1、一 Reading and Thinking单词短语1. adaptationn. 适应；改编本(1)make an adaptation to. 适应(2)adapt vi.& vt. (使)适应；(使)适合 vt. 改编；修改adapt to. 适应adapt oneself to. 使某人自己适应adapt sth. for/into. 把改编成adapt sth. from. 由改编例句My Fair Lady isadapted froma Greek story Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw.窈窕淑女改编自萧伯纳的希腊小说皮格马利翁。The li
2、ttle boymade an adaptation tohis new school finally.这个小男孩终于适应了他的新学校。Human beings will continue toadapt tothe changing climate.人类将继续适应变化的气候。It is necessary for us toadapt (ourselves) tothe climate here as soon as possible.我们有必要尽快适应这里的气候。2. comfortn. 安慰；令人感到安慰的人或事物；舒服；安逸 vt. 安慰；抚慰(1)in comfort 舒适地；放松地
3、be a comfort to sb. 对某人来说是个安慰Its a comfort to do sth. 做是令人安慰的事(2)comfort sb.give comfort to sb. 安慰某人(3)comfortable adj. 舒服的；安逸的(4)comfortably adv. 舒适地(5)uncomfortable adj. 不舒适的例句Its a comfort tome to know that she is safe.知道她平安无事对我来说是一种安慰。A cup of hot milk on a cold night is a realcomfort.在寒冷的夜晚喝杯热牛
4、奶可真舒服。He had to save enough money so that he could livecomfortablyHe had to save enough money so that he could livein comfort他得存足够的钱，以便能过上舒适的生活。My mom alwayscomforts mewhen I am sick. My mom alwaysgives comfort to mewhen I am sick.在我生病时，妈妈总是给我以安慰。注意comfort作“舒适；安慰”讲时，为不可数名词，但作“令人安慰的人或事物”讲时，则是可数名词，前面常
5、出现不定冠词a。类似的还有：success，failure，surprise，joy等；但fun例外，虽然也可指具体的人或事，但它是不可数名词。3. participationn. 参加；参与(1)participation in 参加；参与(2)participate vi. 参加；参与participate in (doing) sth. with sb. 与某人一起参加/参与做某事participate with sb. in sth. 与某人分担某事(3)participant n. 参加者；参与者例句As far as I know, he has been an activepar
6、ticipant inthe discussion.据我所知，他一直积极参加讨论。Everyone in the class is expected toparticipate actively inthese discussions.希望班上的每个人都积极参与这些讨论。Sheparticipated withher friendinhis sufferings.她分担朋友的痛苦。4. presentationn. 报告；陈述；出示；拿出give a presentation of 对作陈述make a presentation to 为颁发奖品例句The candidates have to
7、give a short presentationon a subject of their choice.候选人必须就自己选择的话题进行简短的论述。The presidentmade a presentation tothe businesswoman of the year.总统为本年度最成功的女实业家颁发了奖品。5. speak up大声点说；明确表态speak for 代表讲话；为辩护speak ones mind 说出心里话speak well/ill of 表扬/批评speak of 谈起；提到例句What have you tospeak foryourself?你有什么好说的？
8、Theyspoke ofthe old days on the campus.他们谈起校园里的往事。We should notspeak ill ofothers behind their backs.我们不应该在背后说别人的坏话。6. feel at home舒服自在；不拘束be at home 觉得安适；无拘束feel/be at home with sb. 和某人合得来be home free 稳操胜券，遥遥领先see sb. home 送某人回家例句Wefelt at homewith her and were impressed with the depth of her knowl
9、edge.和她在一起，我们感到很舒服，并对她渊博的知识印象深刻。She alwaysfeels at homein her friends house.她在朋友家总是感到很自在。Johnwas home freein the presidential election.约翰在总统竞选中遥遥领先。7. engagevi. 参加；参与(活动) vt. 吸引(注意力、兴趣)engage in (使)从事；参与engage oneself in 正做着，正忙着be engaged by 为所吸引be engaged in 从事；正做着；正忙着be engaged to 同订婚例句I have no t
10、ime toengage inthe debate.我没有时间参加辩论。The old ladyengaged herself inmaking clothes for her children.那位老太太忙着给她的孩子们做衣服。Hewas engaged tomy sister.他和我妹妹订了婚。My family hasbeen engaged infarming for generations.我家几代都从事农业。8. involvevt. 包含；需要；涉及；影响；(使)参加get/be involved in 参与；卷入；与有关联involve sb. in sth. 让某人经历，让某
11、人做(尤指令人不快的事)例句The vast masses theregot/were involved inthe health campaign.那里的广大群众都参加了卫生运动。Dontinvolve me inyour crime; I had nothing to do with it!别把我扯进你的罪案中，我可与它毫无干系。重点句式1.It was the first time thatshe had left China.这是她第一次离开中国。句中It was the first time that.表示“这是第一次做某事”。that从句常用过去完成时。句型结构从句时态意义It w
12、as the first (second.) time that.过去完成时这是某人第次做某事It is the first (second.) time that.现在完成时例句It was the first time thathe had got such a good chance这是他第一次得到了这样的一个好机会。It is the second time thatthey have visited this city这是他们第二次参观这座城市。注意在此句型中的it可用this或that来代替。2.The first time thatshe had to write an essa
13、y, her tutor explained that she must acknowledge what other people had said if she cited their ideas, but that he mainly wanted to know what she thought!她第一次写论文时，导师跟她解释说，如果引用别人的观点就一定要注明，不过导师主要是想知道她自己是怎么想的！名词性短语the first time (that)在此作连词，引导时间状语从句，表示“第一次时”。(1)the first time用作连词引导时间状语从句，意为“第一次时”，而for t
14、he first time是介词短语，意为“第一次”，在句子中作状语。(2)引导时间状语从句的短语或词还有every time，each time，the last time，the moment，the minute，immediately，directly等，起从属连词的作用。例句Ill never forget meeting youfor the first time我从不会忘记第一次见你的情景。Every/Each timeI was in trouble, he would come to help me out.每一次我遇到麻烦，他都会来帮我摆脱困境。The boy burst
15、into tears the moment/immediatelyhe saw his mother这个男孩一看到妈妈，就立刻哭了起来。二 Using language单词短语1. behavevt. 表现 vi.& vt. 表现得体；有礼貌(1)behavewell/badly to/towards sb. 对待某人好/差behave oneself 守规矩；表现得体behave as if/though. 表现得好像(2)behaviour n. 举止；行为；习性例句Theybehaved badly to/towards meat the party, which made me ver
16、y angry.他们在聚会上对我很不好，这使我很生气。My mother asked me tobehave myselfbefore the guests.我母亲要我在客人面前举止得体。Although he knew the truth, hebehaved as if/thoughnothing had happened尽管他知道了真相，但他装作若无其事的样子。2. optimisticadj. 乐观的become optimistic 变得乐观be optimistic about 对乐观例句If you change your mind andbecome optimistic, y
17、ou can change your life.如果你改变自己的信念，变得乐观一些，你就能改变你的人生。Heis very optimistic abouthis chance.他对自己的机会非常乐观。3. gainvt. 获得；赢得；取得；增加n. 好处；增加gain.from/by. 从中受益gain strength/weight/power/experience 增加力气/体重/能力/经验gain independence (from .) (脱离)获得独立例句Igained a lot by/frommy former experience.我从以前的经验中获得了很多。Im new
18、on the job, but I am alreadygaining experience对这个工作我是新手，但我已经在积累经验了。Indiagained its independencein 1947.印度在1947年获得了独立。4. cooperatevi. 合作；协作；配合cooperate with (sb.) in (sth.) 和(某人)合作(某事)cooperate in harmony 协调地合作；配合默契例句The two companies arecooperating inthe development of a new engine.这两家公司正在合作研制一种新发动机
19、。The two groups agreed tocooperate witheach other.这两个组同意互相合作。Second, it let me know how tocooperate in harmonywith people who I like or dislike.其次，它让我学会了如何与自己喜欢或不喜欢的人团结合作。重点句式Cooperating with people from diverse cultural backgroundshelps us view the world from different angles and thus gives us more
20、 insight into our own culture.与来自不同文化背景的人合作有助于我们从不同的视角看世界，进而让我们对自己的文化有更深入的了解。句中Cooperating with people from diverse cultural backgrounds为动词ing形式作主语。(1)动词ing形式是一种非谓语形式，其可以在句子中充当除谓语动词以外的多种成分，除了作主语外，还可以作宾语、表语等。(2)动词ing形式作主语时(特别是较长时)，经常可以换用形式主语it的句式。(3)动词ing形式作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。例句It is no goodcryingover sp
21、ilt milk牛奶泼掉了哭也没用。It is helpfulkeepingexercising every day.每天坚持锻炼是有好处的。Learninga foreign language is very useful to everyone学习一门外语对每个人都很有用。三 Grammar名词性从句名词性从句是在句子中起名词作用的句子。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。一、名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词有三个连词、五个连接代词、四个连接副词
22、。连接词词形词义在从句中所作的成分连词thatXXif/whether是否X连接代词who(ever)(无论)谁(主格)主语、表语、宾语whom(ever)(无论)谁(宾格)表语、宾语whose(ever)(无论)谁的(所有格)定语what(ever)(无论)什么主语、宾语、表语、定语which(ever)(无论)哪个主语、宾语、定语连接副词when(ever)(无论)什么时候状语where(ever)(无论)在哪里状语how(ever)(无论)怎样，怎么状语why为什么状语二、主语从句主语从句是指在句中作主语的从句，位置与陈述句的主语相同。What is not to our satisfa
23、ction is that the price of the meal is a little too high.我们不满意的是饭菜的价格稍微有点高。How the book will sell depends on its author.这本书如何销售取决于作者本人。Where we shall have the meeting makes no difference.我们在哪儿开会都无所谓。1. that引导主语从句，在从句中不充当任何成分，仅起连接作用，但不可省略。That you will win the medal seems unlikely.你想获得奖牌看起来是不可能的。2. w
24、hether引导的主语从句既可放在句首也可放在句尾，但if引导的主语从句只能放在句尾，前面需要用it作形式主语。Whether the sports meeting will be held is not certain now.运动会是否将举行现在不能确定。Whether the work can be completed on time is doubtful.It is doubtful whether/if the work can be completed on time.这项工作能否按时完成还不确定。3. 若主语部分结构较长，可以使用形式主语it，把真正的主语从句放于后面。It i
25、s announced that our school is going to start an activity of Crazy English before daily morning exercises.学校通知每日早操前将开展“疯狂英语”活动。It is necessary that people should learn to face the reality.人们应该学会面对现实是有必要的。三、宾语从句在主从复合句中作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句在句中可以作及物动词、介词或一些形容词的宾语。Everyone knows that the earth is made up of
26、matter.每个人都知道地球是由物质构成的。I doubt whether he will be elected as chairman.我怀疑他是否会当选为主席。These two areas are similar in that they both have high rainfall in summer.这两个地区相似，因为在夏天降水都很多。Im not certain whether the train will arrive on time.我不确信火车是否将会按时到达。1. that引导宾语从句，既无语法功能，也无词汇意义，常被省略。但多个并列从句出现时，第一个that可以省略
27、，其他的不能省略。She said (that) she would come here and that I should wait for her till Monday.她说她将会来这儿并让我等到星期一。2. if和whether引导宾语从句的区别：在动词不定式之前只能用 whether。在whether.or not 的固定搭配中，只用 whether。在介词后，只能用whether。作 discuss 的宾语时，只能用 whether。宾语从句放在句首表示强调时，只能用 whether。3. 带复合宾语(宾语宾语补足语)的句子，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后面，而用it作形式宾
28、语。4. 表示喜欢、憎恶等心理活动的动词后习惯上先加个形式宾语it，再接宾语从句。例如：hate，dislike，love，dont mind，feel like，appreciate，rely on，count on，see to等。We think it possible that you can finish the work today.我们认为你今天能够完成这项工作。5. 宾语从句的否定转移：think，believe，suppose，imagine等动词后的宾语从句中的否定词要转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。I dont think we need
29、 to waste much time on it.我想我们不必在这上面浪费太多时间。(形式上否定)四、表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语，出现在连系动词之后，一般结构为“主语连系动词表语从句”。可接表语从句的连系动词有be，look，remain，seem等。The question is whether we can finish the work in time.问题在于我们是否能及时完成这项工作。1. that在引导表语从句时无词义，在从句中不充当任何成分，仅起连接作用，不可以省略。The fact remains that we are still not advanced enoug
30、h.事实依然是我们还是不够先进。2. whether可引导表语从句，但if却通常不用于引导表语从句。His first question was whether Tom had arrived yet.他的首要问题是汤姆是否已经到达。3. 引导表语从句的引导词还可用because，as if，as though，as。The sky is overcast with dark clouds. It seems as if it is going to rain soon.天空乌云密布，似乎很快就要下雨了。五、同位语从句在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某个名词后面，用来说明前面
31、名词的具体内容。常见的这类名词有：fact，news，hope，truth，idea，suggestion，thought，question，promise，order，problem，belief，word，message，information，proof，announcement，desire，doubt，proposal，advice，possibility等。The news that he was admitted to Peking University is exciting.他被北京大学录取了的消息真是令人激动。The question who should do the w
32、ork requires consideration.谁应当做这份工作，这个问题需要考虑。I have no idea that you have applied for the post.我不知道你已经申请了这个职位。注意同位语从句和定语从句的区别同位语从句定语从句功能不同对名词加以补充说明与先行词是修饰与被修饰的关系，起连接作用that不作成分，只起连接作用，不可省略作主语或宾语，起连接作用；并且作从句的宾语时可省略whether/how/what起连接作用，其中whether不作成分，而how和what作成分不引导定语从句其他wh-类词作成分；起连接作用；有自己的含义，但与先行词无关作成
33、分；起连接作用；没有自己的含义，但是代替先行词在从句中作成分Jim got to know the news that the whole village was in great danger.吉姆得知整个村子都处在极度危险中的消息。(that引导同位语从句，解释说明the news的内容)Do you know the news(that/which)Jim told me?你知道吉姆告诉我的那个消息吗？(that/which引导定语从句，且在从句中作宾语)四 Writing如何写一封有争议性话题的信文体指导有争议性话题都是很容易引起大家关注的话题，并且是跟随着时代的潮流而来的话题。争议性
34、话题当然有很大的争议性，写作时，你必然会有一个关于这个话题的态度，支持或反对。基本框架1. 开头引出话题，综述大家对此话题的不同态度。2. 主体提出自己的观点，并对此话题的利弊进行深入的分析。3. 结尾总结自己的观点，扣题。常用词块1. have a good understanding of很好地理解或了解2. go to study abroad出国留学3. know more about foreign countries更多地了解外国4. have both advantages and disadvantages有优点也有缺点5. bring serious problems带来严重
35、的问题6. some effective measures一些有效的措施7. make the most of充分利用8. witness the fast development of见证了的快速发展常用语句1. Im writing to tell you about my opinion on Chinese students going abroad for further studies at an early age.我写信是想告诉你我对中国学生留学低龄化的看法。2. Its universally acknowledged that computers are commonly
36、used nowadays.现在人们普遍使用电脑，这是公认的。3. Some people believe that students should be given one long vacation each year.Others believe that students should have several short vacations throughout the year.有些人认为学生每年应该有一个长假，另外有些人认为学生应该有几个短假。4. Some effective measures should be taken to ensure that computers a
37、re used in right ways.应该采取一些有效的措施来确保电脑的正确使用。5. Only in this way can we improve our English.只有这样，我们才能提高英语水平。6. And this has aroused hot debate recently.最近这引起了热议。学以致用某英文报就近年来我国学生出国留学低龄化的利弊在报上展开讨论，希望广大读者畅所欲言，就此事发表自己的看法。假设你是中学生李华，请用英语给编辑写一封信，谈谈你的看法，并说明理由。80词左右。注意：信的开头和结尾已给出，词数不计算在内。Dear editor,Im writin
38、g to tell you my opinion on Chinese students going abroad for further studies at an early age.Yours,Li Hua参考范文Dear editor, Im writing to tell you my opinion on Chinese students going abroad for further studies at an early age. The education in China and that in foreign countries have both advantages
39、 and disadvantages. The most important thing for us Chinese students to do at present is to know our country, people and culture well. Besides, going to study in foreign countries at too early an age not only costs a lot of money, it could also bring serious problems. Taking care of themselves is one of them. In my opinion, as primary or middle school students, we should devote our time to studying harder in our own country and improving ourselves, when the chance to study abroad arrives, well grasp it.Yours,Li Hua
