1、Unit 3 ConservationLesson 1 The Sixth Extinction1. blameblame sb. for (doing) sth. 因（做）某事而责备某人blame sth. on sb. 把某事归咎于某人be to blame (for) 该（为）受责备（用主动形式表被动意义）accept/ bear/ take the blame for sth. 对某事负责，承担责任put/ lay the blame for sth. on sb. 把某事归咎于某人练习：Dont _ your failure to others. blame2. occursth.
2、occurs to sb. 某人突然想起某事It occurs to sb. that 某人突然想起练习：The idea _ to him in a dream.3. survivalsurvive v. 幸免于难，幸存；比活得长survive on 依靠生存下来survivor n. 幸存者练习：His _ is a real wonder.occurredsurvival4. die outdie away 逐渐消失；逐渐减弱。侧重指已经减弱到一个状态die down 逐渐变弱；逐渐平息。侧重于减弱的过程die off 相继死去练习：This species has nearly _.d
3、ied out5. depend ondepend on sb. to do sth. 依靠某人做某事depend on sb. for sth. 靠某人供给某物depend on/ upon it that 指望，对深信不疑练习：You may _ her to help you.depend on6. at riskat the risk of 冒着风险take/ run the risk of 冒着风险take risks/ a risk to do sth. 冒险做某事risk doing sth. 冒险做某事risk ones life to do sth. 某人冒着生命危险做某事练
4、习：If we go to war, innocent lives will be _at riskHow much do you know about extinction? Choose the option based on your knowledge.1. How many times up to today has life on Earth almost died out?a Once. b Five times. c More than 10 times.2. About what percent of all species on Earth became extinct d
5、uring the mass extinction known as the Great Dying?a Less than 10%. b Nearly 50%. c More than 90%.3. What do scientists think will cause the next mass extinction?a Human activity. b Natural causes. c Unknown reasons.ACTIVATE AND SHAREAnswers: b, c, aRead a text about extinction. Then check your answ
6、ers in Activity 1.Whats the text mainly about?The text is about extinction and its effect on our planet.Read the text. Complete the notes. Then talk about the different aspects of extinctions.Read the text. Complete the notes. Then talk about the different aspects of extinctions.1. Meaning of extinc
7、tion: entire species are wiped out2. The number of extinctions occurred so far: over 90% of all species that ever lived3. Two notable extinctions and their consequences: the third mass extinction, killed 90% to 96% of all species; the fifth event, which occurred 66 million years ago, caused the deat
8、h of the dinosaursRead the text. Complete the notes. Then talk about the different aspects of extinctions.4. Main reasons that cause extinctions: volcanic eruptions, asteroids hitting the Earth from space, changes in sea levels, the decrease of oxygen content of the sea, global warming5. How to avoi
9、d the sixth mass extinction: change the way we live, including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be protected; change how we work and travel by using cleaner, more natural sources of energy; improve our farming methodsRead again. Answer the questions.1. What did scientists find o
10、ut in 2015?The study found that how quickly species die out due to natural causes, that is, the background extinction rate. They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1, 000 times faster than normal.2. Why does the writer think the sixth mass extinction will come? Because human act
11、ivity has negatively affected all other species on Earth, including animals and plants.Read again. Answer the questions.3. Why does the writer believe well probably die out if 75% of the Earths species die out?Because our world and our lives depend on the balance in nature between animals and plants
12、.Read again. Answer the questions.4. What did people do in the case study to protect black robins? Which claim(s) did the case study support in the text?People protected Old Blues eggs, helped them to hatch, and took care of the chicks. People are restoring their habitats and removing pests like mic
13、e and cats from the islands where they live. The case study showed that even in desperate situations, we can do something to help. In short, its never too late.Think and share1. Use different coloured pens to highlight at least one example for each of the four elements listed below in different colo
14、urs. Then find out (1) what typical language is used? (2) What text type is this piece of writing?(3) What is its communicative purpose?facts opinions/predictions reasons solutionsSuggested Answers:(1) Facts: over 90% of all species that ever lived are extinct; the “Great Dying, which killed 90% to
15、96% of all species; human activity is causing species to die out 1, 000 times faster than normal.Reasons: air and water pollution, forests being destroyed, factory farming and overfishing are causing species to die out; without forests, we would have no air to breathe and without clean water we woul
16、d be unable to survive.Think and shareSuggested Answers:Opinions/predictions: many scientists say we are now entering the Earths sixth mass extinction; scientists believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out.Solutions: we need to take steps to save endangered species, incl
17、uding setting up special areas where plants and animals can be protected; we need to change how we work and travel; we also need to improve our farming methodsThink and shareSuggested Answers:(2) This piece of writing is an exposition.(3) Its purpose is to explain what the sixth extinction is and it
18、s effects and call on people to take action to prevent it from happening.Think and share2. What ways of argument does the writer use to convince readers? Are you convinced? Why or why not?The writer uses ways such as citing ideas from experts or authorities, giving examples and using data. I believe
19、 that if we take action now it is not too late to save other species from extinction. The black robin was saved from extinction when only five birds remained, so l think it is possible to save any species if we act right now.Think and shareUse the adjectives and nouns to make meaningful expressions.
20、 Then use each expression to make a sentence. Write the sentences in the space provided.endangered animals, entire species, natural resources, significant change, mass extinction, solar energyComplete the paragraph about extinctions using the correct form of the phrases below.In the last 500 million
21、 years, there have been five mass extinction events on Earth. In the third event, which 1 _ the Great Dying, 90% to 96% of all species 2 _. Of course, species died out due to many causes. But nowadays, human activity 3 _ all types of species that we 4 _ for living. We need to 5 _ todie out be known
22、as have affected depend on wipe outtake steps take actions set up take care ofis known asdied outhas affecteddepend ontake actionComplete the paragraph about extinctions using the correct form of the phrases below.avoid the sixth mass extinction. We should 6 _ to save endangered animals and plants,
23、and 7 _ special areas to 8 _ them before the next extinction comes that may 9 _ the entire species.die out be known as have affected depend on wipe outtake steps take actions set up take care oftake stepsset uptake care ofwipe outFOCUS ON LANGUAGE: RELATIVE CLAUSES (4) -DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING CLA
24、USESRead the sentences and discuss which word (s) the clauses (in italics) refer to.1. Extinctions, where entire species are wiped out, are not unusual in our Earths history.Refers to extinctions2. These include the third mass extinction, known as the Great Dying, which killed 90% to 96% of all spec
25、ies.Refers to the Great DyingFOCUS ON LANGUAGE: RELATIVE CLAUSES (4) -DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING CLAUSESRead the sentences and discuss which word (s) the clauses (in italics) refer to.3. A 2015 study by scientists who were based at Brown University and Duke University in the US, looked at how quickly
26、 species die out due to natural causes.Refers to scientists4. If a sixth mass extinction occurs, scientists who have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out.Refers to scientistsFOCUS ON LANGUAGE: RELATIVE CLAUSES (4) -DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING CLAUSE
27、SRead the sentences and discuss which word (s) the clauses (in italics) refer to.5 We need to take steps to save endangered species, including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be protected.Refers to special areasWhich of the clauses above:(1) give information to identify the per
28、sons/objects. (_)(2) give extra information about a person or a thing, which can be left out. (_)defining clausenon-defining clauseFOCUS ON LANGUAGE: RELATIVE CLAUSES (4) -DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING CLAUSES2. Underline the relative clauses in the sentences and decide if they are defining (D) or non-d
29、efining (ND). Translate them into Chinese. Discuss the difference in meaning between the two types of relative clauses.( ) 1 He went to a city where iron was produced in huge quantities.( ) 2 The bus which was full of tourists stopped near the Leaning Tower of Pisa.( ) 3 Melissa lent me some money,
30、which was very generous of her.DDNDFOCUS ON LANGUAGE: RELATIVE CLAUSES (4) -DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING CLAUSES2. Underline the relative clauses in the sentences and decide if they are defining (D) or non-defining (ND). Translate them into Chinese. Discuss the difference in meaning between the two typ
31、es of relative clauses.( ) 4 The ground is covered with snow and ice, which makes driving very dangerous.( ) 5 I met the famous professor in the hotel, where the meeting was held.NDNDChoose two or three environmental problems that are caused by human activity. Offer solutions. Try to use relative cl
32、auses where appropriate.Group Work语法语法：定语从句定语从句在句中充当定语修饰名词或代词的句子叫定语从句在句中充当定语修饰名词或代词的句子叫定语从句。被被修饰的名词或代词叫先行修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。词。引导引导定语从句的词叫关系词定语从句的词叫关系词。定语从句可分为两大类：定语从句可分为两大类：限制性定语从句和非限制性限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句定语从句。语法语法：定语从句定语从句对比两句：对比两句：This is the house which/ that we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。这是我们上个月买的那幢房
33、子。The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。语法语法：定语从句定语从句限制性限制性定语从定语从句句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开引导词：关系代词和关系副词，做宾语时一些关系代词可以省略非限制非限制性定语性定语从句从句是对主句先行词的补充说明，没有这一从句不影响主句意思完整。一般用逗号把主句和从句分开引导词：who, whom, whose, which, when, where 等，不用一般that，不能省略限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或
34、代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子。Then he met Mary, who invited him to a party. 后来他遇到了玛丽，玛丽邀请他参加晚会。（who指代 Mary）He changed his mind, which made me very angry.他改变了主意，这使我很生气。（which指代逗号前的整个主句）语法语法：定语从句定语从句1. 定语从句的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两类。语法语法：定语从句定语从句关系代词关系代词先行词先行词作用作用备注备注who人主语关系代词whom, which, that在从句中做宾语时常可以
35、省略，但在介词后不能省略。whom人宾语whose人、物定语that人、物主语、宾语which物、句子主语、宾语as人、物、句子主语、宾语as做宾语时一般不省略1. 定语从句的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两类。语法语法：定语从句定语从句关系副词关系副词先行词先行词作用作用备注备注when时间时间状语相当于“介词+which”where地点地点状语相当于“介词+which”why原因原因状语相当于“for+which”2. 关系代词的用法（1）只能用that引导定语从句的情况： 当先行词是 everything, anything, nothing, all, none, few, little
36、, some等不定代词时，或当先行词被every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等词修饰时。如：There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 对他来说，世界上似乎没有什么不可能的事情。语法语法：定语从句定语从句2. 关系代词的用法（1）只能用that引导定语从句的情况： 当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：The first American movie that I watched was Titanic. 我看的第一部美国电影是泰坦尼克号。 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰
37、时。如：This is the best museum that I have visited all my life. 这是我这辈子参观过的最棒的博物馆。语法语法：定语从句定语从句2. 关系代词的用法（1）只能用that引导定语从句的情况： 当先行词被 the very, the only, the first/ last 等修饰时。如：She is the only person that understands me. 她是唯一理解我的人。 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如：Which is the room that Mr Wang lives in?王先生住的是哪一
38、个房间？语法语法：定语从句定语从句2. 关系代词的用法（1）只能用that引导定语从句的情况： 当先行词既指人又指物时。如：Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 瞧瞧那个正在街上走的人和他的驴子。语法语法：定语从句定语从句2. 关系代词的用法（2）只能用which引导定语从句的情况： 关系代词前有介词时只能用which。如：This is the room in which she lived. 这是她住过的房间。 在非限制性定语从句中，关系词指物时只能用which。如：He will make a tri
39、p to Suzhou, which is famous for its beautiful scenic spots. 他将到苏州去旅行，那里因其美丽的景点而闻名。语法语法：定语从句定语从句2. 关系代词的用法（2）只能用which引导定语从句的情况： 先行词本身是that时只能用which。如：The clock is that which tells the time. 时钟显示时间。语法语法：定语从句定语从句2. 关系代词的用法（3）用as引导定语从句的情况： 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词被 the same, such, as修饰时，定语从句用as引导。如：Such problems
40、 as are often mentioned should be solved. 类似这样经常被提及的问题应该得到解决。He would like to use the same pen as I used yesterday. 他想用我昨天用过的同一支笔。I will read as many books as are required. 要求读多少书我就读多少书。语法语法：定语从句定语从句2. 关系代词的用法（3）用as引导定语从句的情况： 在非限制性定语从句中，as和which都可以用于指代整个主句。区别在于：as引导时意为“正如”，可位于句首或句中；而which 引导时意为“这一点；
41、这件事”，只能位于句中。语法语法：定语从句定语从句2. 关系代词的用法（3）用as引导定语从句的情况：as构成的固定表达：as is known to allas we all knowas is often the caseas is expected语法语法：定语从句定语从句as is often saidas is reportedas is hopedas is stressed2. 关系代词的用法（4）定语从句中“介词关系代词”的用法：做介词的宾语的关系代词一般是which和 whom。“介词which/whom”既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句。常见的有以下几种
42、结构：语法语法：定语从句定语从句2. 关系代词的用法（4）定语从句中“介词关系代词”的用法： 介词关系代词Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice.Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice.曼德拉是我向其征求建议的一位黑人律师。I still remember the day on which we had a big party.我仍然记得我们举行一场盛大聚会的那一天。语法语法：定语从句定语从句2. 关系代词的用法（4）定语从句中“介词关系代词”的用法：注意
43、：介词的选择与先行词或者从句的谓语动词有关。把先行词放到从句里写出一个完整的句子，然后再将先行词换成对应的关系代词。固定短语中的介词不能提到关系代词的前面。如：He is the man that/whom your mother took care of last month. 他是你母亲上个月照顾的那个人。语法语法：定语从句定语从句2. 关系代词的用法（4）定语从句中“介词关系代词”的用法： 名词/ 代词/ 数词介词关系代词Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were English nove
44、ls.Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, of which three were English novels.上个星期天，我从书店买回几本书，其中3本是英文小说。语法语法：定语从句定语从句2. 关系代词的用法（4）定语从句中“介词关系代词”的用法： 形容词最高级介词关系代词China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.中国有成千上万的岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。语法语法：定语从句定语从句2. 关系代词的用法（5）定语从句中whose的用法： whos
45、e既可以指人，又可指物，在定语从句中做定语，表示“人的；物的”。如：The room whose window faces south is mine. 窗户朝南的那个房间是我的。语法语法：定语从句定语从句2. 关系代词的用法（5）定语从句中whose的用法：whose指物时可用 of which 代替，但语序不同，即“whose名词”相当于“the名词of which”或“of whichthe名词”。如：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom the door of which is br
46、oken will soon be repaired.The classroom of which the door is broken will soon be repaired.门坏了的那间教室将很快得到修缮。语法语法：定语从句定语从句3. 关系副词的用法当先行词是表时间、地点、方式或原因等的词，且从句缺状语时，从句用关系副词引导。关系副词有时可转化为“介词关系代词”。如：This is the place where we spent our childhood. 这里是我们度过童年的地方。语法语法：定语从句定语从句3. 关系副词的用法注意：（1）当先行词是表时间、地点、方式、原因等的词
47、时，只有在从句缺状语时才用关系副词引导；否则，用关系代词引导。如：Hell always remember the day when his grandmother passed away. 他会永远记住他的奶奶去世的那一天。I will always remember the day that/ which we spent together in the countryside. 我会永远记住我们在乡下一起度过的那一天。语法语法：定语从句定语从句3. 关系副词的用法注意：（1）当先行词是表时间、地点、方式、原因等的词时，只有在从句缺状语时才用关系副词引导；否则，用关系代词引导。如：This
48、 is the factory where my father once worked. 这是我父亲曾经工作过的工厂。This is the factory that/which they showed us around last year. 这是去年他们领我们参观的工厂。语法语法：定语从句定语从句3. 关系副词的用法注意：（1）当先行词是表时间、地点、方式、原因等的词时，只有在从句缺状语时才用关系副词引导；否则，用关系代词引导。如：This is the reason why/ for which he was late this morning.这是他今天早上迟到的原因。This is
49、the reason that/ which may explain his absence. 这是可以解释他缺席的理由。语法语法：定语从句定语从句3. 关系副词的用法（2）先行词为 point, situation, case, stage, position, degree等表抽象的地点和情况的名词时，其后常用where引导定语从句，where在定语从句中做地点状语。而occasion 作“时机”讲时用when引导；作“场合”讲时用where引导。如：语法语法：定语从句定语从句3. 关系副词的用法Today, we will discuss a number of cases where
50、English beginners fail to use the language properly. 今天，我们将讨论一些英语初学者使用语言不当的例子。I can remember very few occasions when he had to cancel because of ill health. 我记得他因为健康不佳而被迫取消的情况绝无仅有。语法语法：定语从句定语从句3. 关系副词的用法（3）先行词是the way （方式、方法），且引导词在定语从句中做状语时可以用in which或that引导从句，也可以省略引导词。如：The way (that/ in which) he
