1、Verbal Intercultural CommunicationGoals : 1. Understand how language and culture are closely linked 2. Perceive the vital role of verbal codes in intercultural communication as well as the important relationships among language, thought, culture, and behavior Listen to the lead-in case Meanings of W
2、ords . 1. Whats the connotation of the word “dragon in Chinese/English? 2. What are the other words that are interpreted differently between English and Chinese wA dragon ladyA dragon lady 以统治者身份行使权力的女人以统治者身份行使权力的女人wThe Dragon/The Great The Dragon/The Great Dragon/The Old DragonDragon/The Old Dragon
3、 指与上帝作对的魔鬼撒旦指与上帝作对的魔鬼撒旦w亚洲四小龙：亚洲四小龙：the four tigers in the four tigers in AsiaAsiaTo distinguish it from traditional To distinguish it from traditional Western “dragon”, some people Western “dragon”, some people now use the term “Chinese now use the term “Chinese dragon”.dragon”.蝙蝠蝙蝠 and Batw汉文化：汉文化
4、：“蝠蝠”与与“福福”同音，象同音，象征吉祥、健康、幸福。征吉祥、健康、幸福。w西方：丑陋邪恶的动物，与罪恶或西方：丑陋邪恶的动物，与罪恶或黑暗势力相联系，特别是黑暗势力相联系，特别是vampire bat（吸血蝙蝠）。（吸血蝙蝠）。wAs blind as a bat 有眼无珠有眼无珠wCrazy as bat 精神失常；发痴精神失常；发痴wHave bats in the belfry 异想天开异想天开 孔雀 and Peacockw 汉文化：孔雀开屏汉文化：孔雀开屏 美美 “孔雀舞孔雀舞”w 西方：虚荣、自傲西方：虚荣、自傲w As proud as a peacock As proud
5、 as a peacock 骄傲自满骄傲自满w A peacock in his pride A peacock in his pride 炫耀一时的人炫耀一时的人w Play the peacock Play the peacock 妄自尊大妄自尊大w He attempted to peacock his way He attempted to peacock his way through the world. through the world. 他想名扬世界。他想名扬世界。猫头鹰 and Owlw 汉文化：不祥之物汉文化：不祥之物 “夜猫子进宅，凶事夜猫子进宅，凶事自来自来”w 西方
6、：智慧、博学的象征西方：智慧、博学的象征 as wise as as wise as an owlan owlw “A wise old owl lived in an oak. The “A wise old owl lived in an oak. The more he saw, the less he spoke. The more he saw, the less he spoke. The less he spoke, the more he heard. less he spoke, the more he heard. Why cant we all be like that
7、wise Why cant we all be like that wise old bird?”old bird?” 英国民间童谣英国民间童谣 英语动物词汇的象征意义英语动物词汇的象征意义w 与汉语动物象征意义相同与汉语动物象征意义相同/接近的例子接近的例子BeeBullCamelHenPigOx(犁地）犁地）RabbitSwan母爱母爱优雅优雅勤劳勤劳耐心、力量和自尊耐心、力量和自尊多产，生殖力强多产，生殖力强力量和直来直去力量和直来直去顽固、肮脏和好吃顽固、肮脏和好吃驯服驯服与汉语动物象征意义相异的例子与汉语动物象征意义相异的例子CrowDuckFlySeagullSerpentMagp
8、ieSpiderTortoise（陆地）（陆地）奸诈奸诈长寿长寿智慧智慧喋喋不休喋喋不休脆弱与微不足道脆弱与微不足道坚韧和节操坚韧和节操轻信轻信欺骗欺骗 What are the other verbal features indicating cultural differences in communication?Anwser the questions in textbook p.61w 1.Can you find some cases in which “是是” in Chinese does not mean yes in English?w 2.How would you pu
9、t the following into Chinese?w 1) Do you like the new plan?w Yes, I do.w 2) Please dont say that.w Yes I will.w 3) I know what he wants by mentioning offers from other companies.w Yes?w Asking for a raise of his salary!w 4) Waiter!w Yes, sir.w 5) Yes?w Id like two tickets,please.w 6) Everything will
10、 be all right soon,yes?Verbal intercultural communication Relationship between language and culture1.Language and culture Culture and Word Meaninga. Words with different associated meanings b. Words without counterparts in another language c. Confusing translation d. Proverbs a. Words with different
11、 associated meanings Culturally-loaded words and expressions are good examples showing the cultural influence on the meanings of words. Chinese word English word Associated meaning in Chinese Associated meaning in English 凤凰凤凰 phoenix symbol of fortune and queen symbol of renascence 猫头鹰猫头鹰 owl symbo
12、l of bad luck symbol of wisdom 孔雀孔雀 Peacocksymbol of beauty symbol of arroganceb. Words without counterparts in another language w cultural diversity leads to the lack of vocabulary equivalence or the counterparts in another languageAmerican Hippies in the 1960s American Motel Other examples?w Engli
13、sh to Chinesew Chinese to EnglishLoan wordsw 沙发沙发 夹克衫夹克衫 咖啡咖啡 柏拉图柏拉图 乌托邦乌托邦w toufu wonton Chow mein Feng shui Brainwashing c. Confusing translation Cultural distinctions lead to different connotations, so some expressions are really confusing when translated. For example: “unit”“单位单位” “equalitarian”
14、 “平均主义平均主义/平等主平等主义义”, “materialism” “物质主义物质主义/唯物唯物主义主义”. Chinese Words Confusing translation English words Connotation 单位单位 unit A thing, person or group that is regarded as one single whole part of something larger. 物质主义物质主义/ /唯物主义唯物主义 materialism (1)The belief that money and possessions rather tha
15、n things of the mind such as art or religion. (2)The belief that only physical things really exist. 平均主义平均主义/ /平等主义平等主义 equalitarian The belief that everyone is equal and has the same chance to do something. wHow to say “力大如牛”wAs strong as a horsewHow to say “挥金如土”wTo spend money like _w waterwbusbo
16、y 公共汽车？小男孩？w难道是conductor?w 餐馆勤杂工餐馆勤杂工 w busybody 大忙人？w 爱管闲事的人爱管闲事的人w mad doctor 发疯的医生？太危险了。w 精神病科医生精神病科医生 wsweet water 甜水？ 糖水？w 淡水淡水w horse sense 马的感觉？w 常识常识w white man 皮肤白的人？w 忠实可靠的人忠实可靠的人d. Proverbs Proverbs is the reflection of religion, morality, values, and life experience. Going to Rome, do as
17、 the Romans do. Where there is life, there is hope鱼与熊掌，不可得兼鱼与熊掌，不可得兼强扭的瓜不甜强扭的瓜不甜 You cannot eat your cake and have itYou can take a horse to the water but you cannot make him drink Culture and expressionsa) Forms of address b) Greetings and farewells c) Compliments and responses to compliments a) Ta
18、boos and euphemism a) Forms of address Traditional Chinese culture is based on the family-based social structure.v Kinship termsv Social status b) Greetings Chinese culture is relation-oriented. Maintaining or promoting relation calls for something interpersonal, so it is quite acceptable in China t
19、o greet each other by asking private questions, while English people have a very strong sense of privacy.c)Compliments and responses to compliments Compliments and praises are of great social functions. Generally: American response to compliments is positive Chinese people are shy to compliment othe
20、rs and also shy to accept compliments. d) Taboos and Euphemism Taboo - words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons. Euphemism - the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or off
21、ensive. Commonly-Believed Traditional British Superstitions and Taboos What are the differences between Chinese and British Superstitions and taboos in this case? Black cat Breaking a Mirror Euphemismw pass away(逝世逝世)w be no more(不在了不在了)，w depart(去世去世)w be gone(走了走了)w join the majority(会会见老祖宗去了见老祖宗去
22、了)w go to west(归西了归西了)w go to glory(升天了升天了)w go to meet one maker(见上帝见上帝)w to be at peace(平静了平静了)，w the final departure(最后离去)，w final sleep(最后一觉)，to go to ones long home(回到永久之家)，to have found rest(得到安息)，in heaven(在天堂)，w with God(和上帝在一起)失业现象w underutilization(未充分利用人才未充分利用人才)w humans underdevelopment(
23、人力资源未人力资源未充分开发充分开发)w Capital punishment (死刑）死刑）w Substance abuse problem（吸毒）（吸毒）战争战争massive exchange(大规模的交火大规模的交火)w 为了掩盖为了掩盖 invasion(侵略战争侵略战争)的本质，将一个国家对的本质，将一个国家对另一国家所发动的另一国家所发动的aggression(侵略侵略)说成是说成是 active defense(积极防御积极防御)，preventive war(防御战争防御战争)。美国。美国空军认为空军认为 air raid(空袭空袭)只是只是 air support(空中增
24、援空中增援)，air (侦察飞行侦察飞行)则仅仅是则仅仅是 overflight(越越 界飞行界飞行)。w 1980年美国派直升飞机营救在伊朗的人质失败，卡特年美国派直升飞机营救在伊朗的人质失败，卡特总统称之为总统称之为 incomplete SUCCESS(不圆满的胜利不圆满的胜利)。在武器的称谓上，在武器的称谓上，a conventional weapon (常规武器常规武器)是指非核武器，而是指非核武器，而 an antipersonnel weapon(制人制人武器武器)实际上是指核武器，但人们很实际上是指核武器，但人们很 少少 用用 nuclearweapons(核武器核武器)来表达
25、。来表达。w 在中国历史上，也有将镇压农民起义说成在中国历史上，也有将镇压农民起义说成“平反叛平反叛乱乱”，将侵略邻国称为，将侵略邻国称为“扩充疆土扩充疆土”的情况。古代名的情况。古代名将曾国藩还把将曾国藩还把“屡战屡败屡战屡败”改为改为“屡败屡战屡败屡战”。 Donald Rumsfeldw There are known knowns. These are things we know that we know. There are known unknowns. That is to say, there are things that we know we dont know. But
26、 there are also unknown unknowns. There are things we dont know we dont know.Presentation Collect more culturally-loaded words and give them as a test (击鼓传花）击鼓传花）for the class before revealing the answer . Direct vs. Indirect Communication Style Elaborate, Exacting, and Succinct Communication Style
27、Personal and Contextual Communication Style Instrumental and Affective Communication Style （textbook p.65)2. Culture and Communication Style Culture and Conversation Pattern a)When to talkb)What to sayc)Turn-taking conventions 1. Direct communication style With direct communication style, speaker ex
28、presses his intention（need and desire）openly and directly. Direct styles are often used in low-context, individualistic cultures. Verbal precision and self-expression are valued.2. Indirect communication style In an indirect communication style, which is often seen in high-context and collectivistic
29、 cultures, speakers usually hide or hint their intentions during interaction. Direct vs. Indirect Communication Style Listen to the lead-in case Conflicts between Direct and Indirect Communication style1. What are the interpretations of Michiko on Jims words?2. Why do they have the conflicts during
30、communication? Elaborate, Exacting, and Succinct Communication Style The elaborate, exacting, or succinct communication style deals with the quantity and /or volume of talk.1. Elaborate communication style2. Exacting communication style3. Succinct communication style Personal and Contextual Communic
31、ation Style 1. Personal communication style amplifies the individual identity of the speaker.2. Contextual communication style stresses ones role identity and status. The Japanese use a contextual style, and their language includes an elaborate system of honorifics. Honorifics are linguistic forms t
32、hat communicate respect according to ones rank and the rank of the people they speak to. Chapter 8 Verbal Intercultural Communication (I) Listen to the lead-in case Japanese Workers Get Word from on High :Drop Formality 1. What kind of communication style traditional Japanese workers use? 2. What ca
33、uses the Japanese workers mentioned in the case to drop formality during communication with each other? Japanese honorifics Chapter 8 Verbal Intercultural Communication (I)Instrumental and Affective Communication Style It is certain that communication is a way to realize communicators goal or missio
34、n. And communication is instrumental.1. Instrumental communication styleAn instrumental communication style as sender-based and goal-outcome based.2. Affective communication styleAn affective communication style is receiver and process oriented. Chapter 8 Verbal Intercultural Communication (I) Liste
35、n to the lead-in case Instrumental and Affective Communication Style 1. Why did Mr. Benton want to get down to business directly? 2. Why did Mr.Yeh-Ching seem not to value time and work? 3. Can you analyze the communication styles of the two persons in this case? Presentation1. Elaberate the different communication styles with more examples
