1、专题六 并列连词、复合句及特殊句式高考英语高考英语 考点一并列连词考点一并列连词考点清单考点清单注意:(1)and, or还可用于“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”中,相当于“if./if.not.+主句”。Work hard and you will succeed.(=If you work hard, you will succeed.)努力工作,你就会成功。Dress warmly, or youll catch a cold. (=If you dont dress warmly, youll catch a cold.)穿暖和点,否则你会感冒的。(2)but还可用于“Im sorry
2、 but.”和“Excuse me but.”句型中。I am sorry but I wont be able to come tonight.对不起,我今晚不能来。Excuse me but could you keep this seat for me for a while? 对不起,你能帮我看一会儿这个座位吗?(3)when还可用作并列连词,其意义为“这时,那时”,相当于and at this/that time。常用于下列句式:sb. was doing sth. when. sb. was about to do/on the point of doing sth. when.
3、sb. had just done sth. when.。We were having a meeting when someone broke in. 我们正在开会这时有人闯了进来。 We were about to set off when it suddenly began to rain. 我们刚要出发,这时天突然开始下雨。 I had just finished my homework when Tom came to me.我刚写完作业,Tom就来找我了。题组训练用并列连词填空Shall we go out to the cinema or stay at home? There
4、are many kinds of sports, but my favorite is swimming. Henry is very smart, so many of his classmates like him. Work hard and you will be admitted to a key university.Hurry up or you will miss the bus.考点二定语从句考点二定语从句一、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别分类用法例句限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰、限制作用He has two sons who work in the same co
5、mpany.(Perhaps he has more than two sons.)他有两个在同一家公司上班的儿子。非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用。先行词与定语从句往往由逗号隔开。相当于并列句、状语从句等He has two sons,who work in the same company.(He has only two sons.)他有两个儿子,他们在同一家公司上班。That is his father,and he works in Shanghai.That is his father, who works in Shanghai.I like the boy,who is
6、very lovely.I like the boy, because/for he is very lovely.He told me a story yesterday,and I thought it was very interesting.He told me a story yesterday, which I thought was very interesting.题组训练同义句转换关系代词用法例句who用于限制性或非限制性定语从句。指人,在定语从句中作主语、宾语。在限制性定语从句中who可用that代替She is the girl who(that)lives next d
7、oor.她就是住在隔壁的那个女孩。I discussed it with my brother, who is a lawyer.我和哥哥商量了此事,他是律师。二、关系代词的基本用法 whom用于限制性或非限制性定语从句。指人,在定语从句中作宾语。在限制性定语从句中可用who或that代替,但介词提到关系代词前,只能用whomThats the girl (whom/who/that) I teach.那就是我教的女孩。This is the scientist, the achieve-ments of whom are well known.(=This is the scientist,
8、of whom the achievements are well known.)这就是那位成就卓著的科学家。which用于限制性或非限制性定语从句。指物或一句话,在定语从句中作主语、宾语。在限制性定语从句中which可用that代替That is the book (that/which) I want to read.那就是我想要读的那本书。He was late again, which made the teacher very unhappy.他又迟到了,这使得老师很不高兴。that只用于限制性定语从句。指人或物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。指人时通常可以用who,whom互换,
9、指物时可以和which互换,但关系代词作宾语且介词提到其前面,不用thatShe is the girl that(who)likes sports.她就是喜欢运动的那个女孩。That is the place that(which) all of us are eager to visit.那就是我们大家都渴望参观的地方。whose用于限制性或非限制性定语从句。指人或物且在定语从句中作定语,相当于of whom或of whichThis is the scientist whose achievements are well known.这就是那位成就卓著的科学家。This is the h
10、ouse whose window broke last night.这就是昨晚窗户坏了的那所房子。as用于限制性定语从句。指人或物且在限制性定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语。常用句型为:such(+名词)+as.(像一样的,像之类的)the same+名词+as.(和同样的)We have found such materials as are used in their factory.我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。(as作主语)This book is not such as I expect.这不是我想要的书。(as作宾语)I have the same book as he h
11、as. 我和他有同样的书。(as作宾语)用于非限制性定语从句。指代整个主句或主句中的一部分,意为:正如,像As is known to us all,China is in the east of Asia.众所周知,中国在亚洲的东部。题组训练用who,whom,that,which,whose,as填空The house whose windows face north belongs to him.The man who/whom/that/不填 you met just now is my old friend.The man who/that is walking in the pla
12、yground is my old friend.Take the book which/that is lying on the table.She is such a girl as is always finding fault with other people.当先行词是不定代词all,little,few,much,every-thing,anything,nothing,none,some等时Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?你有什么要为自己说的吗?当先行词前面有the only,the very(恰恰,
13、正好),any,every,no,all,few,little,much,the right,the last等词修饰时This is the very bus that Im waiting for.这就是我正在等的公交车。当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时This is the best way that has been used against pol-lution.这是曾经用过的最好的抗污染的办法。当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时This train is the last that will go to Suzhou.这是去苏州的最后一趟火车。三、关系代
14、词that 和which的特殊用法 1.限制性定语从句中,用关系代词that而不能用which的情况:当先行词既有人又有物时Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?你知道他们正在谈论的事和人吗?当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时Which is the bike that you lost?哪辆是你丢的自行车?有两个定语从句时,其中一个关系代词宜用which,另外一个宜用thatThey secretly built up a small factory,which pro-duced things t
15、hat could cause pollution.他们偷偷地建了一家小工厂,这家工厂生产可能造成污染的东西。当主句以here,there开头时There is a seat in the corner that is still not taken.在角落里还有一个空位。2.当先行词指事/物时,定语从句中关系代词用which不用that的情况:在非限制性定语从句中The sports meeting was put off, which astonished me.运动会被推迟了,这使我很吃惊。当动词短语中的介词提前时注意:在一些固定搭配的动词短语中,由于动词和介词不可分割,因此不能把介词置
16、于关系代词之前This is a house in which Lu Xun once lived.这是鲁迅曾住过的一所房子。()This is the pen(which/that)Im looking for.这是我正寻找的那支钢笔。()This is the pen for which Im looking.先行词后面有插入语时Here is the English grammar book which,as Ive told you, will help you improve your English.这就是我告诉过你的那本英语语法书,它能帮你提高英语。先行词本身就是that时Wha
17、ts that which flashed through the sky just now?刚才在天空中一闪而过的是什么?题组训练用关系代词that或which填空I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone elses fault.Whenever I met her, which was fairly often,she greeted me with a sweet smile.All the presents that your friends gave you on your birthday should
18、be put away.This is the very book that I have been looking for.He was late for the opening ceremony, which was very surprising to me.部分内容,关系词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语,as与which均不可省略,有时两者可以互换。四、关系代词as,which的区别as和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为整个主句或主句中的一条件例句当定语从句置于主句前面时As you see, the Chinese people are hard-working.正如你
19、所看到的,中国人民是勤劳的。关系词作主语且定语从句为被动语态形式时,从句谓语通常为:be known,be said,be reported,be announced,be mentioned等She has been absent again,as is expected.她又缺席了,这在预料之中。在下列习惯用语中:as(it)seems likely,as(it)often happens,as(it)was pointed out,as(it)was said earli-er,as I remember(it),as I understand(it),as(it)ap-pears,as
20、 is often the case,as anybody can see,as we have expectedJack has won the first prize,as it often happens.像往常一样,杰克得了一等奖。She has read widely in Romantic Literature,as it appears from her essay.她广泛涉猎了浪漫主义文学,这从她的文章中可以看出来。1.下列情况通常只用as而不用which: 2.下列情况通常用which而不用as: 题组训练单句填空A lot of language learning, as
21、has been discovered,is happening in the first year of life,so parents should talk much to their children during that peri-od.There is no simple answer, as is often the case in science.五、“介词+which/whom”引导定语从句的用法1.当介词放在关系代词的前面时,关系代词常用which或whom,并且不能省略。He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows,most o
22、f which hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.他付给男孩10美元擦洗10个窗户,这10个窗户中大部分至少一年没擦了。In the dark street,there wasnt a single person, to whom she could turn for help.在黑暗的街道上,她没有一个可以求助的人。2.在非限制性定语从句中,“介词+which/whom从句”结构中的介词不能移到从句的后面。He has visited Guan No.One High School for several times, in which he ha
23、s many friends.(in不能放在定语从句句末)他已经参观过固安一中几次了,在那里他有很多朋友。3.“复合介词短语+which”引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开,定语从句常用倒装语序。He lived in a big house,in front of which stood a big tall tree.他住在一所大房子里,房子前面有一棵又大又高的树。4.“介词+which/whom+不定式”结构。The poor man has no house in which to live.=The poor man has no house (that/which)he can l
24、ive in.=The poor man has no house in which he can live.=The poor man has no house to live in.那个穷人没房子住。题组训练单句填空He may win the competition,in which case he is likely to get into the national team.Franks dream is to have his own garden in which to produce many beautiful flowers.关系副词用法例句when指时间,在定语从句中作时
25、间状语,相当于“表时间的介词(如in,at,on,during等)+which”I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(when=on which)我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语,相当于“表地点的介词(如in,at,on,under等)+which”Can you tell me the office where he works?(where=in which)你能告诉我他工作的办公室吗?why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,相当于“表原因的介词(如for)+which”Do you
26、 know the reason why he is absent?(why=for which)你知道他缺席的原因吗?六、关系副词的用法注意:(1)当先行词为situation,case,stage,point等,且关系词在定语从句中作状语时,也要用关系副词where引导。They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。题组训练单句填空He wrote a letter where he explained what had happened in the acci-d
27、ent.Sales director is a position where the communication ability is just as important as sales skills.(2)有时为表达清楚,还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from/to等。China is the birthplace of kites,from where kite flying spreads to Japan,Korea,Thailand and India.中国是风筝的发源地,从这里放风筝传到了日本、朝鲜、泰国和印度。(3)关系副词when,where可用于非限制性定语从
28、句,而关系副词why不可以。 考点三名词性从句考点三名词性从句一、名词性从句的结构和功能总述名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句是一种具有名词功能的非独立分句。名词性从句主要有四种从句结构:以that引导的从句;以whether/if引导的从句;以连接代词/副词who,where,why等引导的从句;以what或wh-ever等引导的名词性关系从句。此外,as if/as though也可引导表语从句。具体用法见下表: 主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句作及物动词宾语作介词宾语that一般不省略可以省略一般不省略一般不省略一般不省略whether/if(是否)放于
29、句首时常用whether用whether/if均可,但有区别常用whether常用whether常用whether连接代词/副词注意语序要用陈述句语序名词性关系从句注意语序要用陈述句语序题组训练完成下列句子Can you tell me how I can (我如何能)get to the railway station?These photographs will show you what our village looks/is like (我们村看上去是什么样子的).句型例句It+be+形容词(obvious,true,natural,surprising,good,wonderful
30、,funny,possible,likely,certain,prob-able,etc.)+that 从句It is certain that she will do well in her exam.可以肯定她会考得很好。It+be+名词(词组)(no wonder,an honor,a good thing,a pity,no surprise,etc.)+that 从句Its no surprise that our team has won the game.我们队已经赢了那场比赛并不令人惊奇。It+be+过去分词(said,reported,thought,expected,dec
31、ided,announced,arranged,etc.)+that从句It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.据说格林先生已经到北京了。It+动词或动词短语(seem, appear, happen, matter, turn out, prove, occur,etc.)+that从句It happened that he was out.他碰巧出去了。It proves that he is silly.事实证明他很愚蠢。二、以that引导的从句(一)that从句作主语1.that从句作主语时,常用it作形式主语,常见的句型有: 2
32、.在口语中,that常可省略,尤其是在非常短的句子中,但that从句位于句首时,that是不能省略的。Its a pity(that)youre leaving.你要离开,真遗憾。That we are invited to the concert this evening is good news to us.我们被邀请去参加今晚的音乐会,这对我们来说是个好消息。(二)that从句作宾语1.that从句可作及物动词的宾语,常用的结构有:结构例句及物动词、be sure等+that从句Do you know(that)he has joined the army?你知道他参军了吗?及物动词+i
33、t+宾补+that从句He has made it clear that he will not give in.他不会屈服的,这一点他已明确表示了。结构例句in/except+that从句He is a good student except that he is a little bit careless.除了有点儿粗心外,他是个好学生。He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading.他和他的同学不同的地方在于他把业余时间用在了读书上。其他介词+it+that从句You may dep
34、end on it that I shall always help you.你要相信我会一直帮助你的。2.that从句作介词宾语,常用结构有:(三)that引导的表语从句、同位语从句从句用法例句表语从句that从句作表语,that一般不省略My decision is that all of us are to start at 6 oclock tomorrow morning.我的决定是我们所有人明天早上6点出发。同位语从句that从句作同位语,that不可省略Theres a feeling in me that well never know what a UFO is.我有一种感觉
35、,我们将永远不会知道不明飞行物是什么。从句例句区别同位语从句The news that our football team won the match was encouraging. 我们足球队赢了比赛的消息令人鼓舞。对前面的名词起补充说明的作用同位语从句(our football team won the match)不缺任何成分定语从句The news(that)we heard on the radio was not true. 我们在收音机里听到的那则消息不是真的。对先行词起修饰、限制的作用定语从句(we heard on the ra-dio)是残缺的句子(四)that引导同位语
36、从句与that引导定语从句的区别 题组训练单句填空It is obvious to the students that they should get well prepared for their future.The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 三、以whether/if(是否)引导的从句1.whether/if(是否)引导的表语从句、同位语从句从句用法例句表语从句只用whetherThe problem is whether the meet-ing will be held.问题是这个会议是否将要举行。
37、同位语从句只用whetherI have no idea whether the meet-ing will be held.我不知道会议是否会举行。2.whether/if(是否)引导的主语从句 3.whether/if(是否)引导的宾语从句 题组训练用whether/if填空It is still under discussion whether/if the old bus station should be re-placed with a modern hotel or not.I am not sure whether/if he will come here or not.Thi
38、s decision will have an effect on whether or not he will succeed.名词性从句例句主语从句Why he is often absent from class is a mystery.他为什么经常缺课是个谜。It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.我们在哪儿开会都无所谓。(It为形式主语,where we shall have the meeting为真正的主语)宾语从句I cant imagine how he did it.我不能想象他是如何做的这件事。(从句
39、作及物动词的宾语)It all depends on how we solve the problem.这完全取决于我们如何解决这个问题。(从句作介词on的宾语)四、以连接代词/副词where,who,how,why等引导的从句 表语从句The problem is where we should stay.问题是我们应该待在哪里。同位语从句My question how I shall get in touch with him has not been answered.我如何能和他取得联系的问题还没有得到答复。题组训练单句填空Im afraid hes more of a talker
40、than a doer,which is why he never fin-ished anything.引导词用法例句what=the thing(s) that.,意为:的东西What they need (=The thing that they need)is a good textbook.他们需要的是一本好课本。whatever=anything that.,意为:的任何东西Whatever he likes(=Anything that he likes)will be given to him.他喜欢的任何东西都会给他。You can write about whatever
41、topic you prefer(=any topic that you prefer).你可以写你喜欢的任何题目。五、以what或wh-ever等引导的名词性从句 whichever= any member of a group of peo-ple or things that.,意为:(在某范围之内)的任何人、物Whichever book he bought would be paid for.(这些书中)无论他买哪一本书都要付款。It doesnt matter to me whichev-er you choose.你选择哪一个对我来说都无所谓。whoever=anyone who
42、.,意为:的任何人Whoever did this job must be rewarded.干这项工作的任何人一定会得到酬谢。题组训练单句填空Many young people in the West are expected to leave what could be lifes most important decisionmarriagealmost entirely up to luck. Whichever one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.The book can be of help to whoever
43、 wants to do the job.She is very dear to us.We have been prepared to do whatever it takes to save her life.How about camping this weekend,just for a change?OK, whatever you want.To improve the quality of our products,we asked for suggestions whoever had used the products.(一)that通常不可省略的情况:1.that引导的主语
44、从句置于句首时。That prices will go up is certain.物价要上涨是肯定的。2.当一个句子有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时,引导第二个和以后几个从句的that不可省略。He told me he had to leave and that he would be back soon.他告诉我他得离开且很快就回来。3.由it作形式宾语时,引导宾语从句的that大多不可省略。You can put it that it was arranged before.您可以说这是之前安排好的。六、名词性从句的几个易混点(二)as if/as though,because,why也可
45、引导表语从句。It looked as if it was going to rain.看起来天好像要下雨。Thats because he didnt work hard enough.那是因为他工作不够努力。That was why I asked for three days leave.那就是我请了三天假的原因。注意:because引导表语从句时,主句主语不能是reason或cause,而且since和as不能引导表语从句。The reason is that.才是正确的。考点四状语从句考点四状语从句一、时间状语从句1.when,while,asWhen I lived there,I
46、 used to go to the seashore on Sundays.我住在那里时,星期天常到海滨去。连词词义用法when当时候状语从句谓语动词可是延续性动词,也可是瞬间动词从句动作可先于主句动作,也可和主句动作同时发生while当时候状语从句谓语动词是延续性动词侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比as一边一边,随着状语从句谓语动词是延续性动词表示从句和主句的两个动作交替进行或同时完成When the film ended,the people went back.电影一结束,人们便回去了。Please dont talk so loud while others are working.别人
47、在工作时请别那么大声谈话。As time goes on,its getting warmer and warmer.随着时间的推移,天气变得越来越暖和了。注意:如果主句表示的是短暂性动作,而从句用延续性动词的进行时态表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作,此时when,while与as可互换使用。When/While/As I was walking down the street,I came across an old friend of mine.当我沿大街行走时,碰巧遇到了我的一个老朋友。题组训练用when,while,as填空 When/While/As I was waiting at
48、the bus stop,I noticed a police car in front of the store. When John arrived,I was cooking lunch. As he grew older,he lost interest in everything except gardening.分类例词例句连词as soon as,onceI will call you as soon as I arrive.我一到就给你打电话。像名词的连词the moment,the minute,the in-stantThe moment I heard the voice
49、,I knew my father was coming.一听到那个声音,我就知道父亲来了。像副词的连词immediately,directlyThe boy burst into tears immedi-ately he saw his mother.那个男孩一见到他妈妈便放声大哭。2.表示“一就”的连词固定句式hardly/scarcely.when.;no sooner.than.Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.我一到家天就下起雨来。注意:no sooner.than.,hardly/scarcely.when.结构的时态搭配为:
50、no soon-er与hardly/scarcely所在的主句的谓语动词应用过去完成时,而than与when引导的从句的谓语动词应用一般过去时。此外,当把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首时,其所在的主句应用倒装语序。We had no sooner arrived at the station than the train left.=No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left.我们一到车站,火车就离站了。题组训练单句填空He had no sooner finished his speech
