1、英语说明文说明文是以说明为主要表达方式用说明文是以说明为主要表达方式用来说明事物，阐明事理的一种文体。它来说明事物，阐明事理的一种文体。它通过揭示概念来说明事物的特征、本质通过揭示概念来说明事物的特征、本质及其规律性，给人准确的科学知识或正及其规律性，给人准确的科学知识或正确思想。一般可分为实体事物说明和抽确思想。一般可分为实体事物说明和抽象事物说明两大类，词典、教材、论文、象事物说明两大类，词典、教材、论文、实验报告、产品说明书、广告、解说词实验报告、产品说明书、广告、解说词及科学小品等都属于说明文。及科学小品等都属于说明文。按写作方法,英语说明文主要分为下面六种类型:1.例证法例证法 2.
2、定义法定义法 3.分类法分类法 4.因果关系法因果关系法 5.比较对照法比较对照法 6.过程分析法过程分析法Our life today depends very much on energy. For example, machines have made our life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy, and energy is needed for heating, lighting, communications, carrying goods-everything. Factories use a great
3、deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.1.例证法例证法这是用具体例子来说明人或事物的特征、本质及其规律这是用具体例子来说明人或事物的特征、本质及其规律的方法的方法,所用例子必须有代表性、典型性所用例子必须有代表性、典型性,能体现人或事物的能体现人或事物的本质特征。这是用特殊来说明一般的方法。通常在主题句后本质特征。这是用特殊来说明一般的方法。通常在主题句后,用用 For example 或或 For instance 等短语引导出具体的例子。等短语引导出具体的例子。 这段主要是讲能源问题。第一句为主题句这段
4、主要是讲能源问题。第一句为主题句,概括地说出概括地说出我们目前的生活很大程度上依赖我们目前的生活很大程度上依赖能源能源。接着用举例的方法从三方面说明能源。接着用举例的方法从三方面说明能源的作用。的作用。 2.定义法定义法An ideal teacher must have the following characteristics. He should know his subject, but he can make mistakes if he is willing to learn. His personality is as important as his scholarship.
5、An ideal teacher must be enthusiastic. He should be a bit of an actor and he shouldnt be afraid to show his feelings and express his likes and dislikes. An ideal teacher is one who grows, learns, and improves himself along with his students.下定义就是给说明对象一个明确概念。这是科学而严密下定义就是给说明对象一个明确概念。这是科学而严密的说明方法。它既能揭示
6、事物的本质特征的说明方法。它既能揭示事物的本质特征,勾勒其大概勾勒其大概,描绘其轮廓描绘其轮廓,同时也能确定事物的范围和界限。下定义同时也能确定事物的范围和界限。下定义是多方面的是多方面的,可以给人、事物、思想等下定义。可以给人、事物、思想等下定义。 本段的展开是通过对本段的展开是通过对一个模范教师一个模范教师下下定义的方法定义的方法,关键词关键词ideal teacher在文中在文中多次重复多次重复,能加深读者的印象。能加深读者的印象。 3.分类法分类法 As far as political views are concerned, people fall into three categ
7、ories. First are the conservative people. Conservatives are opposed to sudden or great changes. Second are the liberal people. These people are in favour of progress and reform. But their opinions often seem too idealistic. Third are the moderate people. The moderates keep everything within reasonab
8、le limits. They are more practical in this hard world. In my opinion, most people seem to belong to this group.分类法是对同属不同类或同类而不同种的人或事物分类法是对同属不同类或同类而不同种的人或事物,根据不同根据不同性质进行分门别类地说明的方法。分类是人类认识客观世界的重性质进行分门别类地说明的方法。分类是人类认识客观世界的重要手段之一。分类必须遵守分类规则要手段之一。分类必须遵守分类规则,使分类对象具有统一属性使分类对象具有统一属性,依据同一分类标准依据同一分类标准,并使分类的子项
9、相互排斥并使分类的子项相互排斥,不互相包蕴。不互相包蕴。 本段把人按政治观点分为三类本段把人按政治观点分为三类:保守派保守派(conservative people)、自由派、自由派(liberal people)和温和派和温和派(moderate people),并对他们各自的特征进行了简要的分析。并对他们各自的特征进行了简要的分析。 4.因果关系法因果关系法Of the four seasons, I like spring best. I prefer spring because it is a season of much joy and gaiety. New life burst
10、s out everywhere. Plants wear a green coat again and colourful flowers blossom in gardens and mountains. The old come outdoors for fresh air and the young plan for outdoor activities. Life becomes so energetic and happy.事物变化的原因和结果是紧密相关的。如果某个现象的存在必事物变化的原因和结果是紧密相关的。如果某个现象的存在必然引起另一个现象的发生然引起另一个现象的发生,那么那
11、么,这两个现象之间就具有因果关系。这两个现象之间就具有因果关系。因果关系包括因果关系包括由果推因由果推因(由结果去推测原因由结果去推测原因)和和由因推果由因推果(由原由原因去推测结果因去推测结果)两种情况。因果关系符合人们的日常思维逻辑两种情况。因果关系符合人们的日常思维逻辑,因因而在写作中得到广泛应用而在写作中得到广泛应用,常用常用 because, as, since, so, now that, if.then, the reason is that.等表示因果关系。等表示因果关系。 第一句为本段主题句第一句为本段主题句,末句是总结句。在主末句是总结句。在主题句后题句后, 作者用了四个句
12、子阐述自己喜欢春作者用了四个句子阐述自己喜欢春天的理由。天的理由。5.比较对照法比较对照法It is easy to be a winner. A winner can show his joy publicly. He can laugh and sing and dance and celebrate his victory. People love to be with winners. Winners are never lonely. Unlike winners, losers are the lonely ones of the world. It is difficult to
13、 face defeat with dignity. Losers can not show their disappointments publicly. They can not cry or grieve about their defeat. They may suffer privately, but they must be composed in public. They have nothing to celebrate and no one to share their sadness.有意识地把两种相反、相对的事物或同一事物相反、相对的两个有意识地把两种相反、相对的事物或同
14、一事物相反、相对的两个方面放在一起方面放在一起,用比较的方法加以描述或说明用比较的方法加以描述或说明,指出其相同点指出其相同点,这种写这种写法叫作法叫作比较比较;指出其不同点指出其不同点,叫作叫作对照对照。比较和对照各有不同的。比较和对照各有不同的侧重侧重,但两种方法经常结合使用。但两种方法经常结合使用。这段采用先这段采用先A后后B的对照方式的对照方式,阐述胜利者和失败阐述胜利者和失败者的不同特征。这种写法较易操作者的不同特征。这种写法较易操作,但行文往往比但行文往往比较平淡单调。较平淡单调。 5.比较对照法比较对照法I like having a twin sister. When shes
15、 happy, Im happy. When she feels unhappy, I feel the same. Often, I know what shes going to say. Sometimes, I know what shes thinking. I like what she likes. I hate what she hates. We like the same music, the same food and the same books.这段采用这段采用AB交错的比较方式交错的比较方式,阐述孪生阐述孪生姐妹的相同特征。这种写法较流畅自然姐妹的相同特征。这种写法
16、较流畅自然,给给读者的印象也更鲜明突出。读者的印象也更鲜明突出。 6.过程分析法过程分析法There are several steps to plant a tree. First, dig a hole large enough for the tree, but the hole should not be too deep. Second, put the tree in the hole so that it is straight. Third, put the earth back into the hole again. Push it down hard with your
17、foot several times. Finally, water the tree well, as often as possible.过程分析法就是把事物发展过程分为若干步骤过程分析法就是把事物发展过程分为若干步骤,然后逐一加以分然后逐一加以分析说明。这种写法在说明文中使用得相当广泛。过程分析与叙事析说明。这种写法在说明文中使用得相当广泛。过程分析与叙事和因果关系等写法有密切关系和因果关系等写法有密切关系,但彼此又有明显区别但彼此又有明显区别:叙事研究的叙事研究的对象是对象是What happens;因果关系研究的对象是因果关系研究的对象是Why it happens,而过程分析研究的
18、对象是而过程分析研究的对象是How it happens。 这段分析了植树过程中的几个步骤。全段这段分析了植树过程中的几个步骤。全段层次分明层次分明,连接词语连接词语(first, second, third, finally)的使用加强了语句的连贯性。的使用加强了语句的连贯性。 some exercises 市区半小时路程半小时路程实验室实验室第一第一教学楼教学楼第二第二教学楼教学楼花园花园操场操场校办工厂校办工厂图书馆图书馆语音室语音室办公楼办公楼一批美国朋友来你校参观，请你根据下面的平一批美国朋友来你校参观，请你根据下面的平面图，将你校的布局向客人做个简单的介绍面图，将你校的布局向客人做
19、个简单的介绍校门校门例例Ladies and gentlemen, Welcome to our school. Now let me tell you something about our school. Our school is half an hours ride from the city. The school gate is open to the south. When you stand at the gate, you will see a beautiful flower garden in front of you. There is an office buildi
20、ng behind the garden. In the west, there are two teaching buildings and a science lab. In the east, there is a sound lab, a library and a school factory. The playground is in the northeast of the school. 本篇介绍包括了平面图中的所有内容，能有顺本篇介绍包括了平面图中的所有内容，能有顺序地介绍学校的布局，先说离市区距离然后从学序地介绍学校的布局，先说离市区距离然后从学校开始，以花园为立足点，从左
21、到右再到后依次校开始，以花园为立足点，从左到右再到后依次进行介绍进行介绍例例根据中国地图以及提示语句，写一篇介绍中国的短文根据中国地图以及提示语句，写一篇介绍中国的短文内容提示：内容提示： 中华人民共和国成立与年月日，是发展中国中华人民共和国成立与年月日，是发展中国家人口世界第一，长江是世界上最长的河流之一，黄河是中家人口世界第一，长江是世界上最长的河流之一，黄河是中国的第二大河流台湾是中国的一部分香港已于年国的第二大河流台湾是中国的一部分香港已于年月日回归祖国月日回归祖国提示词语：提示词语：1. lie in eastern part of Asia2. an area of 9.6 mil
22、lion sq.km.3. Its capital is4. the Changjiang River, the Huanghe River, 5. a part of our country, southeast, return, motherland, This is a map of Peoples Republie of China. It lies in the eastern part of Asia with an area of 9,6 million sq.km. It has the largest numberof people in the world. Its cap
23、ital is Beijing. She was founded on October 1st, 1949. Now China is still a developing country. The Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world and the Huanghe River is the second longest river in China. Taiwan is a part of our country. It is in the southeast of China and it is to the
24、 southeast of the mainland. Hong kong has been returned to our motherland on July the first, 1977. 本篇习作符合提示的要求，内容全面，时态正确，本篇习作符合提示的要求，内容全面，时态正确，语句通顺，符合中国的国情，中心突出，层次分明，先后语句通顺，符合中国的国情，中心突出，层次分明，先后介绍了中国的人口介绍了中国的人口,建国日期建国日期,发展中国家等常识，以及长发展中国家等常识，以及长江江,黄河等自然景观和台湾黄河等自然景观和台湾,香港等地区历史香港等地区历史例例 英语世纪报要介绍我国工业的发展情
25、况请根据下面的图表和提示，用写一篇说明文，介绍一下我国汽车工业的发展情况词数：80 -120产量（辆）产量（辆）1,000,000370,00070,00050,000019491958196519751993年份年份提示：年以前我国没有汽车工业年第一汽车制造场在长春建成年，由于政治原因，产量下降年以来，产量逐年增加年产量已达一百万辆提示词：automobile industry（汽车工业） the first automobile building factory （第一汽车制造厂）for some political reasons （由于政治原因） output （产量） Before
26、1949, our country had no automobile industry. The first automobile building factory was founded in Changchun in 1958. In that year more that 70,000 trucks were produced. In 1965, 370,000 cars and trucks were produced in our country. For some political reasons, the output of cars and trucks began to
27、go down. In 1975, only 50,000 cars and trucks were produced. Since 1978 the output has been increasing year by year. In 1993, the output reached over 1,000,000. What great achievements! 本文内容丰富，语言地道，结构严谨，描述了我国汽车工业的发展情况请根据以下提示及图示，写一篇活动安排请根据以下提示及图示，写一篇活动安排. 乘渡轮上岛植物园寺院遗址乘渡轮上岛植物园寺院遗址用午餐鸟鸣馆旅游商店乘缆车返回用午餐鸟鸣馆
28、旅游商店乘缆车返回例例4Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please? Welcome to the Green Island National Park. Were going to visit the Island on the Lake today. Its really attractive. Well take a ferryboat to the island at 9:00 a.m. The first place we are to visit is the Botanical Gardens. Then wel
29、l visit the site of an old temple which has a history of over 600 years. Lunch will be at 11:30. At the end of the trip, youll see varieties of birds at the Birds House. By the way, you can visit the gift shop for souvenirs before we leave the island. We will get back by cable car at 3:30 p.m. I hop
30、e you will enjoy your stay on the island. Thank you.例例5请根据请根据Wang Hua 在学骑自行车时的几个步在学骑自行车时的几个步骤，写一篇短文，说明他是任何学会骑自行车骤，写一篇短文，说明他是任何学会骑自行车的的参考词汇：参考词汇：handle-bars自行车把手自行车把手pedal 踏板踏板saddle 车座车座 Wang Hua is learning to ride a bicycle. Lets watch him and see how he can get on his bicycle. He put his hands on
31、 the handle-bars. He puts his left foot on the left pedal, then he pushes himself hard forward with his right leg. Now he can move on together with the bicycle and his whole body is now on the bicycle. Then, he raises his right leg over the saddle and lower himself on the saddle. Now, he is on the b
32、icycle and stepping the pedals hard with both legs. And the bicycle is going forward. 例例6请写一篇短文介绍如何乘坐伦敦地铁请写一篇短文介绍如何乘坐伦敦地铁内容提示如下：内容提示如下：1.在售票处（在售票处（booth)购买辅币（购买辅币（token)需需30便士便士2.在入口处将辅币投入狭孔（在入口处将辅币投入狭孔（slot)，你就可以走下，你就可以走下地铁地铁3.在站台等车时，要站在白线以外注意你要去的在站台等车时，要站在白线以外注意你要去的方向不要站错站台方向不要站错站台4.上下车应迅速，因为车门关闭很
33、快地铁内规定上下车应迅速，因为车门关闭很快地铁内规定不准吸烟不准吸烟注意：短文的意思要连贯注意：短文的意思要连贯 字数：字数：100个左右个左右 If you want to travel by undergroung in London, you should first find the nearest underground entrance and buy a token for 30 pence in the booth. After you drop the token into the slot at the entrance,you can walk down the stai
34、rs. Stand back of the white line while waiting for the train on the platform. Make sure that you are on the right side of the platform for your train. When the train arrives, get on or get off quickly because the doors of the train close quickly. Smoking is not allowed in the underground. 例例7 假如你在回家
35、的路上捡到一个黑色书假如你在回家的路上捡到一个黑色书包，请你根据下面提示写一个失物招领包，请你根据下面提示写一个失物招领（Found) .Found) . 提示如下：提示如下：1.1.捡书包的时间：昨天下午点左右捡书包的时间：昨天下午点左右（March 2nd)March 2nd)2.2.书包特征：黑色，内装一个文具盒和几书包特征：黑色，内装一个文具盒和几本书本书3.3.联系电话：联系电话：要求：字数约左右要求：字数约左右Found A black bag with a pencilbox and some books was found on the way home at about 5
36、p.m. yesterday (March 2nd) Will the owner please ring 5810811? 家用电脑体积小，价格低，造型优美，家用电脑体积小，价格低，造型优美，简单易用，使用方便，灵活；可用于计简单易用，使用方便，灵活；可用于计算，记事，打电话，打印信件；儿童可算，记事，打电话，打印信件；儿童可用它来学英语，做游戏你通过家用用它来学英语，做游戏你通过家用电脑能学会怎样使用微机；为将来寻找电脑能学会怎样使用微机；为将来寻找工作提供便利；电脑工作比人快数百倍；工作提供便利；电脑工作比人快数百倍；我们已经得到电脑的巨大帮助我们已经得到电脑的巨大帮助 请根据以上内容写
37、一篇介绍家用电脑的请根据以上内容写一篇介绍家用电脑的说明文字数说明文字数120左右左右例例8 A Family Computer A family computer is small. Its price is not high, and it has a good look. It can be used easily. You can calculate, make notes, call others and type letters,etc. Also, children can learn English or play games with it. Besides, you can
38、 use a family computer as a training computer. You can learn how to use an office computer, which can give you convenience to find a good job in a company. Computers can work hundreds of times faster than humans. We have been greatly helped by computers. 请以请以The Importance of Trees 为题写一篇短为题写一篇短文，说明保
39、护森林的必要性文，说明保护森林的必要性1.说明树木的主要用途：提供木材；吸水，说明树木的主要用途：提供木材；吸水，防止水灾，旱灾；净化空气，美化生活防止水灾，旱灾；净化空气，美化生活2.滥伐树木的危害；无计划砍伐造成水土流滥伐树木的危害；无计划砍伐造成水土流失，土壤沙化，造成水灾失，土壤沙化，造成水灾3.每年都应植树造林，使其为人类更好服务每年都应植树造林，使其为人类更好服务等等等等字数：字数：100左右左右例例9 As we all know, trees are very useful. They are of great benefit to man as follows. First,
40、 trees provide us with wood and other products. Second, their roots can allow the rain to sink in and keep the soil, so they help to prevent droughts and floods. Trees can help clean air and beautify life. Unfortunately, nowadays in many parts of the world lots of people fail to realize the importan
41、ce of trees. They have cut trees down in large numbers without a plan, which makes the soil washed away. They dont know where there are no trees, the rain washes away the surface of the soil and this causes floods. We ought to plant trees each year and carefully look after new trees in order not to
42、make the forest slowly disappear. Only in this way can we make the forest serve man forever. 例例10英汉汉英词典新华字典收词（字）18,000（英语）20,000（汉语）10,000价格52元11元特点大量例子、用法说明，适合初学者中国最常用的汉语字典根据下表格提供的信息，请你推荐两本学中文的根据下表格提供的信息，请你推荐两本学中文的词典词典推荐推荐 recommend (v) 英汉汉英词典英汉汉英词典 The English-Chinese /Chinese English Dictionary(E
43、CCED)新华字典新华字典 Xinhua Dictionary (XD)Dear Steve, Im pleased to learn that you and your classmates are learning Chinese. Id like to recommend the following two dictionaries. The English- Chinese Chinese-English Dictionary is really a good one for beginners. It has 18,000 English words and 20,000 Chine
44、se words. Besides plenty of examples, it has many notes telling you how to use a word. Xinhua Dictionary is the most popular Chinese dictionary, and it has a vocabulary of 10,000 words. It may also be useful to some advanced learners of Chinese. Of the two, ECCED is the more expensive, costing 52 yu
45、an, and XD costs 11 yuan. Please let me know if you want me to buy these dictionaries. Yours, Li Yua The history fo the Internet The internet was set up in the 1960s. At that time, computers were large and expensive. Computer net works didnt work well. If one computer in the networks broke down, the
46、 whole network stopped. At first, the internet was only used by the government, but, in the early 1970s, universities, hospitals and banks were allowed to use it too. By the start of the 1990s, computers had become cheaper and easier to use. Today it is easy to get on-line and it is said that millions of people use the Internet every day. Sendign E-mail is more and more popular. The Internet has now becomethe most important part of peoples life.
