1、Discovering Useful Structures Unit 4 Space Exploration新新人教必修人教必修Book 3 Lily and Bob are chatting when they jog.I want to be an astronaut.So I need to do much exercise to make my dream come true.Whats your dream?What do you do for your dream?Leading-inWhy do you jog everyday?Infinitives不定式是动词的一种非限定形式
2、,由“to+动词动词原形原形”构成，没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能独立作谓语。但不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等。Look at the following sentences and focus on the italicised infinitives. In pairs, discuss their functions and meanings. Presentation I trained for a long time to fly airplanes as a fighter pilot. As we all know, a
3、n astronaut needs to be healthy and calm in order to work in space. infinitive as adverbialinfinitive as adverbial Some scientists were determined to help humans realise their dream to explore space. On 12 April 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to go into space. Fill in the bl
4、anks to complete the story. First of all, you must be intelligent enough to get a related college degree. infinitive as adverbialinfinitive as attributeinfinitive as attributeThough Monkey King had amazing talents and super power,he was only appointed as the Protector of Horses (弼马温）.When he realise
5、d that his job was (look) after the horses, he became so angry that he returned to the Mountain of Flowers and Fruit(花果山） and decared himself “ the Great Sage Equalling Heaven” （齐天大圣) . The Jade emporor was very angry (hear)the news ,so he ordered Li jing and Ne Zha (catch)the monkey .But they faile
6、d (defeat)him.So Jade emporor(玉帝）pretended (accept) his request.After returning to the heaven ,he had nothing (do)but idle away time.So Jade Emperor asked him (take)charge of the Peach Garden.However,Monkey king ate all the ripest peaches. to catch to hear to look to defeat to accept to do to takeOn
7、e day,the seven fairies went to the peach garden (pick)some peaches for the Peach Baquet（蟠桃宴). They arrived there ,only (find)the peaches were much greener and smaller than before.After talking with the fairies,Monkey King knew that he wasnt invited .He got extremely angry and now its his greatest w
8、ish (make)trouble in the heaven and return to his mountain. to pick to find to makeWhat are the functions of infinitives?Whats Monkey Kings job in the heaven? is his job. (1). 不定式作主语不定式作主语To look after the horsesIts his job to look after the horses.不定式作主语时不定式作主语时,往往放在谓语之后往往放在谓语之后,用用it作形式主语作形式主语.His
9、job to look after the horses.Our goal to be admitted to a good university.isis(2). 表语表语The Jade Emperor pretended to accept his request. They found it difficult to defeat Monkey King.(3) 宾语宾语They failed to defeat Monkey King. 常用动词不定式作宾语的动词有：常用动词不定式作宾语的动词有：want,hope, wish,expect.refuse, learn, choose
10、, decide/determine, agree,fail， manage,pretend, plan,prepare,long/desire 当不定式作宾语时后面接有宾补时，常用当不定式作宾语时后面接有宾补时，常用it作形式宾语，把不定式宾语放后面。作形式宾语，把不定式宾语放后面。The Jade Emperor ordered Li Jing and Ne Zha to capture Monkey King.The Jade Emperor asked him to take charge of the peach garden.I expect you to give me some
11、 help.常接不定式作宾补的动词有：常接不定式作宾补的动词有：(4). 宾补宾补want,warn, persuade,tell, help, ask/require,order/command,force, urge,advise,allow/permit,forbid,expect,wait for,depend on 宾补宾补五看五看 watch see look at observe notice三三使使 let make have 二听二听 listen to hear一感觉一感觉: feel注意：当不定式放在下列动词后面作宾语补语时，注意：当不定式放在下列动词后面作宾语补语时，不
12、定式不带不定式不带to。 常用口诀如下：五看三室（使）两厅（听）一感常用口诀如下：五看三室（使）两厅（听）一感觉觉I made him do his work.He was made to do his work (by me).不定式用在介词不定式用在介词but, except, besides后时后时,如果这些介词前有行为动词如果这些介词前有行为动词do的的各种形式各种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带那么介词后的不定式不带to,相反则带相反则带to.(1). She could do nothing but cry.(2). I have no choice but to go.(3).Wha
13、t do you like to do besides sleep?Note 1Note 2Monkey King had nothing to do in the heaven. He is looking for a room to live in .He is always the first one to come to school.(5). 定语定语(如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词,则不定式中要有介词则不定式中要有介词.)只能用动词不定式做定语的情况只能用动词不定式做定语的情况例：1. Please make an effort to catch th
14、e bus.2. He made a promise to come here on time tomorrow.1.当修饰的名词是ability, ambition, attempt, chance, courage, desire, decision, effort, failure, moment, promise, right, time, wish （一些表示企图、努力、愿望、打算、能力 等意义的名词）只能用动词不定式做定语的情况只能用动词不定式做定语的情况例：1. He was the first one to think of the idea.2. You are the on
15、ly person to be late.3. The manager is the last to come to the meeting.2.当修饰的名词前有the only, the next, the best, the first, the last, 以及由序数词或形容词最 高级修饰的名词常常用不定式作定语。只能用动词不定式做定语的情况只能用动词不定式做定语的情况例：1. Do you have anything to say?2. There is nothing to worry about.3. I want to get something to drink.3.当修饰的词
16、为something, nothing, anything 等不定代词时。4.当定语表示未来的还没做的动作时。例：The letter to be written is to my father.The matter to be discussed is important.They arrived at the peach garden, only to find (that) the peaches were much greener and smaller than before.(6). 状语状语He hurried to the school only to find nobody
17、there . (结果状语，出乎意料结果状语，出乎意料) 结果状语：结果状语：常与only , enough 或too连用,用于“too.to”；“enough to.”；“only to do”句型中。He is old enough to go to school. She is so proud as to look down upon others.The Jade Emperor was angry to hear the news. 原因状语原因状语We were very excited to hear the news原因状语：多用于原因状语：多用于“sb.+be+adj.+t
18、o do”句句型中。型中。The seven fairies went to the peach garden to pick some peaches for the baquet. 目的状语（目的状语（in order to /so as to.)I came here to see you.He got up early to catch the train.结果状语结果状语in order to , so as to , enough to ,only to , too.to.,Note:表结果表结果不定式：意想不到的结果不定式：意想不到的结果Ving： 顺其自然、理所应当的结果顺其自
19、然、理所应当的结果I hurried to the station to see Tom off, only (find)he had already left. We adopted new methods, _ (improve)the quality of our products. to find improving(7).独立结构独立结构 to be frank, to be honest, to tell the truthTo tell the truth, I dont agree with you.1. had better + (not) do sth.最好（不）做某事最好
20、（不）做某事2. cannot (help)but do sth have no choice but to do sth. 不得不做不得不做3. Why (not) do sth.?4. prefer to+ do sth. rather than do sth.5. advise建议建议 allow允许允许 permit允许允许 forbid禁止禁止6 want/wish/promise + (sb.) + to do sth. hope + to do sth.+doing sth.sb. to sth. 结构结构 : to do (否定否定) not to do 时态与语态时态与语态主
21、动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态一般式一般式进行式进行式完成式完成式完成进行式完成进行式不定式不定式 to do to be done to be doing to have done to have been done to have been doing-(1).They pretended not to see us.(2). He pretended to be sleeping. (3).She pretended to have known it before.(一般式一般式表示与谓语的动作同时表示与谓语的动作同时/几乎几乎/发生在发生在它之后它之后.)(在谓语动词发生的同时在谓语动
22、词发生的同时,不定式的动作也不定式的动作也正在进行正在进行)(完成式完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前表示动作发生在谓语动作之前)(4).Were happy to have been working with you.(完成进行式完成进行式表示谓语动作发生之前表示谓语动作发生之前,不定式的不定式的动作一直在进行而且可能之后也继续动作一直在进行而且可能之后也继续)PracticeRewrite the sentences using infinitives or “in order to/so as to+do”. Change the italicised parts accordingly.
23、 Examples:1. In 2003 Yuri Malenchenko became the first person who got married in space.In 2003 Yuri Malenchenko became the first person to get married in space.PracticeIn space, astronauts collect all dirty water so as to recycle for later use.2. In space, astronauts collect all dirty water so that
24、it can be recycled for later use.3. Mankind has always been curious about the universe and many people have dreamt that one day they would fly into space._.Mankind has always been curious about the universe and many people have the dream to fly into space one day4. Astronauts bones and muscles can g
25、et very weak in space due to the lack of gravity, so they need to exercise everyday, which will help them stay healthy. Practice_.Astronauts bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of gravity, so they need to exercise every day to / in order to / so as to stay healthy_._.5. Astr
26、onauts have to use tape to stick everything down while working in space because everything would float off otherwise.6. During a spacewalk, astronauts have to move slowly so that they can keep their bodies under control.During a spacewalk, astronauts have to move slowly to / in order to / so as to k
27、eep their bodies under controlAstronants have to use tape to stick everythingdown while working in space to / in order to / so as to keep everything from floating off3.他总是第一个到办公室，最后一个离开。He is always _ and the last one to leave the office. 4.有足够的食物供客人享用。There is enough food for the guests _.Try to co
28、mplete the sentences with infinitives as the attribute and the adverbial.Production1.要正确地画地图，你需要一支特制的笔。_, you need a speicial pen.2.他来晚了，发现其他人都回家了。He arrived late _.To draw maps correctly to enjoythe first one to cometo find the others had gone homeComplete the passage with the correct forms of the
29、verbs in brackets.Sending people to other planets or even beyond the solar system is not an easy goal_ (achieve). One of the problems is that the trip would take a very long time. For example, _ (use) current technology, it would take over two years _ (get) to the closest planet, Mars, and back. Alt
30、hough light is the fastest thing_ (know)in the universe, it could take more than four years to reach the nearest star system. Will scientists to achieveusingto getknownComplete the passage with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.figure out a way _ (store) sufficient food and water for the long journey? Is it possible to travel faster than light? No one knows the answers yet. However, space scientists never give up. They areexperimenting with growing crops in space so as _ (help) astronauts get enough food on longer journeys through space.to storeto help
