1、Disease evolution: our long history of fighting viruses,疾病的演化：我们漫长的病毒斗争史,A virus is essentially an information system (encoded in DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protective coat and shaped by evolution to ensure its own replication and survival.,病毒本质上是一种经保护层包裹、通过进化重塑来确保自身复制和存活的信息系统（编码于DNA或RNA中）。,Antivir
2、al drugs tend to be unique for the particular virus, or closely related family of viruses. This has made them much less available than antibacterial drugs.,抗病毒药物往往只针对特定病毒或与之紧密关联的“病毒家族”，这使得它们远比抗菌药物难以获得。,Humans have a deep history of viral infections, but other than the molecular analysis of current o
3、r recently circulating pathogens, the data is fragmentary.,人类有着漫长的病毒感染史，然而其数据并不完整人们只对当前或最近传播的病原体进行过分子分析。,That may change as researchers probe more ancient DNA from Egyptian mummies, where there is evidence of lethal tuberculosis and malaria (neither of which is viral) dating 1,500 to 4,000 years bac
4、k. The evidence so far suggests mummies suffered from smallpox and polio.,这一情况或将有所改变。研究人员从埃及木乃伊身上检测到更多古代DNA，证实了致命肺结核和疟疾(两者均不是病毒性的)的出现可追溯至1500到4000年前。目前的证据表明，这些木乃伊生前曾患天花和小儿麻痹症。,Using vaccination and other disease control measures, we have eliminated two virus infections that have, through the ages, c
5、aused massive economic damage and loss of life: human smallpox (1980) and bovine rinderpest (2011).smallpox and polio.,通过接种疫苗和其他疾病防控措施，我们已经消灭了两大传染病毒：感染人类的天花病毒（1980）和感染牛只的牛瘟病毒（2011）。长期以来，这两种病毒造成了巨大的经济损失和生命损失。,Another scourge, polio, is close to eradication. But problems remain with vaccine coverage (and the safety of the medical teams) in regions that are essentially war zones.,通过接种疫苗和其他疾病防控措施，我们已经消灭了两大传染病毒：感染人类的天花病毒（1980）和感染牛只的牛瘟病毒（2011）。长期以来，这两种病毒造成了巨大的经济损失和生命损失。,
