1、句句 子子 成成 分分Members of a Sentence* *句子成分由词或词组充当句子成分由词或词组充当英语的基本成分有七种:英语的基本成分有七种:_和和_主语(主语(subjectsubject)、)、谓语(谓语(predicatepredicate)、)、表语(表语(predicativepredicative)、)、宾语(宾语(objectobject)、)、定语(定语(attributeattribute)、)、状语状语(adverbial)(adverbial)补语(补语(complementcomplement)。)。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型英语句子的基本
2、结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。一:一: (主谓)(主谓)二:二: (主谓宾)(主谓宾)三:三: IO (主谓间宾直宾)(主谓间宾直宾)四:四: SC(主系主语补足语)(主系主语补足语)五:五: (主谓宾宾补)(主谓宾宾补)基本句型基本句型 一:一: (主谓)(主谓)主语:可以作主语的成分有名词,主格代词,动词主语:可以作主语的成分有名词,主格代词,动词不定式,动名词等等。主语一般在句首。不定式,动名词等等。主语一般在句首。谓语:谓语由动词构成,
3、是英语谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态时态语态语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。不及物动词(变化的主角,一般在主语之后。不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构。没有宾语,形成主谓结构。如:如:We come.The boy laughed.The boy laughed.The boy is laughing.The boy is laughing.The boy is laughed.The boy is laughed.A Subjects, verbs and objectsThe subject performs the action.Sentences in English usu
4、ally have at least a subject (S) and a verb (V).The verb is the action performed.The boyS Slaughed.V V (不及物动词)(不及物动词)1. The sunrose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4. They are talking. 5. The pen writes smoothly此句型的句子有一个此句型的句子有一个共同特点共同特点,即句子的谓语,即句子的谓语动词动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,都能表达完整的
5、意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。基本句型基本句型 二:二: (主谓宾)(主谓宾)此句型句子的此句型句子的共同共同是:谓语动词是:谓语动词,但不能表达完整的意思,但不能表达完整的意思,即动作的承受者,才能使意,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。如果碰到如果碰到 love,enjoy, play, buy等这些词呢?等这些词呢?Can we say Tom loves . They play.smart girls.basketball everyday.I lovespor
6、ts.S SV VO OThe object receives the action.Some sentences have an object (O) . (及物动词)(及物动词) (宾语)(宾语)1. Who knows the answer? 2. He has refused to help them. 3. He enjoys reading. 4. He said Good morning. 5. He admits that he was mistaken. 基本句型基本句型 三:三: IO (主谓间宾直宾)(主谓间宾直宾)有 些 及 物 动 词 可 以 有 两 个 宾 语 ,有
7、 些 及 物 动 词 可 以 有 两 个 宾 语 , e g :give/pass/bring/show。这两个宾语通常一个指人这两个宾语通常一个指人(间间接宾语接宾语);一个指物;一个指物(直接宾语直接宾语)。-Give me a cup of tea please.-Show this house to Mr. Smith.-Bring it to me, please. The indirect object is the person that receives it.The direct object is something that is received.Our experts
8、S Scan giveOur expertscan giveadviceS SV VO Oyouadvice.V VIOIOO OWhen the indirect object comes after the direct object, to or for is used. to you.IOIO (及物)(及物) IO(多指人)(多指人) (多指物)(多指物)1. She ordered herself a new dress. 2. He brought you a dictionary. 3. I showed him my pictures. 4. I told him that
9、the bus was late. 5. He showed me how to run the machine. 基本句型基本句型 四:四: SC (主系主语补足语)(主系主语补足语)此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词谓语动词都都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类意思。这类动词动词叫做连系动词。叫做连系动词。Some sentences have a linking verb followed by
10、a complement (SC).The coachisangry.S SV VC Ca linking verbThe complement describes the subject.分两类:分两类:等,表情况等,表情况,状状态态;等属另一类,表变化。等属另一类,表变化。be 本身没有什么意义本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。多可用作连系动词:多可用作连系动词:look well/面色好面色好, sound nice/听起来不错听起来不错,feel good/感觉好,感觉好,smell bad/难
11、闻难闻 (是系动词)(是系动词) SC(主语补足语)有时叫表语主语补足语)有时叫表语 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinner smells good. 3. He fell in love. 4. Everything looks different. 5. He is growing tall and strong. 6. Our well has gone dry. 7. His face turned red. 在这一句型中,动词是系动词,划线部分为表语。在这一句型中,动词是系动词,划线部分为表语。1. Mr. Br
12、own is an engineer.2. Gradually he became silent.3. She remained standing for a hour.4.The question remained unsolved.(名词作表语)(名词作表语)(形容作做表语)(形容作做表语)(现在分词作表语)(现在分词作表语)(过去分词作表语)(过去分词作表语)5. The machine is out of order.6. His plan is to keep the affair secret.7. My job is repairing cars.(介词短语作表语)(介词短语作表
13、语)(动词不定式作表语)(动词不定式作表语)(动名词作表语)(动名词作表语)9. The question is what you want to do.注意:在下面的句子中,形容词做表语,在表语注意:在下面的句子中,形容词做表语,在表语的后面常常接不定式结构。的后面常常接不定式结构。Im happy to meet you.They are willing to help.We are determined to follow his example.(从句做表语,即:表语从句)(从句做表语,即:表语从句)*There be 结构结构: There be 表示表示存在有存在有。这里。这里的的
14、there没有实际意义,不可与副词没有实际意义,不可与副词there那里那里混淆。混淆。 此结构后跟名词,表示此结构后跟名词,表示(存在)有某事物(存在)有某事物 试比较:试比较:There is a boy there.(那儿有一个男(那儿有一个男孩。)孩。)前一个前一个there无实意,后一个无实意,后一个there为副词为副词那里那里。基本句型基本句型 五:五: (主谓宾宾补)(主谓宾宾补)此句型的句子的此句型的句子的是:动词虽然是及物动词,是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个一个补充成分补充成分来补足宾
15、语,才能使意思完整。来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。宾语补足语宾语补足语:位于:位于宾语之后宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作分。可以用作宾语补足语的有名词,形容词,不宾语补足语的有名词,形容词,不定式,动名词,分词,介词短语等。定式,动名词,分词,介词短语等。Some sentences have an object followed by a complement (OC).Thiswill makeyour hairS SV VO OThe complement describes the object.soft and shiny.C CSome sentences
16、have an adverbial (A).I Iplay computerplay computer every weekend.every weekend.S SV OV OA AThe adverbial usually explains a time or a place. (及物)(及物) (宾语)(宾语) (宾补)(宾补) 1. They painted the door green. 2. This set them thinking. 3. They found the house deserted. 4. He asked me to come back soon. 5. I
17、 saw them getting on the bus. a, b, SC c, d, IO e, 1.Please tell us a story._2. She smiled._3. I have a lot work to do._4. His job is to train swimmers._5. He noticed a man enter the room._6. Please look at the picture._daebecPractice巩固性练习巩固性练习请判断下列句子的结构类型请判断下列句子的结构类型1. He is running.2. The loud voi
18、ce from the upstairs made him angry.3. The little boy is asking the teacher all kinds of questions.4. She seemed angry.5. My father bought me a beautiful present.主语主语动词动词主语主语-动词动词-宾语宾语-补语补语主语主语动词动词表语表语主语主语动词动词宾语宾语宾语宾语PracticePractice巩固性练习巩固性练习6. Why do you keep your eyes closed?7. Will you tell us a
19、n exciting story?8. We must keep our classroom tidy and clean.9. I heard the baby crying in the sitting room.10. Can you push the window open?主语主语动词动词宾语宾语宾语宾语主语主语动词动词宾语宾语补语补语主语主语动词动词宾语宾语补语补语主语主语动词动词宾语宾语补语补语主语主语动词动词宾语宾语补语补语1.S+V(主语+谓语不及物动词)Sb doThe boyS Slaughed.V V2.S+V+O(主语+谓语及物动词+宾语) Sb+do+sthI lo
20、vesports.S SV VO O1. The sunrose. 2. They are talking. 1. Who knows the answer? 2. He has refused to help them. 3. He enjoys reading. 3.S+V+SC(主语+系动词+表语)(1)SbgetTurn+颜色Come trueGo wrong/bad/madgrowbecome+ adj.be变得(2)Sb/Sth stay/keep(保持)+ adj. (3)Sb/Sth +LookSmellTasteFeelSound+Adj.看,闻起来4.S+V+IO+DO(主
21、语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语) 或S+V+DO+介词+IO(主语+谓语+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语)Sb +givebringlendpassshowteachsend+Sb+Sth或+Sth+ to+ SbSbbuycookdofindgetleavewakeplay+sb+sth或 sth+ for + sb5.S+V+O+Oc(主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语) (1)Sbseewatchlook atfindnoticehearlisten tofeel+Sb+(2)Sbasktellwantwould liketeachgetwishhelp+sbDodoing+(not) to do(3)Sbmakelethave+Sb+(4)Sbkeepmake+sbsth(not) do+ adj(5)Sbfindfeelthink+ it + adj+ to do(6)Sbmakecallname+ sb +sb+ sth +sth