1、汉英语篇对比与翻译第一讲：汉英语篇衔接（第一讲：汉英语篇衔接（cohesion）对比与翻译）对比与翻译v在语篇中，如果对于一个词语的解释不能从词语本身获得，而必须从该词语所指代的对象中寻求答案，即衔接，也就是照应（reference）关系。根据照应成分参照点的不同，照应可以分为前指照应（anaphoric reference，也称回指照应）和后指照应（cataphoric reference，也称下指照应）。前指照应指的是所指对象位于上文，即指代成分的指称位于指代成分之前；后指照应指的是所指对象位于下文，即指代成分的指称位于指代成分之后。例如：v（1）He looked up at her a
2、s she stood there, hand on heart, looked quietly, almost in a kindly way. (Gone with the Wind)v当他抬起头来，见她一只手捂着胸口站在那儿时，他的目光非常平静，甚至非常和蔼。（翟象俊译）v（3）解净收起图说，“大家出车吧，中午休息的时候再看，就贴在这里。”（蒋子龙，赤橙黄绿青蓝紫）vXie Jing folded up the diagram and said, “Now get moving. Ill paste this up here and you can have a look at it d
3、uring the midday break.”v（4）离车库还有三四米，车库门就像认识主人似的自动掀启。（枣核） vWhen it (the car) was three or four meters away from the garage, its door automatically opened as if it recognized its own master.（张培基译）vv了解汉英两种语言人称代词系统和人称代词前指照应的不同特点和倾向，对汉英翻译有一定的指导作用。翻译是一个涉及语言、文化、文本、译者等多种因素的复杂过程影响翻译过程的因素很多。但是，根据本节对汉英第三人称代词语
4、篇照应的对比研究，在汉英翻译中采取相应的策略和方法，对提高翻译质量是有所帮助的。汉语中第三人称代词的使用频率比英语低很多，常有第三人称代词的省略或零式前指。在进行汉英翻译的时候，要注意英语的使用习惯，为译文增添相应的衔接方式，保持译文的通顺连贯。例如： v（5）孔乙己是站着喝酒而穿长衫的唯一的人。他身材很高大；青白脸色，皱纹间经常夹些伤痕；一部乱蓬蓬的花白胡子。穿的虽然是长衫，可是又脏又破，似乎十多年没补，也没有洗。他对人说话，总是满口之乎者也，教人半懂不懂的。（鲁迅，孔乙己）vKong Yiji was the only long-gowned customer who used to dr
5、ink his wine standing. A big, pallid man whose wrinkled face often bore scars, he had a large, unkempt and grizzled beard. And although he wore a long gown it was dirty and tattered. It had not by the look of it been washed or mended for ten years or more. He used so many archaisms in his speech tha
6、t half of it was barely intelligible.v由于汉英两种语言的语篇衔接手段在使用中各有所重：英语中使用第三人称代词的地方，汉语常使用原词复现的衔接方式。在汉英翻译的过程中，译者要充分注意汉英语言在衔接方式上的差异，在把汉语译为英语时，注意使用代词来替代源语言中反复提及的人和事物。例如：v（6）一个浑身黑色的人，站在老栓面前，眼光正像两把刀，刺得老栓缩小了一半。（鲁迅，药）vA man clad entirely in black stood before him, his eyes like daggers, making Old Shuan shrink to
7、 half his normal size.（杨宪益、戴乃迭译）v（7）且说宝玉来至梨香院中，先入薛姨妈室中来，正见薛姨妈打点针线与丫鬟们呢。宝玉忙请了安，薛姨妈一把拉了他，抱入怀内。（曹雪芹，红楼梦）vOn reaching Pear Fragrance Court, Baoyu went first to see Aunt Xue, whom he found distributing sewing to her maids. He paid his respects to his aunt, who caught him in her arms and hugged him.（杨宪益、戴
8、乃迭译）v汉语中存在着很多深层前指现象，这对译者正确理解原文造成了一定的困难。在汉英翻译过程中，当前指词在语篇中指代对象不明确，或有两个或多个可能的先行项时，往往涉及到前指词的释义问题。这时译者需要通过对语境的推理和分析确认第三人称代词或零式前指的指代对象，正确把握原文含义。恰当地运用逻辑分析法往往可以有效地避免模糊和歧义的产生，这也是解决深层前指释义问题的主要方法。例如：v（8）我何尝不也这样说。他说这个碟子配上鲜荔枝才好看。（曹雪芹，红楼梦）vJust what I said. But Baoyu insisted that plate looked best with the fresh
9、 leeches.v在同一语境有很多参与者的情况下，就可能出现歧义前指的现象。而汉语中频繁出现的零式前指又会使指代对象的确认更加复杂。这时，对语篇进行适当的逻辑分析就显得十分重要。例如：（9）“某不能择主，屈身袁绍，言不听，计不从，今特弃之来见故人。愿赐收录。”（罗贯中，三国演义）v“I chose my lord unwisely,” Xu You mentioned. “I lowered myself to serve Yuan Shao. He ignored all my ideas, my plans. Now I left him and only hope that you w
10、ill accept my service.”（Moss Roberts译）v另外，汉语第三人称代词系统没有英语发达。现代汉语中，“他”的功能虽然出现了性、数、格的分化，但在很多情况下还担当着复数、所有格和两性共指代词的功能。译者在进行汉英翻译时如遇到类似情况，需根据上下文判断出“他”的具体指代对象，确保译文正确。例如：v（10）对了！男人懒。他可以懒洋洋坐在旋椅上，五官四肢，连同他的脑筋（假如有），一概停止活动，像呆鸟一般。（梁实秋，男人）vIndeed, men are lazy. You will find them lolling in a revolving chair, dumb
11、like a wooden chicken, their five sense organs, their four limbs as well as their brain (if any) all at a complete standstill. （张培基译）v“花生的用处固然很多花生的用处固然很多；但有一样是很可贵；但有一样是很可贵的。这小小的豆不像的。这小小的豆不像那好看的苹果、桃子那好看的苹果、桃子、石榴，把它们底果、石榴，把它们底果实悬在枝上，鲜红嫩实悬在枝上，鲜红嫩绿的颜色，令人一望绿的颜色，令人一望而产生羡慕的心。它而产生羡慕的心。它只是把果实埋在地底只是把果实埋在地底，等到
12、成熟，才让人，等到成熟，才让人把它挖出来。你们偶把它挖出来。你们偶然看见一颗花生瑟缩然看见一颗花生瑟缩地长在地上，不能立地长在地上，不能立刻辨出它有没有果实刻辨出它有没有果实，非得等到你接触它，非得等到你接触它才能知道。才能知道。vDaddy said, “its true that the peanut has many uses, but there is one thing about it that is highly commendable. Unlike those eye-catching fruits such as apples, peaches and pomegranat
13、es that hang themselves on the branches, brightly colored, arousing the admiration of people who have a mere glimpse of them, the little thing buries itself under ground and is not dug until it is ripe. When you happen to see a peanut growing on the ground, humble and lonely, you cannot tell immedia
14、tely whether it has fruit or not before you find out for yourself.” 第二讲：语篇的连贯性第二讲：语篇的连贯性(Coherence)与汉英翻译与汉英翻译v篇章的连贯性也是篇章内聚力的体现。它一方面通过篇章标示词如连词和副词来取得，更重要的一方面则取决于各概念或命题之间与主题的语义逻辑上的联系。翻译时除充分利用篇章标示词外，还要特别注意吃透原文，理顺文字底层的联系，译于字里行间，并且要充分注意两种语言在谋篇布局方面的差异，努力再现原文语义结构上的连贯性。例如： 杨志取路，不数日，来到东京；入得城来，寻个客店，安歇下，庄客交还担儿，
15、与了些银两，自回去了。(水浒传)vYang Zhi thus journeyed on for many days and he went toward the eastern capitalHe came into the city and found an inn and there settled himself to restThe farmer gave him the bundle and received some silver and went back alone(TrPearl SBuck)v 自是寻春去较迟，v 只须惆怅怨芳时。v 狂风落尽深红色，v 绿叶成荫子满枝。(杜
16、牧怅诗)vToo late, alas!I came to find the lovely spring had left，v Yet must 1 not regret the days of youth that now are deadv For though the rosy buds of spring the cruel winds have laid，v Behold the clustering fruit that hangs beneath the leafy shadev (TrHAGiles)v原文突出地体现了汉语重意合的特点，即通过诗行排列顺序及内在的逻辑关系完成谋篇
17、。第一、二行讲诗人访春未遇，但并不伤感、后悔，其间隐含了转折关系。译者理清了这些结构内在的联系，适当增加过渡词语，保证了译文结构的完整、紧凑、和谐。统一性统一性(Unity)v统一性一指内容与形式的辩证统一，二指整个篇章的完整与一致，强调翻译时尽可能完整地再现原作的思想内容，感情色彩，风格笔调，字法、句法及谋篇特征，力求使译文形神兼备。 v 1领悟作者的意图v 章有章旨，段有段旨，且有明旨和隐旨之分。明旨放在篇首，引人注目；放在篇尾，加深读者印象；放在篇中，承上启下。文学作品往往多用隐旨，寓于全篇的叙述、描写之中。译时要细心观察，彻底领悟。例如：v 在我的后园，可以看见墙外有两株树，一株是枣树
18、，还有一株也是枣树。在这上面的夜的天空，奇怪而高，我生平没有见过这样的奇怪而高的天空。(鲁迅秋夜)vBehind the wall of my backyard you can see two trees: one is a date tree, the other is also a date treeThe night sky above them is strange and high. I have never seen such a strange, high sky(TrFeng Yusheng)v 2洞悉原作的文体特点v 译者要有文体意识。在动笔之前，要把握原文的文体特点；在翻译
19、过程中，应尽力准确无误地再现这些特点。首先请看“三大纪律八项注意”后四条及其两种译文。(五)不打人骂人；(六)不损坏庄稼；(七)不调戏妇女；(八)不虐待俘虏。(毛泽东选集第四卷)v译文译文I：v(5) Dont hit or swear at peoplev(6) Dont damage cropsv(7) Dont take liberties with womenv(8) Dont ill-treat captivesv v 译文译文：v (5) Do not hit or swear at peoplev (6) Do not damage cropsv (7) Do not take
20、liberties with women v (8) Do not ill-treat captivesv 译文将Dont改为Do not，旨在再现原文作为一种书面形式的命令于以颁布实施的严肃性。3把握所涉及人物的言语、表情、心态v 译者要纵观原作全文，分析理解和把握作者所塑造的各个人物的特征，以便在翻译过程中成功地再现这些不同人物。例如 v 贾母这边说声“请”，刘姥姥便站起身来，高声说道：“老刘，老刘，食量大如牛：吃个老母猪，不抬头!”说完，却鼓着腮帮子，两眼直视，一声不语。众人先还是发愣，后来一想，上上下下都一起哈哈大笑起来。 The Lady Dowager urged her to m
21、ake a startGranny Liu stood up then and declaimed at the top of her voice：“Old woman Liu，I vow，eats more than any cowAnd down she settles now to gobble an enormous sow” Then she dried up abruptly，puffing out her cheeks and staring down at her bowlThe others had been staggered at first but now everyo
22、ne，high and low，started roaring with laughter v湘云掌不住，一口茶都喷了出来，黛玉笑岔了气，伏着桌子只叫“嗳吆!”宝玉滚到贾母怀里，贾母搂着叫“心肝”，王夫人用手指着凤姐儿，却说不出话来。薛姨妈也掌不住，口里的茶喷了探春一裙子。探春的茶碗都合在迎春身上。惜春离了坐位，拉着她的奶母叫“揉肠子”。 Hsiang-yun shook so uncontrollably that she sputtered out the rice she had in her mouth，while Tai-yu nearly choked and collapsed
23、over the table gasping，“Mercy! Pao-yu fell convulsively into his grandmothers arms and she chuckled as she hugged him to her crying，“My precious!” Lady Wang wagged one finger at Hsi-feng but was laughing too much to speakAunt Hsueh，too，exploded in such mirth that she sprayed tea all over Tan-chuns s
24、kirt，making her upset her bowl over Ying-chun，while Hsi-chun left her seat and begged her nurse to rub her stomach for herv地下无一不弯腰曲背，也有躲出去蹲着笑的，也有忍着笑上来替她姐妹换衣裳的。独有风姐鸳鸯二人掌着，还只管让刘姥姥。(红楼梦) vAs for the maids，some doubled up in hysterics，others controlled themselves sufficiently to fetch clean clothes for
25、their young mistressesHsi-feng and Yuan-yang，the only ones with straight faces, urged Granny Liu to eat (TrYang Xianyi & Gladys Yang)4牢记可读性 v 译者要考虑译文的可读性，充分发挥自己对译入语的驾驭力，对原文忠实而不拘泥，确保译文符合译入语表达习惯，流畅易懂。比较下例两种译文。v 夜是安静的，然而也是生动的。狗儿活跃起来了，、它们悄然无声地沿着院子围墙跑着，不时地停下来支支耳朵，细察来自远近的一切动静，履行保卫主人的职责。v 译文I：The night was
26、 quiet，but it was aliveThe dogs were now activeThey ran noiselessly along the courtyard wallNow and then，they stopped，pricked up their ears and listened carefully for any sound near and farThey were defending their masters dutifullyv 译文：The night was quiet but aliveThe lively dogsdutifully defending their masters，ran along the courtyard wall noiselessly, stopping now and then，pricking up their ears carefully listening for any sound near and far
