1、Section Discovering Useful Structures 第一版块第一版块|核心词汇核心词汇1.gradual adj.逐渐的；渐进的(教材P54)Though he was affected by gradual blindness soon after the performance.尽管演出后不久他就逐渐失明a gradual process 一个循序渐进的过程gradual growth 逐渐成长a gradual increase in the birth rate 出生率的逐渐增长a gradual change in climate 气候的逐渐变化a gradu
2、al increase in the number of people owning cars 拥有汽车的人数在逐渐上升As you go further south, you will notice a gradual change of climate.当你一路往南走下去的时候，你就会注意到气候的逐渐变化。词语积累：gradually adv.逐渐地；逐步地have gradually changed逐渐变化 温馨提示：exercise用法小解exercise特指：(1)为提高技巧或业务水平而规定的“练习”“训练”可数名词，使用时可用“an exercise”也可用复数“exercises
3、”。如：The book contains a series of graded exercises adapted for beginners.书中有一系列按难易排列的练习，以适应初学者之用。(2)“体格锻炼”。如：You need more outdoor exercise.你需要多做户外锻炼。这时exercise不可数。 即学即练单句语法填空/完成句子These exercises let your heart rate increase and decrease _ (gradual), but not suddenly.Over 300 years its population gr
4、ew _ (gradual) from 800 people to 8 million.Arts have a _ (gradual) spreading effect.There is a _ (逐渐变化) in climate.Education is _ (一个渐进的过程)graduallygraduallygraduallygradual changea gradual process2.capable adj.有能力的；有才能的(教材P54).Henry was still capable of writing compositions.亨利仍然有能力作曲incapable adj.
5、没有能力的；不能克制自己的You are capable of better work than this.你有能力做得比这更好。Not everyone is capable of judging art.并不是每个人都有鉴赏艺术的能力。“much of a名词”是个特殊结构，much of表示一种程度，意为“称得上的，了不起的”When first entered, Vanak Restaurant does not look like much of a restaurant, but once the pleasant smells of kabob hit the senses, y
6、ou are incapable of calling it anything less.当第一次进去的时候，Vanak餐厅看上去不太像一个餐厅，但是一旦烤肉串的香味迎面而来，你就再也不会这样说了。常用搭配：be (perfectly) capable of (doing) sth.(完全)有能力(做)某事此搭配中，capable可以用副词来修饰，表示程度be incapable of doing sth.没能力做某事a strong capable woman一个坚强能干的女人capable hands能手，高手(用于指具有某种高超技艺的人) 词语积累：capability n才能；能力 即
7、学即练完成句子我完全有能力完成这个任务。Im perfectly capable of _ through the task.The pianist _ (有才能) playing various songs on the piano.Actually, we _ (有能力阻止) the disease from spreading.gettingis capable ofare capable of preventing3.relief n(焦虑、痛苦的)减轻或消除；(不快过后的)宽慰、轻松或解脱(教材P54).he found that creating music was a relie
8、f and cure for his illness.他发现创作音乐是一种对自己疾病的缓解和治疗。in relief 如释重负；松了口气to ones relief 令某人欣慰的是much to ones relief/to ones great relief 令某人非常欣慰的是It is a relief to see/have/know. 看到/拥有/知道是件令人宽慰的事。What a relief! 终于放心了！breathe a sigh of relief 松了口气She smiled in relief after she heard her son survived in the
9、 disaster.听到儿子在灾难中幸存下来，她如释重负地笑了。To her relief, her younger brother recovered quickly after operation.令她欣慰的是，她弟弟手术后很快就恢复了。In a way it was a relief to know exactly what was happening.确切了解正在发生的事情，在一定程度上令人宽慰。误区警示：to ones relief使某人欣慰的是，为了强调，可在to前面加much或者在relief前加great，意为“使某人非常欣慰的是”。有相同用法的词还有：surprise, jo
10、y, regret等。disaster relief赈灾relief work救济工作pain relief疼痛的缓解 词语积累：relieve vt.减轻，缓解relief n宽慰，安心即学即练单句语法填空/完成句子Having seen the patient come back to life, Doctor Li nodded his head _ relief.Dont worry, Mum. The doctor said it was only the flu.What _ relief! Ill tell Dad theres nothing serious.It is a r
11、elief _ (hear) that he will come back soon.With all the problems solved, he went home _ (如释重负地)_ (令她欣慰的是), the architect was out of danger.inato hearin reliefTo her relief4.cure vt.治愈；治好(疾病)；解决(问题)n药物；治疗；(解决问题、改善糟糕情况的)措施(教材P54).he found that creating music was a relief and cure for his illness.他发现创作
12、音乐是一种对自己疾病的缓解和治疗。cure疾病 治愈某种疾病cure人 治愈某人的病cure sth. 解决某种问题cure sb. of sth. 治愈某人的病；矫正/改正某人的某种不良行为或态度There is no easy cure for. 没有办法治愈，没有办法解决There is still no cure for AIDS.艾滋病仍然无法治愈。a cure for crime解决犯罪问题的措施The doctor cured him of his disease.医生治好了他的病。I finally managed to cure the rattling noise in m
13、y car.我最终设法解决了汽车发出的吱吱声。cure him of his bad habits矫正他的坏习惯词语辨析cure与treatThe doctor treated her headache with a new medicine, but didnt cure her.医生用一种新药为她治头痛，但没把她治好。易混词辨析搭配cure强调结果，即“治愈”cure sb. of sth.治愈某人的病treat强调过程，即“治疗”treat sb. for sth.治疗某人的病同类搭配词联想：与cure sb. of sth.结构相同的短语还有：warn sb. of sth.警告某人某
14、事inform sb. of sth.通知某人某事remind sb. of sth.使某人想起某事rob sb. of sth.抢某人的某物rid sb. of sth.使某人摆脱某事accuse sb. of sth.指控某人犯有罪suspect sb. of sth.怀疑某人某事即学即练单句语法填空/完成句子/辨析填空：cure/treatMy son has got into some bad habits. I think I should cure him_ them.Up to now we havent found a cure _ cancer.The doctor _ (治
15、好了) his headache.People still cant find _ (治疗的方法) the disease.Which doctor is _ you for this trouble?The only way to _ backache is to rest.offorcured him ofa cure fortreatingcure5.previous adj.先前的；以往的(教材P54).he felt as if he could “see” the beauty of the world around him, like he had in his previous
16、 life.他觉得他仿佛能“看到”周围世界的美，就像他前世一样。previously adv. 以前，先前previous to 在以前(to是介词)the previous day/chapter/owner 前一天/前一章/前一个主人previous experience 以前的经验The author referred to it in the previous paragraph.作者在前一段里提到这件事。Previous to the conference, we discussed the matter among ourselves.在会议之前，我们自己讨论了这个问题。归纳拓展同
17、义词辨析：previous指按时间和次序在某事物“之前的”：the previous chapter上一章former指“从前的”，而不是现在的：the former US president美国前总统 词语积累：previously adv.以前，先前即学即练单句语法填空/完成句子Previous to _ (draw) a conclusion, please take all aspects into account.The building had _ (previous) been used as a hotel.Although he only joined the company
18、 last year, he is senior _ me.Janet made a good impression on me _ (在之前) the matter.I just cant believe Kobe Bryant died. I had only seen him on TV _ (前几天)drawingpreviouslytoprevious tothe previous days6.unemployed adj.失业的；待业的(教材P54)Dave was unemployed so he had time to consider what job he really w
19、anted.戴夫失业了，所以他有时间考虑他真正想要的工作。an unemployed builder 失业的建筑工人become unemployed 失业the unemployed 失业者(一类人)employment n. 就业；工作；使用full employment 全面就业out of employment (out of work) 失业full-time/part-time employment 全职/兼职工作unemployment n. 失业；失业人数an area of high/low unemployment 失业率高/低的地区The company employed
20、 his sister as a secretary.那公司雇用他姐姐当秘书。词语积累：be employed in doing sth.employ oneself in doing sth.从事某事，忙于做某事employ vt. 雇用；使用employ sb. as sth. 雇用某人当employ sb. to do sth. 雇用某人做某事employer n. 雇主employee n. 雇员即学即练单句语法填空/完成句子She has been employed _ a secretary in a big company in Shanghai.It is a fact bey
21、ond debate that the _ (employ) pressure of graduates is heavy.Its been reported that 76 percent of _ (employee) in some western countries are using emojis (表情符号) at work.The government has promised to take measures to help the _ (employ)The woman was employed _ (watch) over the old during his absenc
22、e.He_(一直忙于) researching the wildlife protection in recent years.asemploymentemployeesunemployedto watchhas been employed in7impact n. 巨大影响；强大作用；冲击力v(对某事物)有影响(教材P54).the Impact members show quite a few striking qualities.有影响力的成员显示了相当多的惊人的品质。have an impact on/upon 对有影响impact on/upon 对有影响This incident
23、had a great impact on his life.这件事对他的生活有很大的影响。These costs will impact on our profitability.这些费用会影响到我们的利润。归纳拓展：affect/influence sb./sth.对有影响have an effect/influence on/upon对有影响注意：effect在此短语中是名词，不是动词。它作动词用时是“使发生；实现；引起”之意。如：effect great changes in the company.使公司发生巨大变化。即学即练单句语法填空/完成句子A study shows drin
24、king coffee before exercise has a negative impact _ heart.The teachers words always have a deep impact _ a students future career.How will the war _ (影响) the lifestyle of ordinary people?To tell the truth, smoking _(对健康有不好的影响)on/uponon/uponhave an impact on/upon或或impact on/uponhas a bad impact on/up
25、on ones health8.aim vi.& vt.力求达到；力争做到；瞄准vt.目的是；旨在n目的；目标(教材P54)Filled with team spirit, they act as a whole, always aiming for glory.充满团队精神，他们作为一个整体，总是追求荣誉。aim to do sth./aim at doing sth. 力求做某事aim (sth.) at. (使某物)针对某人；(用某物)瞄准某物be aimed at (doing) sth. 旨在，目的是with the aim of doing sth. 为了做某事achieve on
26、es aim 达到某人的目的/目标take aim at 瞄准词语积累：aimless adj.漫无目的的；无目标的 aimlessly adv.漫无目的地；无目标地They are aiming to reduce unemployment by 50%.他们正力求使失业率下降50%。He aimed (his gun) at the deer, fired but missed it.他(用枪)瞄准一头鹿，开了枪但未打中。These measures are aimed at preventing violent crime.这些措施旨在防止暴力犯罪。She went to London
27、with the aim of finding a job.她去伦敦是为了找工作。He achieved his aim of becoming a composer.他实现了成为作曲家的目标。Slowly the hunter raised his gun and began to take aim at the antelope.猎人慢慢地举起枪，开始瞄准羚羊。即学即练单句语法填空/完成句子Jane moved _ (aimless) down the tree-lined street, not knowing where she was heading.Well, I came out
28、 here _ (aim) for the gold.All our projects aim _ (promote) the development of poor and remote communities.I was aiming _ the tree but hit the car by mistake.She went to the library with the aim_borrowing an English novel.The new toy_(aim) at children has been a surprise hit with adults.The proposal
29、 put forward by the scientist _ (力求) help promote fully automatic driving._ (旨在) preventing accidents at work, the rules work well.aimlesslyaimingto promoteatofaimedaims toAimed at9.be/get absorbed in sth./sb.被吸引住；专心致志(教材P54)When he got absorbed in his world of music.当他沉浸在音乐的世界里时absorb ones attentio
30、n (attract ones attention) 吸引某人的注意力absorb oneself in (be absorbed in) 全神贯注于，专注于absorb.into. 把吸收进；将并入Yuan Longping is absorbed in his research on rice.袁隆平专心于他的水稻研究。The cream is easily absorbed into the skin.这种乳霜易被皮肤吸收。The surrounding small towns have been absorbed into the city.四周的小城镇已被并入这座城市。Every t
31、ime I see him he is buried in his work.我每次见到他，他都埋头工作。Over half his speech was devoted to the issue of unemployment.他那篇演讲用了一半多的篇幅讨论失业问题。学法点拨：be absorbed in全神贯注于；专注于be lost in陷于；为所吸引be buried in埋头于；专心于be occupied in忙于be devoted to专心于；致力于focus on把注意力集中于concentrate on把注意力集中于 即学即练单句语法填空/完成句子That country
32、had absorbed some small states _ her empire.All eyes were focused _ him when he came in.With the children making so much noise outside, I cant get absorbed _ my study._ (absorb) in painting, John didnt notice evening approaching.Rose _ (全神贯注于) her job that she didnt hear anybody knocking at the door
33、._ her job, Rose didnt hear anybody knocking at the door.You should _ (把注意力集中于) the road when youre driving.intooninAbsorbedwas so absorbed/buried/lost/occupied inAbsorbed/Buried/Lost/Occupied inconcentrate/focus on 第二版块第二版块|单元语法单元语法过去分词作表语和状语过去分词作表语和状语即学即练1过去分词作表语/单句语法填空1The fact is that store is n
34、ow _(close)2They were _ at the _ news.(excite)3The sound was _ and he was _.(frighten)即学即练2过去分词作状语/单句语法填空1Nervously _ (face) challenges, I know I will whisper to myself the two simple words “Be yourself”2_(order) over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now.3_(raise) in the poorest
35、 area of Glasgow, he had a long, hard road to becoming a football star.closedexcitedexcitingfrighteningfrightenedfacingOrderedRaised4Clearly and thoughtfully _ (write), the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.5._(ask) why they lied, the most common reason was to “
36、impress” someone they were speaking to.6Film has a much shorter history, especially when _(compare) to such art forms as music and painting.7_(not know) which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice.8When _(ask) for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very i
37、nteresting and rewarding.9_(offer) an important role in a new movie, Andy has got a chance to become famous.writtenAskedcomparedNot knowingaskedOffered即学即练3单句语法填空1For those with family members far away, the personal computer and the phone are important in staying _ (connect)2In April, thousands of h
38、oliday-makers remained _ (stick) abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.3Ladies and gentlemen, please remain _ (seat) until the plane has come to a complete stop.4How _ (relax) his lifestyle was!connectedstuckseatedrelaxing5His most _ (excite) invitation was to perform on a TV programme called “Top of
39、 the Pops”6A sudden stop can be a very _ (frighten) experience, especially if you are travelling at high speed.7I have been _ with his _ stories.(bore)8Theres something deeply _ (satisfy) about eating vegetables that you have grown yourself.excitingfrighteningboredboringsatisfying即学即练4完成句子1听到那个消息他似乎
40、很高兴。_2门仍然锁着。_3他们的热烈欢迎使他很高兴。_4这位艺术家受到自然美的启发。_He seemed quite delighted at the news.The door remained locked.He was pleased with their warm welcome.The artist is inspired by the beauty of nature.一、过去分词作表语(1)过去分词作表语主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。The well is surrounded with a wall only 12 inches high.井被只有12英寸高的井台包围着
41、。(2)“get过去分词”也能用于被动结构和系表结构，用于被动结构时，它强调动作的发生；用于系表结构时，它强调状态的变化。*Most of the skin on his face got burnt away in the fire.在火灾中，他脸上的皮肤大部分烧掉了。(3)过去分词作表语与被动语态的差异。作表语用的过去分词表示主语的特点或所处的状态，强调主谓关系。这种结构中的过去分词前可加quite, very, rather等修饰词。被动语态表示动作，强调动宾关系，绝大多数被动结构中的行为执行者还可以用by短语来表示。* The novel is well written.(系表结构)这
42、部小说写得很好。* The novel is written by Lu Xun.(被动语态)这部小说是鲁迅写的。(4)有些过去分词作表语时，相当于形容词，且大部分已转化为形容词，常见的有：delighted，disappointed，discouraged, drunk, amused, astonished, hurt, interested，crowded, tired, satisfied, pleased, surprised, worried，excited, married, puzzled, upset等。*On hearing the good news everyone w
43、as very excited.听到这个好消息，大家都很激动。*The book is very interesting and Im very interested in it.这本书很有趣，我对它很感兴趣。【名师点津】充当形容词的动词-ing形式和过去分词的区别：动词-ing形式一般具有主动意义，表示“起某种作用”，多用于说明事物本身的性质、特征及给人的感觉；过去分词一般具有被动意义，表示“受某种影响”，多用于形容人的感觉。常用的这类词有： They were shocked to know that some people died of the unknown disease.得知一些
44、人死于这种未知的疾病，他们感到震惊。Although the little girl was frightened, she answered in a calm voice.虽然小女孩很害怕，但她还是用平静的声音回答。【学法点拨】有些使令动词，如dress, seat, absorb等，其过去分词无论作定语还是表语，都无被动的意味。因为dress oneself in等于be dressed in; seat oneself on等于be seated on; absorb oneself in等于be absorbed in，这种现象缘于反身代词的用法：主语和宾语同为一人，主语是动作的发出
45、者，又是动作的承受者，这就出现了被动语态或过去分词不表示“被动”的语言现象。二、过去分词作状语过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系。1原因状语*Choked by the heavy smoke, he could hardly breathe.他被浓烟呛了，几乎不能呼吸了。*Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身都湿透了。2时间状语*Left to itself in the room, the baby began to cry.当被独自留在房间里时，婴儿哭了起来。*Asked why
46、he did it, the monitor said it was his duty.当被问及他为什么要这么做时，班长说这是他的职责。3条件状语*Seen in this aspect, the matter isnt as serious as people generally suppose.如果从这个角度看，问题并不像人们普遍认为的那样严重。*Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.如果被种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。4方式或伴随状语*Surrounded by his students, the professor sat
47、there cheerfully.那位教授在学生的簇拥下，兴高采烈地坐在那儿。*He stood there silently, moved to tears.他静静地站在那里，被感动得热泪盈眶。5让步状语*Beaten by the police and sent to jail, Gandi created the principle of nonviolent resistance first.尽管受到了警察的殴打并被投入了监狱，甘地却首创了非暴力抵抗的原则。*Defeated again, he didnt lose heart.虽然再次被击败，但他没有灰心。三、现在分词与过去分词作状
48、语的区别1逻辑关系现在分词作状语与过去分词作状语的最主要区别在于：两者与所修饰的主句的主语的逻辑关系的区别。(1)现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系。*He went out，shutting the door behind him.他出去后随手关上了门。(he是shut这个动作的发出者，构成逻辑上的主谓关系)*Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何是好，他去找父母帮忙。(2)过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系。*Given more
49、 encouragement, the boy could have behaved better.如果多给这个男孩一些鼓励，他本能表现得更好。(句子主语the boy与give构成逻辑上的动宾关系)*Faced with difficulties，we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难时，我们必须设法克服。(3)部分过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示“被动关系”，其前不用being。常见的这种过去分词及短语有：lost in(陷入某种状态)，seated(坐着的)，hidden(躲着)，lost/absorbed(沉溺于)，born in(出生于)，dres
50、sed in(穿着)，tired of(厌烦了)等。*Lost/Absorbed in deep thought, he didnt hear the sound.因为陷入沉思中，所以他没有听到那个声音。*Born in this beautiful town, he hates to leave it.出生于这个美丽的小镇，他不愿离开它。2时间概念过去分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，或表示“一种状态”，与谓语动作同时发生或存在。现在分词的一般式(doing)表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或在说话时正在进行。*Written in a hurry, this article was not
