1、宁波大学2020年硕士研究生招生考试初试试题(A卷) (答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码： 244总分值： 100科目名称：英语（二外）Part I Cloze Test (20 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this part, you are required to read the given passage carefully, and then fill in each blank with an appropriate word given in the table. Each word is allowed to be used
2、only once. You should not change the form of the word but you can capitalize the initial letter if the word is used at the beginning of the sentence. Write your choices in the Answer Sheet. Passage OnewhatwhyhowthatasbutalthoughoncethoughifHave you ever heard of a condition known as “general paresis
3、（麻痹性痴呆）of the insane”? Probably not. In the 19th century general paresis was one of the most commonly diagnosed mental disorders. Its symptoms included odd social behaviors, impaired judgment, depressed mood and difficulty concentrating. Around the turn of the 20th century, 1 , we figured 2 it reall
4、y wasa form of late-stage syphilis（梅毒）infecting the brain and disrupting its function. A few decades later we discovered a highly effective treatment: penicillin.3 general paresis is now very rare, its example is still instructive. Any honest researcher will tell you we dont currently have good expl
5、anations for most mental disorders. Depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia(精神分裂症) we dont really know how these patterns of disrupted thought, behavior and emotion develop or 4 they stick around.Yet the hope remains 5 , much like with general paresis, we may soon discover the root
6、causes of these illnesses, and this knowledge may tell us 6 to treat them. An example of this hope can be seen in the popular notion that a “chemical imbalance” causes depression. This might turn out to be true, 7 the truth is we dont know.Some researchers are starting to think that for many mental
7、disorders, such hope might be based on incorrect assumptions. Instead of having one root cause, 8 general paresis did, mental disorders might be caused by many mechanisms acting together. These mechanisms might be situated in the brain, but they could also be located in the body and even in the exte
8、rnal environment, interacting with one another in a network to create the patterns of distress and dysfunction we currently recognize and label as varieties of mental illness. In this more complex view, patterns such as depression and generalized anxiety arise as tendencies in the human brain-body-e
9、nvironment system. 9 the patterns are established, they are hard to change because the network continues to maintain them. 10 the causal structures of many mental disorders are complex, how should we seek to illuminate them? I think recognizing the complexity should push us to rethink how mental ill
10、ness is studied.Passage TwofiguresregularlyvarietyhorrificclaiminclusiveposeaspirecontributioninsultThe last few years have seen the rise of a thought-provoking civic discourse on who we as a society should publicly honor, resulting in (among other things) the removal of statues from parks (includin
11、g statues of scientists) and the renaming of schools. Though bad-faith critics 11 that such actions are about “erasing history,” theyre really about a simple question: which 12 from our history and culture represent values to which we should all 13 and which do not? So far, these important discussio
12、ns have largely not reached a scientific discipline whose practitioners 14 make the choice of which people to publicly honor: taxonomy（分类学）.Taxonomists may name a newly-described species after a person for a(n) 15 of reasons, including recognizing that persons role in discovering that species, ackno
13、wledging someone for a longstanding 16 to their field or showing respect to someone unrelated to the field but who the scientist personally likes. There are also scientists who auction off species naming rights to fund their science, and even those who name species after people to 17 them. Though so
14、me taxonomists may dispute this characterization, in many cases naming a species after someone is choosing to publicly honor that personit is certainly widely perceived that way.Im no taxonomist, but as a member of my professional societys equity and diversity committee, my colleagues and I spend a
15、lot of time discussing changes we can make to the day to day operations of scientific research that will help make academia more 18 , welcoming, and just. To that end, I 19 the following questions: should scientists be publicly honoring people who have committed human rights violations or other 20 c
16、rimes? And what can and should be done about species already named after such monsters?Part II Reading Comprehension (40 points)Section A (10 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choice
17、s given in a word bank following the passage. Youre your choices by writing down the corresponding letter in the Answer Sheet. For years the prevailing wisdom on how immigrants fare in the labor market has been based on the notion that assimilation is the key, even determining factor. Drawing mainly
18、 on 1970 Census data, studies concluded that while earnings of new immigrants were lower than those of comparably situated native worker, earnings of immigrants who had been here for more than a decade 1 those of native workers of the same age, education and so on. The assumption was that as immigra
19、nts 2 language and work skills, their earnings grew. Now some economists dispute this conclusion. The positive 3 of assimilation is so small that there is little chance the 4 immigrant will ever catch up with the native workers. The 1970 Census was the first in 30 years to ask individuals when they
20、had arrived in the United States. When comparable data from the l980 Census became 5 , researchers could then track the progress of immigrants who arrived at different times. It was found that most recently arrived Hispanic immigrants exhibit lower earnings and higher 6 rates than earlier Hispanic i
21、mmigrants. There was one major exception. More recent Mexican immigrants had 7 higher employment rates but lower earnings than the earlier group. This is because the population of recent immigrants included many illegal aliens who would accept low paying jobs.What seems most 8 is that the immigrants
22、 who arrived prior to 1964 are fundamentally different from those who arrived later. Immigration laws were changed in 1964, and the immigrants who arrived under the earlier law were 9 entry largely because of their 10 . Those who came after 1964 were admitted because they had close relatives in the
23、country. The performance discrepancies seem to hold true across the board.It seems like a very simple notion, but until recently, nobody was raising it. In every plain term different waves of immigrants are different. A.effectI.unemploymentB.improvedJ.strikingC.availableK.skillsD.substantiallyL.gain
24、edE.comparedM.graduallyF.exceededN.promisingG.depressionO.averageH.permittedSection B (30 points, 2 points each)Directions: There are three passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D).
25、 You should decide on the best choice and write down the corresponding letter in the Answer Sheet. Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage. Every British citizen who is employed or self-employed is obliged to pay a weekly contribution to the national insurance and health schem
26、es. An employer also makes a contribution for each of his employees, and the Government too pays a certain amount. This plan was brought into being in 1948. Its aim is to prevent anyone from going without medical services, if he needs them, however poor he may be; to ensure that a person who is out
27、of work shall receive a weekly sum of money to survive; and to provide a small pension for those who have reached the age of retirement. Everyone can register with a doctor of his choice and if he is ill he can consult the doctor without having to pay for the doctors services, although he has to pay
28、 a small charge for medicines. The doctor may, if necessary, send a patient to a specialist, or to a hospital; in both cases treatment will be given without any fee being payable. Those who wish may become private patients, paying for their treatment, but they must still pay their contributions to t
29、he national insurance and health schemes.During illness the patient can draw a small amount every week, to make up for his lost wages. Everyone who needs to have his eyes seen to may go to a state-registered oculist（眼科医生）and if his sight is weak he can get spectacles from an optician at a much reduc
30、ed price. For a small payment he may go to a dentist; if he needs false teeth, he can obtain dentures (假牙) for less than they would cost from a private dentist. Various other medical appliances can be obtained in much the same way.When a man is out of work, he may draw unemployment benefit until he
31、finds work again; he will probably do this by going to a Job Centre (an office run by the State to help people find jobs). If he is married, the allowance he receives will be larger. Obviously the amount paid is comparatively small, for the State does not want people to stop working in order to draw
32、 a handsome sum of money for doing nothing.When a man reaches the age of sixty-five, he may retire from work and then he has the right to draw a State pension. For women, the age of retirement is sixty.Mothers-to-be and children receive special benefits such as free milk or certain food-stuffs for w
33、hich only a minimum charge is made. The State pays to the mother a small weekly sum for each child in a family. There is also an allowance for funerals, for the State boasts that it looks after people “from the cradle to the graves”. There are special benefits for certain people, such as the blind a
34、nd the handicapped.Most people in Britain agree that there are still many improvements to be made in the national insurance and health schemes, but it is also true that they have become a social institution that the great majority of the population wishes to see maintained.1. We know from the first
35、paragraph that _.A) the government pays the largest part for citizens insurance and healthB) citizens in Britain have the right to choose a doctor for his serviceC) the self-employed can receive better service for their healthD) more money is, in Britain, spent on insurance than on pension2. Accordi
36、ng to the passage, citizens in Britain can _ if they fall ill.A) enjoy the free medical service from doctors they have chosenB) ask their employers to cover a small part of the medical serviceC) withdraw half the money they paid for their insurance and healthD) receive help from the Job Centre for t
37、heir unemployment benefit3. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A) Pregnant women in Britain enjoy as many benefits as school children.B) The government ensures that no citizen draw more money than he contributed.C) Unemployment benefit is supposed to help people pull through a d
38、ifficult time.D) Dentists often overcharge citizens who are employed or self-employed.4. In the last paragraph, the pronoun “they” refers to _.A) the overwhelming majority in BritainB) national insurance and health schemesC) peoples long-cherished wishes for better lifeD) long-awaited improvements t
39、o be made5. Which of the following can serve as the title of the passage? A) Employment in Britain.B) Peoples living conditions in Britain.C) Medical services in Britain.D) Welfare in Britain.Passage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage. There is a range of activities which requir
40、e movements of about one to four or five miles. These might be leisure activities, such as moving from home to swimming pool, tennis club, the theatre or other cultural centre, or to a secondary or more advanced school; or they might be movement associated with work and shopping in the central areas
41、 of cities. The use of cars capable of carrying five people at 80 mph for satisfying these needs is wasteful of space and most productive of disturbance to other road users.The use of the bicycle, or some more modern derivative of it, is probably worth more consideration than has been given to it. T
42、he bicycle itself is a remarkably efficient and simple device for using human muscular energy for transportation. In pure energy terms, it is four to five times as efficient as walking, even though human walking itself is twice as efficient as the movement of effective animals such as dogs or gulls.
43、 It is still widely used, not only in some developing countries where bicycles are major means of transport of people and goods, but in a few richer towns such as Amsterdam in Holland and Cambridge in England. It usually gives inadequate protection from the weather, is not very suitable for carrying
44、 goods, and demands considerable muscular work to make progress against the wind or uphill. It also offers its rider no protection against collisions with other vehicles. All these difficulties could, however, be greatly eliminated, if not removed, with relatively small changes in design. The whole
45、machine could be enclosed in a plastic bubble, which would provide some protection in case of accidents. It would be easy to add a small petrol or electric motor. A wide variety of designs would be possible. As in rowing, we might employ the power of the arms or the general body musculature（肌肉组织）, a
46、s well as those of the legs; more muscular exercise would be good for the health of many people in cities, and a wide use of bicycles like muscle-powered vehicles would be a useful way to ensure this. It could also provide ample opportunities for showing off by the young and vigorous. 6. The main id
47、ea of the first paragraph is that _.A) facilities in the community fail to meet peoples demandB) the car is far from perfect for short range movementC) people today have more choices to enrich their livesD) people are busy moving from one place to another7. More importance should be attached to the
48、bicycle for transportation because it _.A) happens to be a very efficient and simple device B) occupies a little space and causes no disturbanceC) is still widely used in Amsterdam and CambridgeD) is within the financial ability of common people8. Enclosing the bicycle in a plastic bubble would _.A) spare riders a lot of muscular effort B) enable ride
