1、The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 统计学完整教学课件统计学完整教学课件 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin What is Statistics Chapter 1 3 GOALS Understand why we study statistics. Explain what is meant by descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Distinguish between a
2、qualitative variable and a quantitative variable. Describe how a discrete variable is different from a continuous variable. Distinguish among the nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio levels of measurement. 4 What is Meant by Statistics? Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presentin
3、g, analyzing, and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions. 5 Who Uses Statistics? Statistical techniques are used extensively by marketing, accounting, quality control, consumers, professional sports people, hospital administrators, educators, politicians, physicians
4、, etc. 6 Types of Statistics Descriptive Statistics Descriptive Statistics - methods of organizing, summarizing, and presenting data in an informative way. EXAMPLE 1: A Gallup poll found that 49% of the people in a survey knew the name of the first book of the Bible. The statistic 49 describes the n
5、umber out of every 100 persons who knew the answer. EXAMPLE 2: According to Consumer Reports, General Electric washing machine owners reported 9 problems per 100 machines during 2001. The statistic 9 describes the number of problems out of every 100 machines. Inferential Statistics: A decision, esti
6、mate, prediction, or generalization about a population, based on a sample. 7 Population versus Sample A population is a collection of all possible individuals, objects, or measurements of interest. A sample is a portion, or part, of the population of interest 8 Types of Variables A. Qualitative or A
7、ttribute variable - the characteristic being studied is nonnumeric. EXAMPLES: Gender, religious affiliation, type of automobile owned, state of birth, eye color are examples. B. Quantitative variable - information is reported numerically. EXAMPLES: balance in your checking account, minutes remaining
8、 in class, or number of children in a family. 9 Quantitative Variables - Classifications Quantitative variables can be classified as either discrete or continuous. A. Discrete variables: can only assume certain values and there are usually gaps between values. EXAMPLE: the number of bedrooms in a ho
9、use, or the number of hammers sold at the local Home Depot (1,2,3,etc). B. Continuous variable can assume any value within a specified range. EXAMPLE: The pressure in a tire, the weight of a pork chop, or the height of students in a class. 10 Summary of Types of Variables 11 Four Levels of Measureme
10、nt Nominal level - data that is classified into categories and cannot be arranged in any particular order. EXAMPLES: eye color, gender, religious affiliation. Ordinal level involves data arranged in some order, but the differences between data values cannot be determined or are meaningless. EXAMPLE:
11、 During a taste test of 4 soft drinks, Mellow Yellow was ranked number 1, Sprite number 2, Seven-up number 3, and Orange Crush number 4. Interval level - similar to the ordinal level, with the additional property that meaningful amounts of differences between data values can be determined. There is
12、no natural zero point. EXAMPLE: Temperature on the Fahrenheit scale. Ratio level - the interval level with an inherent zero starting point. Differences and ratios are meaningful for this level of measurement. EXAMPLES: Monthly income of surgeons, or distance traveled by manufacturers representatives
13、 per month. 12 Summary of the Characteristics for Levels of Measurement 13 End of Chapter 1 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Describing Data: Frequency Tables, Frequency Distributions, and Graphic Presentation Chapter 2 15 GOALS Organize qualitative data into a frequency table.
14、 Present a frequency table as a bar chart or a pie chart. Organize quantitative data into a frequency distribution. Present a frequency distribution for quantitative data using histograms, frequency polygons, and cumulative frequency polygons. 16 Bar Charts 17 Pie Charts 18 Pie Chart Using Excel 19
15、Frequency Distribution A Frequency distribution is a grouping of data into mutually exclusive categories showing the number of observations in each class. 20 Frequency Table 21 Relative Class Frequencies Class frequencies can be converted to relative class frequencies to show the fraction of the tot
16、al number of observations in each class. A relative frequency captures the relationship between a class total and the total number of observations. 22 Frequency Distribution Class midpoint: A point that divides a class into two equal parts. This is the average of the upper and lower class limits. Cl
17、ass frequency: The number of observations in each class. Class interval: The class interval is obtained by subtracting the lower limit of a class from the lower limit of the next class. 23 EXAMPLE Creating a Frequency Distribution Table Ms. Kathryn Ball of AutoUSA wants to develop tables, charts, an
18、d graphs to show the typical selling price on various dealer lots. The table on the right reports only the price of the 80 vehicles sold last month at Whitner Autoplex. 24 Constructing a Frequency Table - Example Step 1: Decide on the number of classes. A useful recipe to determine the number of cla
19、sses (k) is the 2 to the k rule. such that 2k n. There were 80 vehicles sold. So n = 80. If we try k = 6, which means we would use 6 classes, then 26 = 64, somewhat less than 80. Hence, 6 is not enough classes. If we let k = 7, then 27 128, which is greater than 80. So the recommended number of clas
20、ses is 7. Step 2: Determine the class interval or width. The formula is: i (H-L)/k where i is the class interval, H is the highest observed value, L is the lowest observed value, and k is the number of classes. ($35,925 - $15,546)/7 = $2,911 Round up to some convenient number, such as a multiple of
21、10 or 100. Use a class width of $3,000 25 Step 3: Set the individual class limits Constructing a Frequency Table - Example 26 Step 4: Tally the vehicle selling prices into the classes. Step 5: Count the number of items in each class. Constructing a Frequency Table 27 Relative Frequency Distribution
22、To convert a frequency distribution to a relative frequency distribution, each of the class frequencies is divided by the total number of observations. 28 Graphic Presentation of a Frequency Distribution The three commonly used graphic forms are: Histograms Frequency polygons Cumulative frequency di
23、stributions 29 Histogram Histogram for a frequency distribution based on quantitative data is very similar to the bar chart showing the distribution of qualitative data. The classes are marked on the horizontal axis and the class frequencies on the vertical axis. The class frequencies are represente
24、d by the heights of the bars. 30 Histogram Using Excel 31 Frequency Polygon A frequency polygon also shows the shape of a distribution and is similar to a histogram. It consists of line segments connecting the points formed by the intersections of the class midpoints and the class frequencies. 32 Cu
25、mulative Frequency Distribution 33 Cumulative Frequency Distribution 34 End of Chapter 2 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Describing Data: Numerical Measures Chapter 3 36 GOALS Calculate the arithmetic mean, weighted mean, median, mode, and geometric mean. Explain the character
26、istics, uses, advantages, and disadvantages of each measure of location. Identify the position of the mean, median, and mode for both symmetric and skewed distributions. Compute and interpret the range, mean deviation, variance, and standard deviation. Understand the characteristics, uses, advantage
27、s, and disadvantages of each measure of dispersion. Understand Chebyshevs theorem and the Empirical Rule as they relate to a set of observations. 37 Characteristics of the Mean The arithmetic mean is the most widely used measure of location. It requires the interval scale. Its major characteristics
28、are: All values are used. It is unique. The sum of the deviations from the mean is 0. It is calculated by summing the values and dividing by the number of values. 38 Population Mean For ungrouped data, the population mean is the sum of all the population values divided by the total number of populat
29、ion values: 39 EXAMPLE Population Mean 40 Sample Mean For ungrouped data, the sample mean is the sum of all the sample values divided by the number of sample values: 41 EXAMPLE Sample Mean 42 Properties of the Arithmetic Mean Every set of interval-level and ratio-level data has a mean. All the value
30、s are included in computing the mean. A set of data has a unique mean. The mean is affected by unusually large or small data values. The arithmetic mean is the only measure of central tendency where the sum of the deviations of each value from the mean is zero. 43 Weighted Mean The weighted mean of
31、a set of numbers X1, X2, ., Xn, with corresponding weights w1, w2, .,wn, is computed from the following formula: 44 EXAMPLE Weighted Mean The Carter Construction Company pays its hourly employees $16.50, $19.00, or $25.00 per hour. There are 26 hourly employees, 14 of which are paid at the $16.50 ra
32、te, 10 at the $19.00 rate, and 2 at the $25.00 rate. What is the mean hourly rate paid the 26 employees? 45 The Median The Median is the midpoint of the values after they have been ordered from the smallest to the largest. There are as many values above the median as below it in the data array. For
33、an even set of values, the median will be the arithmetic average of the two middle numbers. 46 Properties of the Median There is a unique median for each data set. It is not affected by extremely large or small values and is therefore a valuable measure of central tendency when such values occur. It
34、 can be computed for ratio-level, interval-level, and ordinal-level data. It can be computed for an open-ended frequency distribution if the median does not lie in an open-ended class. 47 EXAMPLES - Median The ages for a sample of five college students are: 21, 25, 19, 20, 22 Arranging the data in a
35、scending order gives: 19, 20, 21, 22, 25. Thus the median is 21. The heights of four basketball players, in inches, are: 76, 73, 80, 75 Arranging the data in ascending order gives: 73, 75, 76, 80. Thus the median is 75.5 48 The Mode The mode is the value of the observation that appears most frequent
36、ly. 49 Example - Mode 50 Mean, Median, Mode Using Excel Table 24 in Chapter 2 shows the prices of the 80 vehicles sold last month at Whitner Autoplex in Raytown, Missouri. Determine the mean and the median selling price. The mean and the median selling prices are reported in the following Excel outp
37、ut. There are 80 vehicles in the study. So the calculations with a calculator would be tedious and prone to error. 51 Mean, Median, Mode Using Excel 52 The Relative Positions of the Mean, Median and the Mode 53 The Geometric Mean Useful in finding the average change of percentages, ratios, indexes,
38、or growth rates over time. It has a wide application in business and economics because we are often interested in finding the percentage changes in sales, salaries, or economic figures, such as the GDP, which compound or build on each other. The geometric mean will always be less than or equal to th
39、e arithmetic mean. The geometric mean of a set of n positive numbers is defined as the nth root of the product of n values. The formula for the geometric mean is written: 54 EXAMPLE Geometric Mean Suppose you receive a 5 percent increase in salary this year and a 15 percent increase next year. The a
40、verage annual percent increase is 9.886, not 10.0. Why is this so? We begin by calculating the geometric mean. 098861151051. ).)(.(GM 55 EXAMPLE Geometric Mean (2) The return on investment earned by Atkins construction Company for four successive years was: 30 percent, 20 percent, 40 percent, and 20
41、0 percent. What is the geometric mean rate of return on investment? .).)(.)(.)(.(GM 2941808203602131 4 4 56 Dispersion Why Study Dispersion? A measure of location, such as the mean or the median, only describes the center of the data. It is valuable from that standpoint, but it does not tell us anyt
42、hing about the spread of the data. For example, if your nature guide told you that the river ahead averaged 3 feet in depth, would you want to wade across on foot without additional information? Probably not. You would want to know something about the variation in the depth. A second reason for stud
43、ying the dispersion in a set of data is to compare the spread in two or more distributions. 57 Samples of Dispersions 58 Measures of Dispersion Range Mean Deviation Variance and Standard Deviation 59 EXAMPLE Range The number of cappuccinos sold at the Starbucks location in the Orange Country Airport
44、 between 4 and 7 p.m. for a sample of 5 days last year were 20, 40, 50, 60, and 80. Determine the mean deviation for the number of cappuccinos sold. Range = Largest Smallest value = 80 20 = 60 60 EXAMPLE Mean Deviation The number of cappuccinos sold at the Starbucks location in the Orange Country Ai
45、rport between 4 and 7 p.m. for a sample of 5 days last year were 20, 40, 50, 60, and 80. Determine the mean deviation for the number of cappuccinos sold. 61 EXAMPLE Variance and Standard Deviation The number of traffic citations issued during the last five months in Beaufort County, South Carolina,
46、is 38, 26, 13, 41, and 22. What is the population variance? 62 EXAMPLE Sample Variance The hourly wages for a sample of part- time employees at Home Depot are: $12, $20, $16, $18, and $19. What is the sample variance? 63 Chebyshevs Theorem The arithmetic mean biweekly amount contributed by the Dupre
47、e Paint employees to the companys profit-sharing plan is $51.54, and the standard deviation is $7.51. At least what percent of the contributions lie within plus 3.5 standard deviations and minus 3.5 standard deviations of the mean? 64 The Empirical Rule 65 The Arithmetic Mean of Grouped Data 66 Reca
48、ll in Chapter 2, we constructed a frequency distribution for the vehicle selling prices. The information is repeated below. Determine the arithmetic mean vehicle selling price. The Arithmetic Mean of Grouped Data - Example 67 The Arithmetic Mean of Grouped Data - Example 68 Standard Deviation of Gro
49、uped Data 69 Standard Deviation of Grouped Data - Example Refer to the frequency distribution for the Whitner Autoplex data used earlier. Compute the standard deviation of the vehicle selling prices 70 End of Chapter 3 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Describing Data: Displayin
50、g and Exploring Data Chapter 4 72 GOALS Develop and interpret a dot plot. Develop and interpret a stem-and-leaf display. Compute and understand quartiles, deciles, and percentiles. Construct and interpret box plots. Compute and understand the coefficient of skewness. Draw and interpret a scatter dia
