1、The Attributive Clause 定语从句4.定语定语 修饰和限定名词和代词的词。通常由形容词，代修饰和限定名词和代词的词。通常由形容词，代词词(多为形容词性物主代词），数词，介词短语，动词不多为形容词性物主代词），数词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词和从句（定语从句）来担当定式，分词和从句（定语从句）来担当。 a kind girl, a book on the desk I have homework to finish. the fallen leaves the boy who is very smartHe was holding onto a tree that grew
2、against the wall. 主句主句: He was holding onto a tree.从句：从句：A tree grew against the wall. 还原还原名词/代词 + 定语从句关系代词和关系副词的作用：关系代词和关系副词的作用：1、引导作用、引导作用 2、替代作用、替代作用3、在定语从句中担当某个成分的作用、在定语从句中担当某个成分的作用Eg: 1.Those who want to go please should be ready.2. Bill, who was my student , asked me questions.v 关系词关系词引导引导定语从句
3、，同时定语从句，同时指代先指代先行词在行词在 定语从句中充当的成分定语从句中充当的成分v 所以先行词在定语从句中不再出现所以先行词在定语从句中不再出现,也不用其他词代替也不用其他词代替Bill is a boy who I teach him.关系副词引导定语从句时，既引导定语从句，又关系副词引导定语从句时，既引导定语从句，又在定语从句中充当状语。不能省略在定语从句中充当状语。不能省略. .关系副词可转化为介词关系副词可转化为介词+ +关系代词结构。关系代词结构。1、When指时间，在定语从句中充当时间状语。指时间，在定语从句中充当时间状语。 He told me the date when(
4、on which) he joined the Party.2、Where指地点，在定语从句中充当地点状语。指地点，在定语从句中充当地点状语。 This is the place where(in which) we lived ten years ago.3、Why指原因，在定语从句中充当原因状语。指原因，在定语从句中充当原因状语。 I know the reason why(for which) she was so angry. 1.This is the park (that )we visited last year. This is the park where we held a
5、 birthday party.2.She wont forget the days (that )she spent on the island. She wont forget the days when they stayed together.关系副词关系副词when, where和关系代词和关系代词that, which的区分。的区分。同样是修饰一个地点，有时使用同样是修饰一个地点，有时使用where，有时使，有时使用用that/which；同样是修饰一个时间，有时使；同样是修饰一个时间，有时使用用when， 有时使用有时使用that/which。这主要看两。这主要看两点：一：先行词
6、在从句中所作成分；二：是定语点：一：先行词在从句中所作成分；二：是定语从句中的谓语动词是否是一个及物动词。从句中的谓语动词是否是一个及物动词。（1）This is the factory _ I visited last year. （2）This is the factory _ I worked last year. （3）This is the factory _ produces all kinds of TV sets. A. where B. which C. whom D. whoseB.B. 以上三个句子只有细微的差别，但答案却不同：做这以上三个句子只有细微的差别，但答案却不同
7、：做这种题时，种题时，要通过还原先行词要通过还原先行词, ,看先行词在定语从句中所看先行词在定语从句中所充当的成分充当的成分；1）中是动宾关系，即）中是动宾关系，即I visited the factory. .因此选因此选which2）中）中factory应在定语从句中作地点状语，即：应在定语从句中作地点状语，即：I worked in the factory，因此选，因此选where。3）中是作定语从句中的主语，即）中是作定语从句中的主语，即: the factory : the factory produces all kinds produces all kinds 不作地点状语，因此
8、选不作地点状语，因此选whichABB(1)Hangzhou is the place _ I went last summer.2) He read the book _ his sister had told him about.3) The reason _ Peter is so happy is that he passed the exam.4) I remember the day _ my father died. I was only ten years old at that time.5) Please give me the reason _ you were late
9、 this time.6) I will go back to the place _ I grew up and live there forever.Why/ for whichwherewhich/that/ xWhen/on whichwhyWhere/in which二二.关系代词前介词的确定关系代词前介词的确定1.1.根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系，请体会：This is the car _which I bought last year. /foroninwithoutbyataboutof 2. 根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配，如：e.g. Can you explain
10、to me how to use these idioms with which Im not familiar.3. 根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯，请体会：e.g. 1949 was the year in which the P.R.C. was founded.1)The book _ I heard was written 20 years ago.2)The people _ the man spoke werent listening.3)The film _ I fell asleep was very boring.4)The pen _ she wrote that book
11、can now be seen in a museum.5)The little creature _ scientists are interested is known as ET.6)The gun _ he was shot was never found.of whichto whomin whichwith whichin whichby which三三.Whose引起从句可转换为引起从句可转换为“ of +关系代词关系代词”型，即型，即 the+ n + of +which/whom 如：如：e.g. They live in a house, whose door opens
12、to the south.They lived in a house, of which the door opens to the south. They lived in a house, the door of which open to the south.四.限制和非限制性定语从句:restrictive attributive clause(无逗号)non- restrictive attributive clause(有逗号).Xi hua who I met across in the street a few days ago has gone abroad. Xi hua
13、,who I met across in the street a few days ago has gone abroad.五五.一般说来一般说来,定语从句总是紧跟在先行词的后面定语从句总是紧跟在先行词的后面,但但有时候定语从句与先行词之间被其他成分分隔开有时候定语从句与先行词之间被其他成分分隔开来来,这样的句子叫分隔定语从句这样的句子叫分隔定语从句.There are thousands of stars in the sky that are like our sun.The days are gone when we suffered so much.Carl still rememb
14、ers one afternoon in his first year when the professor took the students to the chemistry lab.六、由as引导的定语从句 as可作为关系代词来引导定语从句。1.such as“像一样的”，“像之类” the sameas“和同样的 在这两个句型中，as是关系代词，其中such&same做定语，修饰主句的名词、代词，这个名词是这个定语从句的先行词，as在从句中担任主、宾、表。例如：This is the same thing as we are in need of. Such people as you
15、 say are short now.2. such as such为代词，意思为”这样的人/物“，as修饰先行词such。 例如：This book is not such as I hope.3. the sameas “和同样的 “ the same that “同一个” 来引导定语从句。意思几乎相同。但从句中省去谓语时必须用as. 例如:She is the same age as you (that you are.) This is the same pen that I lost yesterday.4. ,as “这些”，“正如” as引导非限定性定语从句，相当于which引导
16、的非限定性定语从句，有时可互换。例如：He is from Beijing, as/which they know from the way he speaks.一.that.that和whichwhich以下情况，引导词用that，不用which1. 先行词为不定代词或被不定代词所修饰先行词为不定代词或被不定代词所修饰everything，little，much，all，anything，nothing,etc.e.g. Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen.2. 先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词修饰时，先行词前有形容词
17、最高级、序数词修饰时，用用that。e.g. This is the best book (that) Ive ever read.3. 先行词被先行词被the only，the very，the last 修饰时，用修饰时，用that。e.g.He is the only person that I want to see now.4. 先行词同时指人和指物时，用先行词同时指人和指物时，用that。e.g. We talked about the things and persons that we saw then.5. 在在who, which引导的特殊疑问句中引导的特殊疑问句中, 定语
18、从句中避免重定语从句中避免重复复,一般也只用一般也只用that; e.g. Who is the man that is crying?6.关系代词在从句中做表语，用关系代词在从句中做表语，用 that.He doesn seem to the man (that)he was.7.在在 there be结构中用结构中用 thatThere is a new type of shoes that youmight be fond ofThis is the house in which Luxun once lived. in thatThe Changjiang River, which i
19、s the longest river in China, runs from west to east into the sea. (that)* 介词后面和逗号后面不用介词后面和逗号后面不用that 二二.以下情况常用以下情况常用which而不用而不用that(3）先行词是指物的）先行词是指物的that,those She found that which he looked for. (2)引导非限制性定语从句时引导非限制性定语从句时 (1)关系代词作介词宾语时 1.Anyone who breaks the law is punished.2.Those who break the l
20、aw are punished.3.He who breaks the law is punished.4.He who has not been to the Great Wall is not a true man. 三三 在, anyone, those, he,that,you,they 作先行词时(指人）, 用”who” 不用 “that”.1. Which.as引导非限定语从句的不同：引导非限定语从句的不同：as引导非限定语从句可以放在句首，句中，或主引导非限定语从句可以放在句首，句中，或主句后面；句后面； which引导非限定语从句放在主句后引导非限定语从句放在主句后面面 Eg:
21、As is known to all,Taiwan belongs to China. Mary was late again ,which made the teacher angry.2. as引导非限定语从句有引导非限定语从句有“正如正如”“”“ 正象正象”之之义，而义，而 which 没有没有,常见的结构有：常见的结构有：As we all know,as everybody can see, as is known to all, as is said above Paper, as we all know,was first made in China.五、注意事项1. what不
22、引导定语从句不引导定语从句.what=all that I want to give you what I have.(宾语从句）2. 先行词被the same 修饰时，关系代词既可用that, 也可用as.但意义不同，前者表示“同一的同一的”，后者表示“同样的同样的”。3. 关系副词when/where/why其含义相当于on which/in which/for which等可交替使用。如：The day when/on which I met him first was May 1st.4.当先行词为专有名词或整个句子是世界上独一无二的名词时，一般用非限定性定语从句修饰。 例如：The
23、sun, which gives us light, is very big. 5. way 后面定语从句： Please pronounce the word the way she does. I admire the way in which(that) the teacher gave his lessons.6. 含有定语从句的强调句：Was it in the reading-room where Kate met you that you read the magazine?It was in the lab which was in the charge of him that
24、 they did the experiment 定语从句与同位语从句的不同：1.定语从句的先行词由名词和代词构成同位语从句的先行词由抽象名词构成。Those who want to go please sign their names here.We express the hope that they will come to visit China again.2.定语从句修饰先行词，同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容。I got the news that (which) made me angry yesterday.I got the news that it is likely to rain.The truth that the earth moves around the sun is known to all.定语从句由关系代词关系副词来引导，同位定语从句由关系代词关系副词来引导，同位语从句由语从句由that,有时也用有时也用when ,where, whether来引导来引导Thats my suggestion that the boy should study hard.v
