1、.1取得英语语法成功的基石取得英语语法成功的基石.2词类词类作作 用用例例 词词1. （n.）名名 词词表示人或事表示人或事物的名称。物的名称。I bought a book .She is a student.2. (pron.）代词代词代替名词、代替名词、数词等。数词等。This is my friend. He likes that book becauseit is very useful to him. Parts of Speach.33. （adj.）形容词形容词表示人表示人或事物或事物的特征的特征或性状。或性状。He is small but he is clever. The
2、 red pen is useful for the teacher. He painted the wall white yesterday.44. (num.）数词数词表示数表示数目或顺目或顺序。序。There are ten apples on the table and I will take the first one.5. （v.）动动 词词表示动表示动作或状作或状态。态。We are working hard at English.I want to become an engineer.56. （adv.）副副 词词表示动作表示动作的特征或的特征或性状特征。性状特征。I lik
3、e English very much.The teacher treats us kindly .The train goes fast. He seldom comes to see us. 7. (prep.）介介 词词表示名词、表示名词、代词和其代词和其他词之间他词之间的关系。的关系。He usually stay at home on Sundays.68. （conj.）连词连词连接词与词连接词与词或句与句的或句与句的作用。作用。He and I are in the same class and we are good friends. Two or three of us ca
4、n dance well but I cant .9. (interj.）感叹词感叹词表示强烈的表示强烈的感情感情Oh ! How beautiful the scene is! What a good idea! Goodness !10. （art.）冠词冠词用来限制名用来限制名词的意义词的意义I have a pet dog . The dog is very lovely. He is an old man but very strong.7句子成分.8一、主语一、主语主语（主语（subject）：）：句子说明的人或事物。句子说明的人或事物。主语一般位于主语一般位于_ 。1.Lucy
5、likes her new bike. 2.We work hard.3.To learn a foreign language is not easy.4.Playing football after school is great fun.句首句首.9 1. We love China. 2. We have finished reading this book. 3. He can speak English. 4. She seems tired.二、谓语二、谓语谓语谓语:说明主语说明主语做什么做什么或或怎么样怎么样。通常由。通常由_ 充当充当.动词常分为实义动词动词常分为实义动词,连
6、系动词连系动词,情态动词和助动词情态动词和助动词.动词动词.10情态动词情态动词和和助动词助动词不能单独充当谓语不能单独充当谓语,必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语.They can speak English well.They are playing over there.111）状态系动词，用来表示主语状态，只有）状态系动词，用来表示主语状态，只有be一词一词He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况）持续系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有或态度，主要有keep, remain, stayHe al
7、ways kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。他开会时总保持沉默。 系动词系动词.123）表像系动词，用来表示）表像系动词，用来表示看起来像看起来像这一概念，主要这一概念，主要有有seem, appear, look, 例如：例如：He looks tired. He seems (to be) very sad.4）感官系动词，主要有）感官系动词，主要有feel, smell, sound, tasteThis flower smells very sweet. .135）变化系动词，表示主语变成什么样，主要有）变化系动词，表示主语变成什么样，主要有becom
8、e, grow, turn, fall, get, go, comeHe became mad after that. 6）终止系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有）终止系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn outThe rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。这谣言证实有假。His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。他的计划终于成功了。.14三、宾语三、宾语宾语宾语：动作行为的对象，说明主语做什么。一：动作行为的对象，说明主语做什么。一般放在般放在_或或_后面后面.1.We study English. 2.Our t
9、eacher said that he would go there.3.He is looking at the dog.双宾语双宾语：指人的是间接宾语，指物的是直接宾语。：指人的是间接宾语，指物的是直接宾语。 He gave me two books.及物动词及物动词介词介词.15表语表语：跟在连系动词后面的词语或从句：跟在连系动词后面的词语或从句,用用来说明主语的身份来说明主语的身份,特征特征,状态状态.The trees turn green. The flower is beautiful .四、表语四、表语.16定语：用来修饰定语：用来修饰_. This is a red car.
10、 The building is their teaching building. The woman doctor is my wife. I have something to tell you. The man in front of the gate is Mr. Li. Every student has an English book.五、定语五、定语名词名词.17状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明时间、地点、方式、因果、句，说明时间、地点、方式、因果、条件、让步、方向、程度、目的等。条件、让步、方向、程度、目的等。 六、状语六、状语.18Jo
11、hn often came to chat with me( ) As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday. ( )She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework. ( )My father worked in this school ten years ago.( )Though he is young, he knows a lot.( )He came running.( )程度，目的程度，目的地点，伴随地点，伴随地点，时间地点，时间让步让步方式方式原因原因.19 补语是用于补充说明主语或
12、宾语的身份或补语是用于补充说明主语或宾语的身份或特征。特征。七、补语七、补语Everyone calls him Jack. （宾补）（宾补）He is called Jack.（主补）（主补）.20 同位语是位于名词或代词后面的个别名词同位语是位于名词或代词后面的个别名词或名词词组，对前者进行补充说明或名词词组，对前者进行补充说明 The Great Wall, one of the wonders in the world, attracts a large number of foreign friends.八、同位语八、同位语.21 时态时态 主动语态主动语态一般将来时一般将来时过去将
13、来时过去将来时一般现在时一般现在时一般过去时一般过去时现在进行时现在进行时过去进行时过去进行时现在完成时现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时现在完成进行时现在完成进行时过去完成进行时过去完成进行时将来完成时将来完成时will dowould dodo / does didis / am / are doingwas / were doinghas / have donehad donehas / have been doinghad been doing will have done.22 时态时态 被动语态被动语态一般将来时一般将来时过去将来时过去将来时一般现在时一般现在时一般过去时一般过去时现在
14、进行时现在进行时过去进行时过去进行时现在完成时现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时现在完成进行时现在完成进行时过去完成进行时过去完成进行时将来完成时将来完成时will be donewould be doneis/am/are donewas/were doneis/am/are being donewas/were being donehas/have been donehad been donewill have been done.231. The sun rises in the east. （ ） 2. He likes dancing. （ ）3. Two will be enough.
15、( ) 4. Seeing is believing. （ ） 6. To see is to believe. （ ） 7. When to hold the meeting has not been decided yet. ( )8. What he needs is a book. （ ）9. It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （ ）名词名词代词代词数词数词动名词动名词不定式不定式疑问词疑问词+不定式不定式从句从句It作形式主语，作形式主语，that从句是真正的主语从句是真正的主语.241
16、.She lived a happy life.( )2.I love you.( )3.We need two.( )4.Do you mind my opening the door?( )5.He began to learn English a year ago.( )6.He did not know what to say.( )7.Did you write down what she said? ( )8. She felt it her duty to take good care of them.( )名词名词代词代词数词数词动名词动名词不定式不定式疑问词疑问词+不定式不定
17、式从句从句It作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语.25 He is a teacher. ( ) My idea is this.( ) She was the first to arrive.( ) I feel much better today./I must be off now. ( ) He is out of danger.( ) The news was exciting./They were excited at the news.( )1. What surprised me most was that he spoke Chinese so we
18、ll.( )名词名词代词代词数词数词从句从句形容词形容词/副词副词介词短语介词短语分词分词.26 Its a red car.( ) They live in the room above.( ) My brother is a teacher.( ) We belong to the third world.( ) Lucys father is a poor worker.( ) Mother made a birthday cake for me.( ) The man under the tree is my teacher.( )1.The swimming boy is my br
19、other./The boy swimming in the river is my brother. ( )形容词形容词副词副词代词代词数词数词名词所有格名词所有格名词名词介词短语介词短语现在分词现在分词.27 I liked the food cooked by my mother./Retired people have a good time at home.( ) There are two things to be discussed today.（ ） Will you tell us about your teaching plan?（ ）9.This is the very
20、book that I need. （ ）过去分词过去分词不定式不定式动名词动名词从句从句.28 He is often late for class.( ) We saw that picture at the cinema.( ) He sat there smoking.( ) They returned tired and hungry. （ ） They did everything they could to save the boys life. （ ） Although he is young, he knows a lot. ( ) The box is so heavy t
21、hat I cant lift it. ( )副词，程度副词，程度介词短语，地点介词短语，地点分词，伴随分词，伴随不定式，目的不定式，目的形容词，状态形容词，状态让步状语从句让步状语从句结果状语从句结果状语从句.29 While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. （ ） He was angry because we were late( ）9. If it rains tomorrow, we wont go out.( ) 时间状语从句时间状语从句原因状语从句原因状语从句条件状语从句条件状语从句.30形容词形容词名词
22、名词介词短语介词短语过去分词过去分词现在分词现在分词省略掉省略掉to的不定式的不定式不定式不定式.31英语句子的种类英语句子的种类简单句简单句 (simple sentence)并列句并列句 (compound sentence)复合句复合句 (complex sentence).32简单句的简单句的五种基本句型五种基本句型.33英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础基础。.34英语五种基本句型：1.1.+
23、 ( (主谓主谓) )2.2.+ ( (主系表主系表) )3.3.+ (主谓宾主谓宾)4.+IO +D( (主谓间宾主谓间宾 直宾）直宾）5.5.+ + +O( (主谓宾主谓宾 宾补宾补) ).35 基本句型 一 + +（主谓）（主谓） 此句型的句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。 这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。.36基本句型一 主谓 （S + V）S + V She cooks. He is working. What he said does not matter. The pen writes smoothly.37基本句型一 主谓SVShecooksHei
24、s workingWhat he saiddoes not matter.The pen writes smoothly.38 （不及物动词）（不及物动词）1. Time 2. The moon 3. The man4. We all 5. Everybody 6. I 7. They 8. He 9.He10.Theyflies. rose. cooked. eat, and drink.laughed. woke. talked for half an hour.walked yesterday.is playing.have gone.39练习1鸟正在飞翔。2她的宝宝正在哭。3太阳正在落
25、山。（set）Birds are flying. Her baby is crying. The sun is setting. .40 基本句型基本句型 二二 + + + +（主系表）（主系表） 此句型的句子谓语动词不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。.41系动词主要分三类：be, look, feel, smell, taste, soundseem, appear get, grow, become, turn, go, come, prove (turn out)变得stay, keep, remain保持
26、 be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义.42基本句型二 主系表 S+V+P He is happy. Every thing looks nice. His face turned red.43基本句型二 主系表SVPHeishappy.Everything looksnice. His faceturnedred.44Our school became larger and larger. city/become/beautiful feel/happy主语主语 + + 系动词系动词 + + 表语表语.45练习1今天我感觉不太舒服。2 他看上去很累。3
27、 你的汤味道很好。I dont feel very well today.He looks very tired. Your soup tastes very good. .46 基本句型 三 + + + +（主谓宾）（主谓宾） 此句型句子的共同特点是谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。.47（实义动词（实义动词）(宾语宾语) 1. Who 2. She 3. He 8. He 5. They 6. I 7. He the answer? her. English. cakes. some app
28、les. to have a cup of tea. Good morning. knows laughs at understands made ate want said .48基本句型三 主谓宾 S+V+O We study English everyday. They are playing football. He enjoys reading.49基本句型三 主谓宾SVOWeTheyHestudyare playingenjoysEnglish everyday.football.reading.50 基本句型 四+ +IO +D+IO +D( (主谓间宾直宾主谓间宾直宾 此句型的
29、句子谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是指人，另一个是指物, 通常指人的宾语用一个介词（to或for）来连接，当指人的宾语在指物的宾语之前时，这一介词往往被省略。.51（及（及物）物）（多指（多指人）人）（多指物）（多指物）1.She2.She 3. He 8. He 5. I 6. I 7. I 4. He passed cooked brought bought showed gave told showed himhusband heryou her him him mea new dress. a delicious meal. a dictionary. no
30、thing. my pictures. a hand. how to run the machine. that the bus was late. .52My friend lent me this book last week. buy/bicycle/next Christmastell/news/the day beforeyesterday 主语主语+ +及物动词及物动词+ +间接宾语间接宾语+ +直接宾直接宾语语 S + V +(sb)+(sth)S + V +(sb)+(sth).53一些动词引导的间接宾语可改为一些动词引导的间接宾语可改为to引导引导的短语，如：的短语，如：gi
31、ve, show, lend, send, pass等；一些动词引导的间接宾语可改等；一些动词引导的间接宾语可改为为for引导的短语，如：引导的短语，如：make, buy, choose, play, cook等。等。Could you lend the storybook to me?My father bought a new bike for me yesterday.54基本句型四 SV（及物）（及物）O（多指人多指人）O（多指物）多指物） I give him a book. My mother bought me a pen yesterday. I showed him my
32、picture.55基本句型四SV（及物）（及物） OOIgivehima book.My mother boughtmea pen yesterday.Ishowedhimmy picture.56 基本句型 五 + + + +（主谓宾补）（主谓宾补） 此句型的句子特点是： 动词虽然是及物动词，但是一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语才能使意思完整。.57（及物（及物）O（宾语）（宾语） O（宾补）（宾补）1. We 2. They3. They 4. They5. What 6. We 7. He 8. I the table the door supper the
33、house him him me them clean. green. dinner. dirty. sad? out. to come back. getting on the bus. keep painted call found makes saw asked saw.58主语主语+ +及物动词及物动词+ +宾语宾语+ +宾语补足语宾语补足语 S + V + (O) + (OC) I found him lying in bed.hear/cry/next roomsee/trees/plant/park.59I asked him to do his homework. he/tea
34、ch/pupils/speak/English she/advise/him/listen/every day she/allow/me/use/dictionary主语主语+ +及物动词及物动词+ +宾语宾语+ +宾语补足语宾语补足语 S + V + (O) + (OC) .60基本句型五 S+V（及物）（及物）+O (宾语宾语)+C（宾补）（宾补） We must keep the door open. The news makes me happy. We call him Jim. He told me to wash the plates. I saw a thief going i
35、nto your room.61基本句型五SV（及物）（及物）O (宾语宾语)C（宾补）（宾补）Wemust keepthe dooropen.The newsmakesmehappy.WecallhimJim.Hetoldme to wash the plates.Isawa thiefgoing into your room.62 常用的带复合宾语的动词 think, consider, feel, find, have, see, hear, notice, get, leave, ask, tell,etc.63指出下列句子属于哪种基本句型。指出下列句子属于哪种基本句型。A. 主语主语
36、+不及物动词不及物动词B. 主语主语+及物动词及物动词+宾语宾语C. 主语主语+系动词系动词+表语表语D. 主语主语+双宾动词双宾动词+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语E. 主语主语+及物动词及物动词+宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语( ) 1. The children are playing soccer.( ) 2. He found his new job interesting.( ) 3. The boys face turned red.( ) 4. Is the little girl crying over there?( ) 5. Betty sent me a model
37、 plane last week.BECAD.64连词成句，并判断其句子类型，从方框中连词成句，并判断其句子类型，从方框中选出对应的序号填入括号内。选出对应的序号填入括号内。1. (surprised, the, looks, man)_. ( )2. (lent, two, I, Ann, books)_.( )A. 主主+谓谓 B. 主主+谓谓+宾宾C. 主主+系系+表表 D. 主主+谓谓+间宾间宾+直宾直宾E. 主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补The man looks surprisedCI lent Ann two booksD.653. (doing, is, his, he, home
38、work)_. ( )4. (the, happily, smiled, girl)_. ( )5. (invited, Bill, party, to, his, me) _. ( )He is doing his homeworkBThe girl smiled happilyABill invited me to his partyE.66 Patrick didnt agree. The two boys made a deal. Patrick felt awful. I wont lend you my homework. I saw him dancing in the park
39、.67 Patrick didnt agree. 句型：句型：主语主语+ 不及物动词不及物动词 (Subject + Intransitive Verb)特点：特点：谓语动词是不及物动词，后面不加谓语动词是不及物动词，后面不加宾语，但可以加副词、介词短语等。宾语，但可以加副词、介词短语等。2. The two boys made a deal.句型：句型：主语主语+ 及物动词及物动词+ 宾语宾语(Subject + Transitive Verb+ Object)特点：特点：谓语动词是及物动词，宾语通常是谓语动词是及物动词，宾语通常是名词、代词、不定式、名词、代词、不定式、V-ing形式等。形
40、式等。.683. Patrick felt awful.句型：句型：主语主语+ 系动词系动词+ 表语表语(Subject + Link Verb +Predicative)特点：特点：谓语动词是系动词，如：谓语动词是系动词，如：be, become, get, look, feel, smell, sound等；等；表语通常是名词、代词、形容词、副表语通常是名词、代词、形容词、副词、不定式等。词、不定式等。.694. I wont lend you my homework.句型句型:主语主语+双宾动词双宾动词+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语(Subject +Verb + Indirect
41、 Object +Direct Object)特点特点:句中的间接宾语指人句中的间接宾语指人, 直接宾语指物。直接宾语指物。5. I saw him dancing in the park.句型句型: 主语主语+ 及物动词及物动词+ 宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语(Subject +Transitive Verb + Object+ Object Complement)特点：特点：宾语补足语用来补充说明宾语的动作宾语补足语用来补充说明宾语的动作或状态，名词、形容词、不定式、介词短或状态，名词、形容词、不定式、介词短语等都可以作宾语补足语。语等都可以作宾语补足语。.70 1. They work
42、 hard. 2. The desk feels hard. 3. Plants need water. 4. He gave me some seeds. 5. We should keep the plants in the shade.711.They work hard. 主 + 谓2.The desk feels hard. 主 + 系 + 表3.Plants need water. 主 + 谓 + 宾.724.He gave me some seeds. 主 + 谓 + 直宾 + 介宾5.We should keep the plants in the shade. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补
