refrigeration1.1.5
41、 Refrigeration by adiabatic demagnetization 1.1.6 Refrigeration by dilution 1.1.7 Refrigeration by thermoacoustic effect1.1.8 Refrigeration by laser第一节 制冷的方法一、相变制冷二、气体膨胀制冷三、气体涡流制冷四、热电制冷五、去磁制冷六、稀释制冷七、热声制冷八、激光制冷3/18/202275H. K. Onnes and liquefaction of helium Superfluid 超流体Superfluid : 1.常压下永远不会凝固常压下
42、永远不会凝固 (0.83K) 2. 表面张力：0.05H23. 超流动性：10-12Pas 4. 高热导率：104 Cu3/18/2022761.1.6 Refrigeration by 3He-4He dilution 氦稀释制冷 4He and 3He4He-I 4.2K3He-I 3.2K4He-II 2.2K3He-II 0.003K3/18/2022771.1.6 Refrigeration by 3He-4He dilution 氦稀释制冷 4He and 3He4He-I 4.2K3He-I 3.2K4He-II 2.2K3He-II 0.003K油油水水3/18/2022781
43、.1.6 Dilution refrigerator 氦稀释制冷机 Heinz London (1962, German)Mixing chamber(0.01K)StillHeat exchangerGas 3HeLiquid 3He油油水水1.1 Methods of refrigeration1.1.5 Refrigeration by adiabatic demagnetization 1.1.6 Refrigeration by dilution 1.1.7 Refrigeration by thermoacoustic effect1.1.8 Refrigeration by la
44、ser第一节 制冷的方法一、相变制冷二、气体膨胀制冷三、气体涡流制冷四、热电制冷五、去磁制冷六、稀释制冷七、热声制冷八、激光制冷3/18/2022801.1.7 Rijke 管、 Sondhauss管、 Taconis 振荡 Sondhauss (1850 , German ), Rijke (1859 , Dutch )3/18/2022811.1.7 Rijke 管、 Sondhauss管、 Taconis 振荡 Sondhauss (1850 , German ), Rijke (1859 , Dutch )声音声音温温差差3/18/2022821.1.7 Refrigeration b
45、y thermoacoustic effect 热声制冷 G. W. Swift and J. T. Wheatley (1988, American)1.1 Methods of refrigeration1.1.5 Refrigeration by adiabatic demagnetization 1.1.6 Refrigeration by dilution 1.1.7 Refrigeration by thermoacoustic effect1.1.8 Refrigeration by laser第一节 制冷的方法一、相变制冷二、气体膨胀制冷三、气体涡流制冷四、热电制冷五、去磁制冷
46、六、稀释制冷七、热声制冷八、激光制冷3/18/2022841.1.8 Refrigeration by laser 激光制冷 A. L. Schawlow and H. G. Dehmelt (1975, American) AtomAtomfurnacePhotonsLaser多普勒冷却多普勒冷却3/18/2022851.1.8 Refrigeration by laser 激光制冷 A. L. Schawlow (1975)Steven Chu (1985、 1987、1995 、1997, American) （朱棣文）钠原子钠原子24010-6K3/18/2022861.1.8 Ref
47、rigeration by laser 激光制冷 A. L. Schawlow (1975)Steven Chu (1985、1987、1995 、1997, American) （朱棣文）钠原子钠原子110-6K磁光阱磁光阱3/18/2022871.1.8 Refrigeration by laser 激光制冷 A. L. Schawlow (1975)Steven Chu (1985、1987、1995 、1997, American) （朱棣文）钠原子钠原子2.4 10-11K磁光阱磁光阱25cm/s (1km/h)3/18/2022881.1.8 Refrigeration by la
48、ser 激光制冷 A. L. Schawlow (1975)Steven Chu (1985、1987、1995 、1997, American) （朱棣文）TaTTcTbTf1atm3/18/202289Guillaume Amontons (1663-1705, French ) and the absolute zeroAmontons Law: p1/p2=T1 /T2查理定律查理定律zeroTp0 p1/T1= (p1 - p2) / (T1 - T2) = p/TzerozeroTpppp0010000100(p100 1.417p0 )Tzero= - 240 3/18/2022
49、90Homework_33. Please try to find a basic method of refrigeration which have not mentioned in the class yet. 1 Thermodynamic fundamentals of refrigeration and cryogenic engineering1.1 Methods of refrigeration1.2 Thermodynamic analysis of refrigeration cycles (First Law of thermodynamics)第一章 制冷与低温的热力
50、学基础第一节 制冷的方法第二节 制冷循环热力学特性分析（热一律）3/18/202292Cooling and refrigeration cycle制冷与制冷循环Normal Boiling PointCritical PointInversion PointTb（K）Tb（）Tc（K）Tc（）Tmax（K） tmax（）N274.4-198.8126.3-146.9604331H220.4-252.833.3-239.9204-69He4.3-268.95.3-267.946-2270.01atm0.83K3/18/202293Refrigeration cycle制冷循环Refrigera
