1、Unit4 Amazing art知识点小结（二）1. This is perhaps the most famous painting here, protected by glass. (P40)该句子中的protected by glass是过去分词短语作定语，相当于which is protected by glass. 这种用法在英语中很常见，如：There is a new film on in the cinema, called Changjinhu.Our school is small but beautiful, surrounded by many trees.2. I
2、 am being pushed around quite a bit, in fact. (P41)push动词，表示“推动（人或物），移动（身体部位）”如：We pushed and pushed but the piano wouldnt move.She pushed at the door but it wouldnt budge. He pushed his chair back and stood up.The fans pushed against the barrier. 球迷们推挤这路障。People were pushing and shoving to get to t
3、he front.There were so many people and I had to push my way through the crowd.此外，push还有“推动；促使（达到某程度或状态）”Any shortage could push up grain prices. 任何短缺都会推动粮价上涨。还可以表示“鼓励，逼迫”如：She thanks her parents for keeping her in school and pushing her to study.My teacher pushed me into entering the competition.No
4、one pushed you to take the job.As a senior high student, you really need to push yourself a little harder.3. arrange的学习：arrange的意思是“to plan or organize sth in advance”表示“安排，筹备”如：The party was arranged quickly.She has arranged her son for swimming lessons.Can I arrange an appointment for Monday?We me
5、t at six, as arranged.arrange还可以当不及物动词，这时多与介词for 或with搭配。We arranged for a car to collect us from the airport.Dont worry, Jane. I have arranged with the neighbours about feeding the cat while we are away. arrange的名词为arrangement. 常见短语有make arrangements for sb. to do something.4. sweep的学习：sweep 意为：扫，打
6、扫，清扫，过去式和过去分词为swept; to sweep the floor 清扫地板The showroom had been emptied and swept clean.He swept the leaves up into a pile.还有“吹走，冲走，席卷，横扫; 传播”等意思，如：The little boat was swept out to sea.Rain swept in through the broken windows.The news that she will retire has swept through the company.His eyes swe
7、pt around the room.5. There were different stands where artists could demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors! It was definitely an exciting experience for a foreign student like me. (P42)这个句子中包含了一个where引导的定语从句，修饰stands。stand此处为名词，意为“货摊，摊位”。如：pen stand “笔筒”clothes stand“衣架”。demonstrate动词，意为“
8、to show and explain how sth works or how to do sth.”“示范，演示”，如：She demonstrates how to cook noodles.Our chemistry teacher demonstrates the experiment for us.At the meeting, he demonstrated his creative project to others with a PPT.此外，demonstrate还有“论证，说明，证实”之意。如：These results demonstrate convincingly
9、that our approaches are working.Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate what is wrong is with the item in question.It has been demonstrated that smoking would do harm to human body.demonstrate, confirm, prove, back u
10、p的区别：demonstrate指充分有力、无可辩驳事实或证据证明某事，预期较强。The research say this is the first study to demonstrate a link between midlife obesity and the risk of dementia(痴呆).prove指通过某种手段或方式提供证据以证实或证明某事物真实与否，某结论正确与否等情况，如：Galileo proved the law of falling objects to the world from the leaning tower in Pizza.confirm指对已
11、有的观点、说法、预测、猜疑等的真实性或准确性予以证实或确证，如：These rumours were later confirmed.这些谣言后来得到了证实。back up较为不正式，指证实某人所言为真；或给出例子证明某说法的正确性，如：The author doesnt back up his opinions with examples.The phenomenon backs up the black hole theory.6. What caught my attention first was a 15th-century qinghua bowl in a breathtakin
12、g exhibition of Chinese porcelain. It vividly illustrated a dragon playing the ball. (P42)该句子中的what caught my attention first是一个从句做句子的主语。catch ones attention“吸引某人的关注，注意力等”；再看： breathtaking是个合成词，由breath和take合在一起构成的形容词，breathtaking表示“令人窒息的”，类似的构词法有：heartbreaking, problem-solving, energy-saving, time-c
13、onsuming, eye-catching, award-winning, painstaking等等；illustrate 是个动词，表示“（用示例、图画等）说明，解释，加插图于”，这里用的特别准确，表示青花碗上很形象地显示了一条巨龙嬉球的图案。举几个例子：To illustrate my point, let me tell you a little story.Let me give you another example to illustrate this difficult point.She went to art school and is now illustrating
14、a book. 她接着上了美术学校，现在正在给一本书画插图。原句中的vividly用来修饰动词illustrate, 所以用副词形式，修饰动词用副词。7. It was difficult, but a lot of fun! With help from the artist, I managed to make one in the shape of a fish. (P42)fun是个名词，不可数，所以没有复数，也不能在前加a。With help from sb, 在某人的帮助下。in the shape of表示“以的形状”，也就是作者做了一个剪纸，是鱼儿的形状。in the shap
15、e of 还可以用shaped like替换。8. Then I went into a section decorated like a traditional Chinese study, with two beautiful Chinese paintings of a pine tree and some bamboo hung on the walls. (P42)这个句子中的section表示“区域，处”，decorated like是个过去分词短语做定语，相当于which was decorated like；study此处为名词，表示“书房，学习室”，紧接着有一个with的复合
16、结构在此处表示附加说明，有两幅画着松树的国画挂在墙上。好，我们分别学习这几个要点：decorate是动词，表示“装饰，装扮”，通常有decorate A with B短语，表示“用B装扮A”。如：He decorated his room with pictures of all his favorite sports figures.还有“装修”的意思，如：When they came to decorate the bedroom, it was my wife who had the final say. You know, I hate decorating. We have live
17、d in the house for years, so it needs decorating.下一个，所谓的with的复合结构，就是指“with+名词+形容词/介词短语/非谓语动词等”，通常在句子中起到补充说明，解释原因，伴随等。如：With the window open, Mary fell asleep.The woman stood at the corner of the street, with a baby in her arms.With so much homework to do, I really dont expect a great holiday.With Mr
18、. Li teaching us English, I am sure I will do well in my exams.With my bicycle broken, I had no choice but to walk to school.由此来看，原句中的hung表示画与hang为“被悬挂”的关系，故用过去分词hung.再如：Since it began in the late 20th century, the Contemporary Art Movement has raised questions and doubts, with people asking, “Is it
19、 really art?” (P43)9. Chinese characters are carved into small squares of stone and stamped onto paper with ink. He made one for me with my name in Chinesepretty awesome! (P42)该句子中两个并列的谓语are carved into 和stamped, 其中stamped前省略了are,这是因为前面已经有了are,承前省略。be carved into被雕刻到。carve动词，“雕刻，刻上”,由。雕刻而成，可以说be car
20、ved out of。；如：I picked up a piece of wood and started carving.The statue was carved out of a single piece of stone.The wood has been carved into the shape of a flower.They carved their names on the desk.carve还可以表示“把（熟肉）切成块”如：Whos going to carve the turkey?还可以表示“艰苦创业，奋斗取得（事业、名声等）”如：She has carved a p
21、lace for herself in the fashion world. 她已在时装界谋得一席之地。He succeeded in carving a career in the media. 他已在传媒界闯出一片天地。下一个：stamp当动词讲时，表示“盖印/章”，指“在上盖（字样或图案等），把（字样或图案等）盖在上”如：Wait here to have your passport stamped.The box was stamped with the makers name.除此之外，stamp还可以表示“跺脚；重踏；重踩”，如：I tried stamping my feet t
22、o keep warm.Sam stamped his foot in anger.The audience were stamping and cheering.想想：诗句“忽闻岸上踏歌声”，诗人的朋友踏着脚为诗人歌唱，stamp的意思很明了。pretty 在句子中是个副词，表示very,或quite 如：Pretty cool! I am pretty sure the boy will be fired.The game was pretty good.Its pretty hard to explain.以前我们知道pretty 是形容词，表示“漂亮的，标致的，妩媚的”，多用来修饰小孩
23、或物。如：You look so pretty in that dress! a pretty face/a pretty little girl/pretty clothes/ a pretty gardenas pretty as a picture 美丽如画10. This was the case in 1999 with British artist Tracy Emins work, My bed-which was, quite literally, her unmade bed. (P43)该句话中的the case表示“实情，事实”，相当于the true situation
24、。This was the case with, 这就是那样的情形， 即：1999年英国艺术家Tracy Emin的作品我的床就是这种情况，举例如：If that is the case (=if the situation described is true), we need more staff.如果真是那样，那我们就需要更多的员工了。Youll probably notice her having difficulty swallowing. If this is the case, give her plenty of liquids.你可能会发现她吞咽有困难。要真是那样，多给她一些
25、流质食物。literally 真正地，确实地。用来强调事实可能令人惊讶。这个词在英语口语中比较常用，所以大家要记住。It is used to emphasize the truth of sth that may seem surprising.如：There are literally hundreds of prizes to win.As a boy, I had read literally hundreds of books. 当我还是个孩子的时候，我真真切切地读过几百本书。另外，literally还可以表示“按字面上理解”如：Sometimes you cant take som
26、e Chinese idioms literally because they have deeper meanings. 有时你不能从字面上理解一些汉语成语，因为它们有更深的含义。（take sb/sth literally 从字面上理解）下一个：unmade, 形容词，表示“尚未做好的，（床）未铺好的，（道路）未铺路面的”，其构词法是un-+made，未经做好的。如：I bit a large piece of the apple, and I rushed off to work leaving my bed unmade. 我咬了一大口苹果，急匆匆地赶去上班，床也没铺。类似的构词有：u
27、nused (不用的，从未用过的)， unnoticed(未注意到的)，unattended(没有人照料的)，undefined(不明确的，未下定义的)， untouched (未受影响的，原封未动的)， unchanged (未改变的)，unmoved (无动于衷的，冷漠的，无同情心的) 。你能想出一些吗？ 11. Then, in 2015, cleaners in an Italian gallery threw away an art piece after mistaking the pile of empty bottles, cigarette ends and pieces o
28、f coloured paper for rubbish! (P43)throw away 扔掉；如：Dont throw away those boxes!Think twice next time you want to throw away food.Do you often throw away things you dont need anymore?When you throw away food, you are not just wasting food itself.Every year, thousands of visitors throw away tons of ru
29、bbish, such as bottles and plastic bags, which contribute to the pollution of the local area.Dont throw away this opportunity.mistake A for B, 误把A当成B. 如：I think you must be mistaking me for someone else.pile 可数名词，表示“堆，成堆的东西”如：a pile of sand/piles of dirty washing/ piles of work; 有时也做动词，短语有pile up, “
30、堆放；摞起；叠放”如：Snow was piled up against the door. 积雪封门。The clothes were piled high on the chair. 衣服在椅子上堆得高高的。She piled the boxes one on top of the other. 她把盒子一个个摞起来。Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can. 当动词，pile还可以表示“蜂拥，拥挤”，这个在考试中出现。如：They all piled into Jerrys car.The bus fi
31、nally arrived and we all piled in.12. While some say contemporary art lacks skill, meaning and artistic value, others argue that its worth lies in its ability to stimulate new discussions and understanding of everyday objects. (P43)首先，这儿有个句型大家可以在正反对比型的作文里用到：While some say., others argue that-从句。即，有的
32、人说, 而也有人认为。while为连词，表示转折对比，如：While some say it was due to human error, others argue that the unusual appearance of a large iceberg in a region of the Atlantic Ocean was the main factor. 有的人认为是人为因素所致，而有的人称是大西洋海域出现的冰山异常所致。While some argue soccer has no future in this country, others say the sport coul
33、d be on the road to mainstream respectability. 当有的人认为足球在这个国家没有发展前途的时候，有的人则认为足球正在赢得美国主流的尊重。然后我们看lack：lack及物动词，意为“缺乏”，如：Some houses still lack basic living facilities such as bathroom.He lacks confidence.She has the determination that her brother lacks.Lacking a mirror image in the mother who raised m
34、e, I had to seek my identity as a woman on my own. 由于没有母亲抚养我长大，我缺乏母亲的镜像，不得不自己寻找作为女性的身份。它还可以当名词使用，这时，lack要与of连用，构成短语 (a) lack of; 如：The report says lack of water may result in several problems.Their lack of exercise led to overweight. Lack of effort made me lose the opportunity to go to college.再继续：l
35、ie in 在于，存在于。如：Success lies in diligence. The future of the country lies in the increase of more talents.The solution doesnt lie in whether or not you should be hard-working, but how you should manage your time effectively, so your success and happiness lie in you.下一个词：stimulate 激发（某事物）， 鼓励；起刺激作用；促进
36、。我们看例子：Your encouragement will stimulate me to further efforts.Rewards can stimulate peoples enthusiasm to do good deeds.Group discussions can stimulate the flow of new ideas.Music boxes, toys that make pleasant sounds, and soft music stimulate the babies sense of hearing.再补充一个：worth我们以前学习过它作为形容词的用法
37、，如：Your idea is worth considering. The jacket is worth at least 500 dollars.How much is the painting worth?This place is worth a second visit.而在此处呢，则是worth作为名词的用法。常与介词of搭配使用，常见的说法有 ten dollars worth of sth, 或者40 worth of sth, 表示“价值（十美元、四十英镑等）的东西”，这个在阅读理解中常出现。 例如：The winner will receive ten pounds wo
38、rth of books.获胜者将得到价值十英镑的书籍。除了表示价值的等值东西外，还可以表示“能够用（多长时间如一个星期、一个月等）的东西”，这样表达：a weeks, months, etc worth of sth. 看句子：We only have a months worth of food now. 13. This was my favorite piece and it really explores the nature of art. (P43)nature此处为“（事物的）本质，基本特征，基本性质”,另外可以表示“自然界，大自然（前不加冠词）；”“天性，本性，性格”，如：good nature（善良的本性）, human nature（人性）It is not in his nature to be unkind. 他天生不刻薄。She is sensitive by nature. 她生性很敏感。Getting ill is Natures way of telling you to relax yourself and to do less. 生病是一种自然反应，告诉你要放松，不要劳累。14. be aware of意识到，察觉到，相当于realize.第11页
