1、U2 Grammar and usagePassive voice in the past continous and past perfect tenseschestcheekhalf-marathonamateuranklegraduallysessionlimitn. 胸部；大箱子胸部；大箱子n. 面颊，脸颊面颊，脸颊n. 半程马拉松半程马拉松n. 业余运动员，业余爱好者；生手，业余运动员，业余爱好者；生手， 外行外行adj. 业余的业余的n. 踝，踝关节踝，踝关节adv. 逐渐地，逐步地逐渐地，逐步地n. 一段时间，一场会议，开庭；学年一段时间，一场会议，开庭；学年n. 限度，限制；极
2、限，限量；界限限度，限制；极限，限量；界限vt. 限制，限定，限量，减量限制，限定，限量，减量marathonchairmanconstitutionpourbend n.马拉松；马拉松式的活动马拉松；马拉松式的活动(或工作或工作)n.(委员会的委员会的)委员长，主席；委员长，主席； (会会 议的议的)主席，主持人主席，主持人n.体质，身体素质；宪法，章程体质，身体素质；宪法，章程vt.&vi.倒倒，斟，斟，倾倾倒，倒出倒，倒出；涌；涌 流，倾泻；下大雨流，倾泻；下大雨vi.&vt.(使使)倾斜，偏向；倾斜，偏向；(使四肢使四肢) 弯曲；弯曲； (使使)拐弯拐弯n. 拐弯，弯道拐弯，弯道Wha
3、t are these people doing?Passive voice in the past continuous tensePassive voice in the past perfect tense., I reflected on what had just been achieved. a city half-marathon for amateurs was being organized ., even though my limits were being tested like never before.I was happy to learn that a lot
4、of money had been raised for charity.l The passive voice in the past continuous tense is used to refer to an action being done at a specific time in the past. The verb form is “(1) _”.l The passive voice in the past perfect tense is used to express an action completed before a past time. The verb fo
5、rm is “(2) _”.Working out the rulesl return to normal l reflect on sth l raise money for charity l training session l feel well prepared l a hearty breakfast l test ones limits l like never before Useful Expressions回归正常回归正常反思反思为慈善筹款为慈善筹款训练课程训练课程感觉已经充分准备感觉已经充分准备一顿可口的早餐一顿可口的早餐测试某人的极限测试某人的极限以前从没有过以前从没有
6、过过去进行时的被动语态过去进行时的被动语态否定主语否定主语+was/were + not + being + done一般疑问句一般疑问句:Was/Were+主语主语+being+done特殊疑问句特殊疑问句:疑问词疑问词+was/were +(主语主语 +)being +done过去进行时过去进行时被动语态被动语态过去进行时的被动语态过去进行时的被动语态+=主语主语+were/was +doing主主+be+done主语主语+ was/were + being+donebe+doingbeing+=(1)过去进行时的被动语态表示过去的某一特定时间正在进行的过去进行时的被动语态表示过去的某一特
7、定时间正在进行的被动动作。被动动作。He was being interviewed by our director yesterday afternoon.他昨天下午正在接受我们经理的面试。他昨天下午正在接受我们经理的面试。This film was being shown then.那时这部电影正在上映。那时这部电影正在上映。2. 进行时的被动语态可以由进行时的被动语态可以由“was / were + under / on等介词等介词+名词名词”结构代替。结构代替。Many new inventions were on exhibition in the museum at this ti
8、me last year.= Many new inventions were being exhibited in the museum at this time last year.许多新发明去年的这个时候正在博物馆被展出。许多新发明去年的这个时候正在博物馆被展出。He didn t stay in my room last night because it was under repair.= He didnt stay in my room last night because it was being repaired.昨天晚上他没有住在我房间里，我的房间正在修缮。昨天晚上他没有住在
9、我房间里，我的房间正在修缮。过去完成时的被动语态过去完成时的被动语态否定否定:主语主语+had+ not + been + done一般疑问句一般疑问句:had+主语主语+been+done特殊疑问句特殊疑问句:疑问词疑问词+had+(主语主语 +)been +done过去完成时过去完成时被动语态被动语态过去完成时的被动语态过去完成时的被动语态+=主语主语+had done主主+be+done主语主语+ had+ been+donebe+donebeen+=(1)过去完成时的被动语态过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作。By the time the teacher came
10、in, the first experiment had been finished.老师进来的时候,第一个实验已经完成了。 The classroom hadnt been cleaned before the teacher came in.老师进来之前教室还没有打扫。Had the new plan been discussed before the meeting started?会议开始前讨论过这个新计划吗?用法用法1: 1: 表示在过去某个动作或者时间之前就已经发生或者已经完成表示在过去某个动作或者时间之前就已经发生或者已经完成的的被动被动动作，动作，常常与常常与by, befor
11、e, by, before, 等引导的时间状语（从句）连用。等引导的时间状语（从句）连用。我们到那里时，所有的票都卖完了。By the time we got there , all the tickets had been sold out.By the time I got up, my sister had already washed all the clothes.将下列句子改为被动句将下列句子改为被动句They had constructed a new bridge over the river by the end of the last month.用法用法2: 表示从过去某
12、个时间开始，延续到过去另一时间的动作。表示从过去某个时间开始，延续到过去另一时间的动作。常常与常常与for, since 引导的时间状语（从句）连用引导的时间状语（从句）连用it was reported that the sale had been advertised for several weeks.据报道，这场拍卖会已经做了几个星期的广告了He told us that he had done the reach for five years.He said that he had made great progress since he came here.He suddenly
13、remember that he had left the key at home.将下列句子改为被动句将下列句子改为被动句常用在常用在told, said, knew, heard, thought, 等动词后引导的宾语从句（或间接引语等动词后引导的宾语从句（或间接引语中），表示这些动作之前就发生的被动动作。中），表示这些动作之前就发生的被动动作。 Scarcely /Rarely/Hardly/ (过去完成时过去完成时)（部分倒装）（部分倒装）+when + 句子（过去时）或句子（过去时）或 No sooner (过去完成时过去完成时)（部分倒装）（部分倒装）+than+句句子（过去时）句
14、型中，表示子（过去时）句型中，表示“刚刚.就就, 一一.就就”.当从句中当从句中主语为动作的承受者时，从句中用过去完成时的被动语态；主语为动作的承受者时，从句中用过去完成时的被动语态；用法用法4: 4: Hardly had the front door been opened when we could smell something burning.前门一被打开，我们就能闻到烧焦的气味。 It / This / That was the first / second / . time + that从句，当从从句，当从句中主语为动作的承受者时，从句中用过去完成时的被动语态；句中主语为动作的承
15、受者时，从句中用过去完成时的被动语态；用法用法5:5:It was the first time that he had been awarded.这是他第一次获奖B 1Page 21 1. It was an amazing achievement for a player who _ (injure) so recently.2. The swimming pool _ (clean) thoroughly the day before the competition began.3. He felt that his talents _(waste) as a basketball pl
16、ayer and was eager for a change.B 1Page 21 4. Tom was told that his teammate won the race while he _(treat) by the team doctor.5.Photos of the riders _(take) before they got on their horses.B 2By the time Cathy and I, together with other volunteers for the city half-marathon, arrived at 4:30 a.m., t
17、ables (1)_ on both sides of the road. Bottles of water and paper cups (2) _to different tables, so Cathy and I immediately went to help. Then, we at the table and quickly started to arrange the bottles and cups so that they looked like an army of soldiers . I took a step back, and looked at the scen
18、e with satisfaction. For , I (3)_ on maketrainblowplacecarrycheerB 2how to be a volunteer for the half-marathon. I decided to vunlunteer for this years half-marathon after the chairman of the organizing committee visited my school. the competitors would be raising money for charity, and while I didn
19、t feel that I to run that far, I thought the next best thing would be to help those who could.After all the preparations (4)_, the exciting half-marathon began. Cathy and I waited patiently until maketrainblowplacecarrycheerB 2 the first runners would be arriving soon. As the tired, thirsty runners
20、ran along, they (5)_ by the crowds. Cathy and I quickly poured water into the cups for them. After the last runner passed, I paper cups and plastic bottles . The litter (6)_ around by the wind as I bent over to pick up a plastic bottle. Cathy and I started clearing up. We were tired and wet with swe
21、at but it felt really good to know that we had been able to help others.maketrainblowplacecarrycheerl take ones placel stand in line for inspectionl look at the scene with satisfactionl We were told that .l have a strong constitution l word spread that .l find sth everywherel be wet with sweatUseful
22、 Expressions in B2占据位置占据位置;准备就绪准备就绪排队等待检阅排队等待检阅满意地看现场满意地看现场我们被告知我们被告知有强壮的体格有强壮的体格有消息传来有消息传来发现到处都是发现到处都是汗湿了汗湿了【2018北京】北京】A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _ in the mountains for two days.A. are trapping B. have been trapped C. were trapping D. had been trapped D【2018江苏江苏】30. I w
23、as sent to the village last month to see how the development plan _ in the past two years.A. had been carried out B. would be carried outC. is being carried out D. has been carried out A【2017江苏江苏】He hurried home, never once looking to see if he _.A. was being followed B. was following C. had been fo
24、llowed D. followed A【2017北京北京】If the new safety system _ to use, the accident would never have happened.A. had been put B. were put C. should be put D. would be put ALanguage pointsLanguage points1 My cheeks were red，and I could hear myself breathing heavily as I looked up at the blue sky. 我的脸颊通红，抬头
25、仰望蓝天时，我能听到自己沉重的喘息声。hear + 宾语 + 宾补在hear 复合结构中，宾补通常由省略to 的动词不定式、现在分词或过去分词充当。（1） 省略to的动词不定式表示动作发生过或者经常发生。（2） 现在分词作宾补，宾语与宾补是主动关系，表主动进行。Hardly had she sat down when she heard someone knocking at the door. 她还没来得及坐下来，就听到有人敲门。（3）过去分词作宾补，宾语与宾补是被动关系，表被动。We can hear the windows beaten by the raindrops. 我们能听到雨点
26、敲打窗户的声音。 说明 （1） 除hear 外还有一些动词，如see，notice，watch，feel 等，也可用省略to 的动词不定式、现在分词或过去分词作宾语补足语。 I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its breakfast. 我抬头一看，发现一条蛇正蜿蜒爬树，准备捕捉它的早餐。 As soon as he entered the office，he noticed his cup broken. 他一进办公室就注意到他的杯子被打碎了。 （2） 省略 to 的不定式作宾语补足语时，
27、如变成被动句，应加上 to，这时不定式成为主语补足语；分词作宾语补足语时，如变成被动句，则不需要变化，可直接用作主语补足语。 I heard the students sing an English song. 我听到学生们唱了一首英文歌。 The students were heard to sing an English song. I heard the students singing an English song. 我听到学生们正在唱一首英文歌。 The students were heard singing an English song. 3 Over the next six
28、 weeks，I gradually increased the distance I ran in each training session. 在接下来的六个星期里，我逐渐增加了每次训练的距离 gradually adv. 逐渐地，逐步地（ gradual adj. 逐渐的，逐步的，渐进的） （1）Gradually，a picture came into view. 渐渐地，一幅图画映入眼帘。In the good care of the nurses，the boy is gradually recovering from his heart operation. 在护士的精心照料下，
29、这个男孩在心脏手术之后正逐渐恢复。（2） There has been a gradual improvement in our sales figures over the last two years. 在过去的两年里，我们的销售额在逐步上升。session n. 一段时间，一场；会议，开庭；学年（1）The course is made up of 12 two-hour sessions. 这门课总共上12 次，每次两小时。（2）The court is now in session. 法庭现在正在开庭。语块积累语块积累a question-and-answer session 问答时
30、间a photo/recording/training session 一次摄影课/ 一场录音课/ 一堂训练课a session of the UN General Assembly 一届联合国大会in session 在开庭；在开会summer sessions 暑期班4 I ran my race relaxed and confident，even though my limits were being tested like never before. 我轻松自信地跑着比赛，尽管自己的极限正受到前所未有的考验。形容词（短语）作主语补足语We went home from school，
31、tired and hungry. 我们从学校回到家，又累又饿。He left home without a word，determined never to return. 他一句话没说就离开了家，决定再也不回去了。Crusoe stared at the dead boy，full of fear. 克鲁索盯着死去的男孩，充满了恐惧。Your friend comes to school very upset. 你的朋友来上学时心烦意乱。She sat there，silent. 她坐在那儿，一声不吭。 说明说明 形容词的上述用法还可理解为形容词（短语）作状语， 表示伴随、让步或结果等，该
32、形容词（短语）的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。 They spent seven days in the wind and snow，cold and hungry. 他们又冷又饿地在风雪中度过了七天。（伴随） Unhappy，she returned to work. 尽管不高兴，她还是回去工作了。（让步） The dog fell down，dead. 那条狗倒下，死了。（结果） 单句语法填空单句语法填空（1） （devote）and united，Chinese people are working for a new China. （2） （lose） in thought，he almos
33、t ran into the car in front of him.DevotedLostlimit n. 限度，限制；限量，限额；界限vt. 限制，限定； 限量（ limited adj. 有限的limitless adj. 无限的） （1）There is a limit to the amount of pain we can bear. 我们能忍受的疼痛是有限度的。 The EU has set strict limits on levels of pollution. 欧盟对污染程度作了严格的限制。 He tried my patience to its limits. 他把我的耐
34、心逼到了极限。（2）The amount of money you have to spend will limit your choice. 你要消费的金额限制着你的选择。（3） We are doing our best with the limited resources available. 我们用可获得的有限资源在尽最大的努力。 If you have a strong ability to learn，there are almost limitless possibilities. 如果你有强大的学习力，你就有几乎无限的可能。5 Then，we took our place at
35、 the table and quickly started to arrange the bottles and cups so that they looked like an army of soldiers standing in line for inspection. 然后， 我们在桌子旁坐下，迅速开始整理瓶子和杯子，让它们看起来像一队士兵站成一排接受检查。so that 引导结果状语从句so that 引导结果状语从句，意思是“所以，结果”，表示从句动作已经发生。He adjusted his pace，so that his son caught up with him. 他调
36、整了步伐，所以他儿子赶上了他。We paid him immediately so that he left contented. 我们立即付钱给他，结果他满意地走了。 说明说明 （1） so that 也可以引导目的状语从句，意思是“为了，以便”，表示目的，从句动作尚未成为现实，此时相当于in order that，从句中常有 will，would，can，could， may，might 等情态动词。 We paid him immediately so that/in order that he would leave contented. 我们立即付钱给他，以便让他满意地离去。 （2）
37、 so that 引导的目的状语从句只能用于主句之后，in order that 引导的目的状语从句还可以置于句首。 In order that he could find a getaway on the map，he put on his glasses. 为了在地图上找到适合度假的地方， 他戴上了眼镜。7 Cathy and I quickly poured water into the cups for them. 我和卡西赶紧把水倒进杯子里给他们喝。pour vt. & vi. 倒，斟；倾倒，倒出；涌流，倾泻；下大雨； 不断涌向（1）I was in the kitchen，pour
38、ing out drinks. 我在厨房里倒饮料。（2）Tears poured down his cheeks. 眼泪顺着他的面颊簌簌地落下。 Thick black smoke was pouring out of the roof. 黑色浓烟从屋顶滚滚冒出。 She poured out her troubles to me over a cup of coffee. 她一面喝着咖啡，一面向我倾吐着她的烦恼。 The rain continued to pour down. 大雨哗哗地下个不停。 It never rains but it pours. 不雨则已，一雨倾盆。/ 祸不单行。
39、（3）Letters of complaint continue to pour in. 投诉信纷至沓来。People came pouring out of the station. 人们涌出车站。People poured into the square from all parts of the city. 人们从全市各处涌向广场。People have been pouring into stadiums since the days of ancient Greece. 从古希腊时代起，人们就开始涌入体育场。 2021全国乙卷 语块积累语块积累pour sth into sth 把倒
40、入 sb pour into somewhere 大量涌进 pour out 毫无保留地表达感情（或思想等）；表露无遗； 畅所欲言pour out ones heart（to sb.）（向某人）倾诉心里话A memorable sports day_(当被要求参加当被要求参加运动会的时候运动会的时候)，I was somewhat hesitant. However, _(在老师和同学的鼓在老师和同学的鼓励下励下), I made up my mind to have a try. The race was highly competitive but I felt cheered up wh
41、en I _(听到同学们呼喊我的听到同学们呼喊我的名字名字)， I told myself_(用坚定的声音用坚定的声音) that I had to hold on to the last minute. It was an honor to _(看到奖杯被颁发给我们班看到奖杯被颁发给我们班级级) and every effort we made was worth it!When asked to take part in the sports meetingencouraged by my teachers and classmates heard my name called by my classmatesin a determined voicesee the medal awarded to our class
